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I'lKC'H A.SKIl FRO.\r T H f. IXCOMK OK I 1 1 K
JOSIAH U. BEXTOX Kl'XD
3"
ARMORIAL FAMILIES
ARMORIAL FAMILIES
A DIRECTORY OF GENTLEMEN OF COAT-ARMOUR
COMPILED AND EDITED BY
ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES
OF LINCOLN S INN, BARRISTER-AT-LAW
" Nohtles sunt qui Arma gentilitia antecessorum suorum proferre possunt "
SEVENTH EDITION
LONDON : HURST ftf BLACKETT, LTD.
PATERNOSTER HOUSE, E.C.4
1929
, Ft.
c
Printed by The Anchor Press, Ltd. At Tiptree, Essex, England
Reprinted by permission from The Times, May 21, 1928.
MR. A. C. FOX-DA VIES
EXPERT IN PEDIGREES AND HERALDRY
Mr. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, genealogist, barrister, and author, died on Saturday at the age of 57 at his home in Warwick-gardens, W., where he had been lying ill for some weeks. He will be chiefly remembered for his work in the genealogical field. In this he took his keenest pleasure. It was for him not merely a labour of love, but an exciting form of sport, to hunt down and kill some picturesque dragon of genealogical imposture, to overthrow some cherished idol of family pride based on nothing more substantial than the vain imaginings of a recent ancestor or the artful tale of some flatterer possessed of a smattering of heraldry.
Other scholars had laboured in the same field before Fox-Davies came, but it was he who took the campaign against armorial pretence out of the austere pages of learned publications and brought it to the notice of the pubhc at large. Many will remember, for example, the fluttering of the dovecotes which followed his refusal to accept as armigerous a host of worthy folk who had uncritically accepted as genuine the blazons arbitrarily adopted by their sires or grandsires and wished to be recorded in his " Armorial Families." His cheerful iconoclasm of Wardour-street " family traditions," his polite offer of an entry in italics or careful explanation of the defects in an unproved pedigree induced numbers of families which had erred in sheer ignorance or noncurance to put their heraldic houses in order. His labours thus helped to provide a field in which the talents of herald- painters, armorial craftsmen, and designers of bookplates could be exercised, and greatly helped to forward that heraldic revival, started by others, which has borne rich fruit in the restored splendour of public ceremonies and the resuscitation of the almost forgotten celebrations of the festivals of the Orders of the Garter, the Thistle, and the Bath and the institution of others.
Besides practising his heraldry, Fox-Davies also presented it in several interesting works, among them " The Complete Guide to Heraldry " and " Heraldic Badges." In the " Book of PubHc Arms " he recorded many of the results of his campaign for getting genuine grants for pubhc as well as private arms substituted to the constituted armorial authorities of the three kingdoms for the unauthorized assumptions at one time so prevalent. In the " Art of Heraldry," for which he secured the collaboration of many
vi a^t» a. C. jTor=Dat)ie0
experts, he showed how admirably heraldic forms and devices were adapted for almost every conceivable variety of decoration, and as editor of the 1914 edition of Burke's " Landed Gentry " he was able to provide decent interment for a multitude of cherished family fictions, and to confine armorial and genealogical imaginings within the sober bounds of what could reasonably be proved.
As a barrister Fox-Davies appeared in several important peerage cases, but occasionally took a holiday from his hobby by accepting an ordinary brief, or contesting, in the Conservative interest, a quite hopeless seat at an election. He sought further relaxation by serving on the Holborn Borough Council and by writing " thrillers," in which he obtained admirable results by juggling with ingenious points of law, and so carefully described the criminal activities of a likeable baronet who sought a justifiable revenge that a burglar stole the proofs of the book before publication in hopes of improving the technique of his own iniquities. During the War, Fox-Davies served at first in the Anti-Aircraft Corps and afterwards in the Naval Law Branch at the Admiralty, where he had to deal with the remarkable collection of juristic improbabilities and international tangles which came from the Aegean and other parts of the Mediterranean.
Mr. Fox-Davies was the second son of Mr. T. E. Fox-Davies, of Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, and was bom at Bristol on February 28, 1871. He married, in 1901, Mary, daughter of Captain S. W. Crookes, of The Wyke, Shifnal, and had a son and a daughter.
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO SEVENTH EDITION THE ABUSE OF ARMS THE ANCIENT FAMILIES OF ENGLAND ADDENDA CLUBS A DIRECTORY OF GENTLEMEN OF COAT-ARMOUR
APPENDIX INDEX OF COLOURED PLATES INDEX OF QUARTERINGS INDEX TO ESCUTCHEONS OF PRETENCE
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
BEFORE referring to the most important of the changes in the last and present editions, it may be as well to refer to several minor points as to which I often receive inquiries.
First, as to the " catch-line " names which appear in the book. In the first edition the first entry for each surname was so distinguished for mere purposes of ready reference, or perhaps even — for it was not my own idea^by the desire of the printers to make an " artistic " page. Their efforts and labour to that end have been unceasing, beyond even my own desires. But even before the completion of the first edition the fatal objection had become apparent that the insertion of an entry for the same surname but with a christian name earlier in the alphabet involved the displacement of the catch-line from the one paragraph to the other, and the resetting of both. The catch-hnes were therefore abandoned ; but I did not consider their importance, in or out, was worth the cost of resetting in order to provide for their deletion. Consequently those which were then standing in the type were allowed to remain until such times as other alterations necessitated a disturbance in the type of the particular entries containing them. As such opportunities arise they are deleted, and each new edition has seen their number largely reduced. They are thus automatically disappearing, very few now remain, and doubtless ere long all will have vanished.
For the last editions a new form of entry was adopted. One seldom at the very beginning of a project hits off the precise plan which the experience of years in carrying out that enterprise eventually indicates as the most advantageous. There were two considerations always before me. The chief was the eternal hterary difficulty of " space." M}^ book was growing, growing, and some drastic change was necessary. My original idea (based upon the inclusion of impalements) had been a separate entry for each separate person. That involved a repetition of parentage (a matter of four or five lines) in the cases of brothers, and a repetition of the details of the arms — sometimes running to a column or more. But this repetition became practically purposeless, because I found in practice that only a very small proportion of the entries carried impalements. Many a man is keenly anxious to estabhsh his own right to arms, who feels that it is not his business, but the business of the male members of his wife's family to prove the right to arms on that side. Consequently a new system was adopted in the sixth edition by which all bearing the same coat of arms were grouped together under that coat, and all brothers grouped together under the names of their parents. I have not thought it worth while to reset the book at a cost of many hundreds of pounds, merely to obtain a fixed uniformity of arrangement, where no change is made in the information afforded between one type of entry comprising several people and a number of separate entries. On this, point as in the matter of catch-Unes, I have taken, as I propose to take in the future, every opportunity, as alterations or changes occur necessitating the disturbance of type in an
IX
X preface to tfte ^etientb (JBDition
entry, to convert the book to the form now adopted. The other consideration was a printing technicahty. Certain parts of an entry — the arms and the Hvery — are permanent, needing no change generation after generation. Other parts are constantly altering, and by putting the permanent portion first it becames less costly to make alterations.
Whilst the new form has been adopted in all new entries which now appear in the work for the first time, the reverse is not the case. In all entries in which alterations of any moment occurred the opportunity was taken to adopt the new form, and the deduction to be drawn from the appearance of an entry in either form is no greater than from the insertion or absence of the black-letter catch-lines.
But I find some people do not understand the new method of arrangement, though it is the one which has been adopted in Debrett's " Peerage." No attempt is made to give pedigrees, no attempt is made to include deceased members of a family. Those members of a family entitled to bear arms and now alive, are arranged in strict order of their seniority in the order in which they would succeed to a hereditary title, and their names are followed by the usual details of their birth, marriage, issue, &c. Where successive entries are for brothers, they are grouped under one heading of their common parentage, but the words in the heading " Sons of " does not mean that those who follow are a complete list of the sons of the person named (for some may have died), but that those whose names follow are sons of the specified person.
The coloured illustrations speak for themselves, and I can only hope the insertion of these illustrations will prove the attraction I anticipate.
T?ie dating of the arms has turned out a matter of great difficulty — much greater than I had anticipated. In the first place, few seem to know or care about the date of their arms. It is easy enough to check the truth of a given statement of claim ; except in the grant of a modern coat it is almost impossible to ascertain the date save by research and the expenditure of time wholly prohibitive to the attempt. Where a reasonable claim has been made I have attempted to verify it, and with few exceptions all such coats- of-arms are dated. But the claims made have been much fewer than I anticipated. The dates which are inserted are [a) those of the dates which I have been asked to insert, which I beheve to be correct, {b) dates which have been within my knowledge before they were supphed to me by the owners of the arms. The date of a grant of arms is public property to anybody who cares to pay the fees for a search, but where I have not known it, and to assist me in my editorial work, my correspondents have been good enough to tell me what the date of the grant is and have expressed a wish that the date should not be published, I have respected that wish and treated the information as supphed to me in confidence. The dates — where the arms are dated — are those of official authorisation. In a few cases where the arms are found on the early rolls it is possible to take an old coat back approx- imately to its date of origin, but in the bulk of ancient English cases one can do no more than refer to the Visitations, which, though the earhest date of authorisation, may or may not be the date of origin.
In Scottish cases, with rare exceptions, the earliest quotable date of authorisation is 1672, the date of the commencement of the present Lyon Register.
So that, except where a definite date of grant is quoted, the date of authorisation is not necessarily the date of origin. In the case of arm.<= authorised but not specifically
Preface to tiie ^etientti dBDition xi
granted anterior to 1700 the dates are of but little value for comparative purposes. But these coats form but a small proportion of the arms in use.
I am very anxious to get a larger proportion of the arms dated than I have been able to up to the present, and I do appeal to those whose names appear in the book to supply me with the real dates at which their arms were granted or officially confirmed. It may save trouble if I say at once that William the Conqueror did not make any grants of arms. Those who can only lay claim to modern grants of arms are, I find, often unwilling that the date of grant should be pubhshed. Frankly, I am quite unable to understand why there should be more reluctance in admitting the date of a grant of arms than the date of a Baronetcy.
The omission of the italic entries which appeared in the first four editions of this book may or may not be an improvement. Many correspondents have written to me on the point, some advocating insertion, some omission, but the imperative necessity of reducing the space was the factor which finally decided the point. At first, I could not claim for " Armorial Families " any approach to completeness, but as each successive edition has brought more and more families under review the approximation to complete- ness has lessened the necessity for the retention of the italicised part, and lessened it to an increasing extent. But even yet I do not claim to have reached the end, though I think I am now justified in thinking my book is approximately a complete directory of those who are proved to be officialh' entitled to bear arms. I have sent out right and left for the last twenty-five years, hundreds of thousands of information forms asking that they should be filled up and returned to me. Whenever a form has been returned to me from which on the face of it it seemed possible that the arms claimed were borne by right, I have taken steps to ascertain if the claim were good, and whenever this has been the case such arms have been inserted without charge or stipulation. I have gradually worked through such books as Burke's " Landed Gentry," and each edition has left a diminishing remnant. Shortly before I closed up the last edition for the press I wrote to the head of every remaining family in the " Landed Gentry " pointing out what I was doing, saying I was aware of no modern proof of the right to the arms which were attributed to him in that work, and asking that I might be advised if I were wrong. The result of my letters astonished me. A very large number at once informed me of their right under a compara- tively modem grant or record, not to the ancient arms attributed to them, but to some entirely distinct coat 1
But to conclude my remarks on this point, I do say that there are few families entitled to arms, whose right has been proved in sufficiently modern times to place it beyond reasonable doubt, that are now omitted. That there must be some I am of course aware, some even whose right is duly registered up to themselves in the College of Arms. The College of Arms will not permit an}- one access to their records nor give the shghtest clue as to the pedigrees which are recorded from time to time or the grants which are made. One can, however, inquire whether a pedigree has been recorded to a given coat- of-arms, or whether a specified person has recorded a right to arms by grant or proof of pedigree, and by paying the ordinary search fees can receive the desired information. This I do in all cases coming under my notice.
Obviously I cannot work through the London or any other Directory at the price of the Heralds' College search fees for each inquiry : but, given a coat-of-arms which looks
xii Preface to tiie ^cDcntt) OBDition
genuine, I can find and do find out to whom it belongs. I have many friends and corres- pondents for whose help in this way I am under deep obligations, and sooner or later most genuine coats-of-arms eventually come into my hands — my difficulty being that I am held up to criticism for the omission of arms recently proved or lately granted bsfore they have filtered through into mj" knowledge.
Subject to this qualification, and with the exception of the arms of some Peers and Baronets, I believe the present edition of " Armorial Families " may be fairly described as approximately complete.
Peers and Baronets were included in the first and second editions of " Armorial Families." They were then omitted solely for the reasons of space. A few Peers and Baronets, however, appear in the body of the book. Some remain under the undertaking I gave in my first prospectus to retain in perpetuity the arms of every subscriber. The rest have been inserted from time to time for various reasons, chiefly technical, which it is not necessary to explain. Suffice it to sa}^ that nearl}^ every Peer and nearly every Baronet has genuine arms.
I am very anxious to add the details of the quarterings to which different families are entitled where these are recorded, but I do not undertake, or intend to investigate gratuitously for the purpose of this book, claims which have not been registered. There are, however, many families who possess officially certified paintings of their arms and quarterings, or official pedigrees, and I should be indebted for the opportunity of examining such documents. I am always glad to learn of any grant of arms which has been made, or any pedigree which has been formally recorded.
With regard to Cockades, it seems to me that such official authority, or quasi-authority, as they formerly had lapsed at the death of Queen Victoria, and until they are revived by some overt act on the part of His Majesty, they appear to me to have now become meaningless, and for that reason I am omitting them from the book as opportunity in the alteration of entries occurs.
In both Lyon Court and Ulster's Office I have been greatly helped in the compilation of my book, and my sincerest thanks are due to Sir James Balfour Paul, K.C.V.O., the former, and Mr. F. J. Grant, the present Lyon King of Arms, and to Major Sir Nevile Wilkinson, K.C.V.O., Ulster King of Arms, and Mr. T. U. Sadleir, Registrar of Ulster's Office, for all the encouragement and assistance I have constantly received at their hands. In the College of Arms, I have also to offer my grateful thanks to Sir Henry Farnham Burke, K.C.V.O., C.B., Garter King of Arms, and the other Officers of Arms, for much help in the revision of my book.
I should also hke to thank Mr. Charles A. H. Franklin, M.D., B.S., F.S.A.Scot., for much kind assistance.
A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
23, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.
THE ABUSE OF ARMS
Sl^RELY even those who affect the greatest contempt for Heraldry will admit that if Arms are to be borne at all, it should be according to the laws of Arms ; and that, if the display of them be an empty vanity, it is a less creditable vanity to parade as our own those which belong of right to others. Heraldry has been contemptuously termed "the science of fools with long memories." There is more wit than wisdom in the remark, and with the many a smart saying has unfortunately a great advantage over a just one.
It is impossible to say that there is any direct testimony to the existence of Armorial bearings in the now accepted sense of the word earlier than the twelfth century, when they seem to have been adopted with one accord throughout Europe. Previous to that period we read of " white shields " and " red shields " and " gilded shields." In Salmund's Edda mention is made of a red shield with a golden border. The Encomiast of Emma speaks merely of the glittering effulgence of the shields suspended on the sides of the vessels of Canute. In the Anglo-Saxon illuminations we perceive the shields of warriors generally painted white, with red and blue borders and circles : on those of our Norman invaders as represented in the Bayeux Tapestry, a work at the earliest of the close of the eleventh century, we find crosses, rings, grot- esque monsters, and fanciful devices of various descriptions, but nothing approaching a regular heraldic figure or disposition of figures. Some of the standards are striped and spotted in a fashion which may have originated the pales, bars, and roundels of the succeeding century, but as these devices are not repeated on an}'^ of the bearers' shields they cannot be considered as personal insignia.
Thus we see that Heraldry as we know it, Heraldry even as it was understood in its earliest stages, had no existence at the time of the Norman Conquest, nor can any authenticated example be discovered of a proper Armorial shield prior to the first Crusade. Ere the second had reached its termination its usage was extensive and assured. That is all that is known of its origin, but undoubtedly — for it is a matter no one has as yet dreamed of disputing — the Crusades have exer- cised an influence difficult to truly estimate. Not only are a vast proportion of heraldic " charges " easily traceable to the Holy Land, but the assemblage of the flower of European chivalry in all its nationalities, all claiming nobility of birth, must have given a great impetus to the progress of a science devoted and confined to themselves, apart from the encouragement afforded to it by the requirement of some method of distinction amongst themselves.
A writer of a bygone age has said that " Coates of Armes were inuented by our wise ancestors to these 3 ends : The first was to honour and adorn the family of him that had well deserued towardes his countrye. The seconde to him more worthy and famous above the rest which had not done merit, and thereby they might be prouoked to doe the like. The third was to differ out the severall lignes and issues from the noble ancestor descending ; so that the eldest borne might be known from the second, and he from the thirde."
Heraldry was not originated in England, but England was not long in following the lead placed before her, and though at no period perhaps within the British Isles has the love and rever- ence of Armory reached such a high degree of enthusiasm as has been sometimes accorded to Armorial Insignia elsewhere : still since the old Crusading days have our ancestors of each suc- ceeding generation handed down a respect and admiration for these marks of lineage, rank, and high degree that Socialism and Anarchy, with all their changeabiUty of visage, have failed to suppress in spite of the manifold and multifarious methods and manners in which these ideas have passed through the land, in the Wars of the Roses, in the Reformation, the Commonwealth, the Revolution, and " the Hyde Park tub-thumper."
" There is no subject more difficult to be dwelt on than that of honourable descent ; none on which the world are greater sceptics, none more offensive to them ; and yet there is no quality to which every one in his heart pays so great a respect. " — (Sir Egerton Brydges' Autobiography , p. 153) .
And by reason of this very reverence and respect, Armorial Bearings are one of the earliest outward and visible signs which make their appearance when a family commences its rise in the scale of social eminence.
xiv Cbe atuise of arms
At first, ere their full lustre and significance had been realised, those who bore Arms selected them as pleased their fancy, but as a name became glorious so did the pictorial sign upon the shield associated with that name become renowned, and a son inherited his father's Arms with his father's sword : and Armorial Bearings almost from the very birth of the science have been hereditary.
Let a privilege or a usage be created, and its abuse rapidly follows. Merchants placed their " merchant-marks " upon escutcheons, and called them coats-of-arms when as yet their rank did not warrant the assumption. New men called themselves by old names and claimed the ancient Arms.
The monks of Battle Abbey are known to have tampered with their roll, and centuries ago the heralds deplored and tried to keep in check the vagaries and usurpations of these " painter- fellows," as they then described them, referring thus contemptuously to those handicraftsmen who undertook the actual labour of cutting seals and emblazoning Arms. Had these handicrafts- men stopped their hands at these legitimate limits, httle abuse, comparatively speaking, could have crept in, but they did not ; they hankered after the fees — in their eyes veritable flesh-pots of Egypt — of the official heralds. Then, as now, the true position and authority of the Officers of Arms was not properly known or understood. Then, as now, these " painter-fellows " encroached, and then, as now, they profited by the lack of heraldic knowledge current among the general public, and they purposed to find, grant, confirm and assign Arms. The Arms these outsiders dealt in were Hkewise of but two kinds — firstly, Arms which emanated solely from their own imagination, and which were bogus from beginning to end, and secondly, Arms which were perfectly legitimate, and which belonged to ancient famihes, which legitimate coats-of-arms these " painter-fellows " assigned to other families bearing the same or similar names, without the ghost of a pretence, and without the shadow of a po.ssibility of establi.shing a descent from the bona-fide holders. That was how the abuse began centuries ago. At the present time this same abuse runs riot, and now, as then, it is in the forefront, and the most prominent of all heraldic follies. Though beside this particular illegality all others seem but as mere peccadilloes, there are many other matters which can but come under the same heading and description. To a long-standing abuse, when the legal penalties therefor seem almost to have lapsed into desuetude, there is but one remedy, namely, pubhcity. It enlightens those who are sinning through ignor- ance, it may prevent others falling into the same errors ; and as to those who are of knowledge and aforethought wilfully disregarding the laws of Arms and the laws of the Realm — well, it advertises their Httle weaknesses. This remedy I propose to try. One of my critics has asked what business it is of mine to criticise Arms when the College of Arms remains silent. It is every man's duty, when he sees a wrong, to try to put that wrong right. Moreover, I stand in a widely different position from the Officers of Arms. I much question if they are brought into contact with one tithe of the heraldic abuses that I am, for people hardly of their own free-will exhibit to an accredited Officer of Arms pretensions which they know can be at once detected as bogus or illegal. On the other hand, the individuals comprising the world at large seem to fancy | that the said world at large, outside themselves, is unable to discover the real character of the i Arms they lay claim to. Consequently, as I am simply but another unit in this aforesaid world, the Arms and garbled pedigrees have been sent up to me apparently with guileless simplicity, either for insertion in this book, " Armorial Families," or in " The Book of Public Arms," or for the crests to be included in my edition of " Fairbairn." I had no reason when I commenced heraldic writing to have looked with suspicion upon the information which was afforded me, but as each successive case I investigated turned out to be a perversion of the truth, my standpoint had to change. I found, first of all, that the fact of living in the same county, or in the adjoining one for the matter of that, or even in the county adjoining that, was to the ordinary mind qidte sufficient evidence for descent to be claimed ("in an unbroken line," my correspondents usually state) from any armigerous person or any celebrity* who at any time since the Norman Conquest (and many don't even stick at the Conquest) have'had a residence in that county. At first I was always inclined to think that a person to make such a statement must at least have some evidence to support him, even though it might not be sufficiently stable and consecutive to pass muster as a pedigree before the Chapter of the College of Arms. I couldn't have made a greater mistake. I then found that people really entitled to a pedigree of perhaps five or six generations, and to a modern grant of Arms, were seldom content with it, and it usually came to me as a genealogical \ tree of fifteen or sixteen generations, and the Arms had generally been granted by Edward III., or at the latest by Queen Elizabeth. And here is a pretty safe way to judge a pedigree if the time cannot be spared to investigate it thoroughly. Whenever a pedigree in the male fine runs,
♦ One family to my knowledge claim descent from Cardinal Wolsey, and have assumed his Arms.
Cl)c at)U0c of arm0
XV
back far up into antiquity — or I will say even this, whenever a pedigree commences prior to the beginning of the eighteenth century, just look at it closely. If in the early part of it there figure celebrities, with full dates of marriages and deaths, and details of all the children, and there follow later the words, " from whom descends," or the words, " whose descendant," without the details of the actual relationships, the odds that that particular pedigree is " faked " are 999 to i.
Another little faihng that was quickly made apparent to me is this : When a family have been illegally making use of Arms for some time, and are then, for some reason or other, induced or required to place their Armorial matters upon a legal footing, and a Patent of Arms is obtained under the hands and seals of the Kings of Arms, the coat-of-arms which has previously been in use is never granted to the person intact. If a desire for a coat similar to the one in use be preferred, some alterations and additions to it are introduced, varying according to the discretion, of the Officers of Arms and the circumstances of the case, in order to render it a different and new coat-of- arms, and to satisfy the requirements of one of the rules of the College, that no two coats-of-arms which may be granted by its officers shall be alike.* The usual tale I am told — if the fact of the grant being modern by any chance transpires — is, if you please, that the alterations and additions are " augmentations " granted for some special service. Some of the older grants simply made addiiinns to the coats which had been previously used, and this, to any ordinary individual, might lend some semblance to the idea. To the propagators of such fables I would add this fact to their knowledge. An " augmentation " proper requires a special warrant from the Sover- eign. The " augmentations " legitimately existing are comparatively very few in number, and are all very well known. And another foible is this. Very few people care to admit that they have had a " grant " of Arms. The usual tale is, " My people had been using these Arms for a very long time, but documentary evidence, so very hard to get, &c., &c., couldn't strictly prove a legal title to them, &c., so the College of Arms ' confirmed ' them to me with a very slight difference." The facts generally turn out to be that the Arms were " found " for 3s. 6d. at an heraldic stationer's, perhaps ten or perhaps twenty years ago, or perhaps supplied gratis with a "guinea box of stationery." It was then afterwards ascertained that they were quoted in Burke's " General Armory " as belonging to a family of the same name, which family were promptly claimed as ancestors. " The Arms are the same, you know, we must be descended from them." There are few people who could summon up sufficient audacity to offer to the critics such another pedigree as the notorious Coultart genealogy ; but there is still a good deal of unblushing audacity in existence. Times out of number have I been informed that Arms submitted to me have been granted, or confirmed, or certified, by the Officers of Arms. Even the dates of grants have been quoted to me when no such grants exist, and the certificates when asked for are never to be found. I caU those sort of statements untruths pure and simple.
Small wonder that with such a plenitude of these falsehoods my credulity waned below zero, and now is non-existent. Of the hundreds with whom I have been brought in contact I could count on the fingers of my one hand those people whom I know at the very beginning have told me the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Consequently, though it is a brutal admission to have to make, I cannot beUeve, and do not believe for one moment, any man's account of his own family, or take his word concerning them. No matter how truthful a man may be, his probity never seems to have stability on that one point. I think the Archangel Gabriel would have " made the usual mistakes."
If any ordinary individual tell you he is descended in the male line from some one who figures upon the glorious roll of Battle Abbey, or that his ancestor " came over with the Conqueror," write him down a perverter of the truth at once. Mr. Evelyn Philip Shirley published some number of years ago a book which deserves a greater name and a far wider reputation than it has received. I refer to " The Noble and Gentle Men of England." He took a far less ambitious standpoint than the Norman Conquest, simply including within his covers all those then Arms- bearing families who had held their land in legitimate uninterrupted male descent since the reign of King Henry VII. to the present day. Of all the landholders of to-day, of all the county famihes within or without ,the pages of Walford ; of all the names in " Burke's Peerage " or in Kelly's " Upper Ten Thousand," how many famihes titled and untitled together, think you does his book contain ? Three hundred and thirty. Some number of the very older famihes are Saxon, but the great majority only take their start from the Wars of the Roses, that great social upheaval which shook to its very foundation the aristocracy of England. Read " De Nova Villa," and read the " Last of the Barons," if you wish to know what became of the ancient families of England.
* I do not wish any opportunity for misconstruction. At the times of the Visitations, when two families— though not the least relationship might exist between them — proved a right to identical .A.rms, these were allowed to them both and the above rule has only applied to grants.
xvi Cte 3t}U0e of arm0
Of the twenty-five barons who affixed their seals to " Magna Charta," of which we so proudly boast, not a solitary proved male descendant is known to exist.
Fuller, writing in his book, " Worthies of Bedfordshire," says : — " Hungry Time hath made a glutton's meal on this Catalogue of Gentry (the list of gentry of the reign of Henry VI.), and hath left but a very little morsel for manners remaining."
The pedigrees in " Burke's Peerage " are lax enough, but even there but one hundred and eleven are taken back to the time of the Norman Conquest, and of these forty-nine are Saxon, Welsh, Scottish, or Irish. There are nearly nine hundred peers and over twelve hundred baronets, and all their relations within the covers of " Burke's Peerage " ; there are nearly five thousand famihes in the " Landed Gentry," and all their relations ; there were sixteen thousand names in Walfofd's " County Families " ; there are twenty- four thousand individuals in " Kelly." As I have said, but sixty-two pedigrees in the Peerage are taken back to the Normans, and Shirley admits but three hundred and thirty famihes. The deduction is obvious.
The first point I wish to draw attention to is the wholesale display of bogus arms — perhaps I should be more correct in saying the wholesale bogus display of Arms. These, as I have previously stated, are of two kinds : i. Arms which, apart from the question of ownership, are of no legal origin ; 2. Legal Arms used by people to whom they don't belong. The latter predominate. But first of all it is necessary to make it clear what constitutes the right to bear Arms.
The right differs widely in the three kingdoms and they all differ widely from the laws current in the rest of Europe. But now, and throughout this Introduction, I shall confine myself to the United Kingdom. It is of no use for the blind to lead the blind, and I have no sufficiently inti- mate knowledge of either the heraldic or the common law in vogue in the various countries of Europe to warrant my offering to teach others what I am by no means sure I know myself.
In the infancy of Heraldry no control existed or was exercised by anybody over Armorial matters. It was.
" The good old rule, the simple plan, That they should take who have the power, And they .should keep who c.in."
But this era was of short duration. Almost the first step in the United Kingdom towards estab- hshing control was taken in England, and the Corporation of the College of Arms was established by Royal Charter in the reign of Richard III. Now, there are very many people who grandilo- quently assert that " they don't recognise the authority of the College of Arms." Such a statement sounds very big, but it is pure nonsense. They might just as well proclaim that they do " not recognise " the Sovereign or the Houses of Parhament. And I have also found that any mention of the authority of the College of Arms is usually the signal for an outburst of abuse (and abuse pure and simple, not criticism) against the College itself and its officials. I v/ill be no party to any such controversy. Nothing I can say will add to or detract from their authority, or give more weight to its expression. I can simply make the knowledge of it more public ; for one cannot but admit that nothing can alter the fact that the Officers of Lyon Office (for Scotland), of Ulster's Office (for Ireland), and of the College of Arms (for the whole of the rest of His Majesty's dominions) have the sole official authority and control of Armorial matters.
I am not writing on behalf of any of the Colleges or Offices of Arms ; I am not connected in any way with them. I am not writing at the instigation of any Officer of Arms. I am simply a member of the general pubHc, brought closely into touch with the laws and the practice of Arms ; and if the expression of the knowledge I have obtained prevent any person ignorantly following the tempting and well-worn ruts of heraldic abuse, I shall be satisfied.
Now arms are a matter of honour. The Sovereign is the fountain of honour.
In the reign of Henry V. (1417) a Royal Proclamation was made that no man in future be allowed to bear arms without authority. This has been printed in full on several occasions. The next step was the consolidation of the various Officers of Arms in England into the Corporation of the College of Arms. The two Charters by which they hold and exercise their authority are given in Noble's " History of the College of Arms." I don't ask any one unquestioningly to take my word that the authority exists. They can convince themselves by referring to the Charters in question, to the Royal Warrants appointing the Visitations, to the Reports submitted by the Law Officers of the Crown to His Majesty King George III. in connection with the dispute between the Officers of the Order of the Bath and the Officers of the College of Arms, and to the Patent appoint- ing any King of Arms to his office, which, to a certain extent, recites his powers and privileges. Perhaps the most important of all are the warrants commanding the Visitations.
So much for England. Let us now see how matters stand in Scotland. The whole subject is very tersely and pertinently put forward in the " Ordinary of Scottish Arms," from which I am permitted to quotp.
Ci3C 3l3iise of arm0 xvu
" The earliest Scottish Armorial in existence is said to have been prepared by or under the superintendence of Sir David Lindsay of the Mount about 1542. It is impossible to say whether it took from the first an official character, but that there must have been some such recognised record before the close of the sixteenth century is clear from several references which are made to the Liber insigniorum , or " Book of Arms," in the Acts of the Scottish Parliament at that period. In 1592 an Act was passed authorising the Lyon and his heralds to hold visitations throughout the realm in order to distinguish the Arms of the various noblemen and gentlemen, and ' thaireftir to matriculat thame in thair buikis and registeris.' It is unfortunate that this permission to make heraldic visitations was never largely taken advantage of ; had it been, and had the registers indicated in the Act been properly kept, it is unlikelv that the Privy Council would have, \vithin the next forty years, practically authenticated as an official record Sir David Lindsay's MS. above referred to, which they did in the following terms : —
" ' This Booke and register of Armes, done by Sir David Lindesay of the Month, Lyone King of Arms, reg. Ja. 5, conteines 106 leaves, which register was approvine be the Lordies of his Majesties Most Honourable Privie Counsale at HaUerude hous 9 December 1630.
" ' Sir James Balfour, Lyone. " ' Thomas Drysdaill, Hay Herauld. " ' Register.' "
^a'
" Whatever may have become of the official registers previous to the date of the commencement of the present one, it is certain that many collections of Arms were from to time made, both by the Officers of Arms and others. Sir Robert Forman, Lyon (1555-1567), presented to Queen Mary a roll containing 267 Scottish coats-of-arms. In addition to the ' Workman MS.' now in the Lyon Office, at least four other Armorials belonging to the sixteenth century, and relating to Scotland, are in existence and were shown at the Heraldic Exhibition held at Edinburgh in 1891, while the seventeenth century collections are comparatively numerous. As time went on, however, the absence of an authentic and official Register of Arms was more and more felt : in 1639 the Committee on Articles appointed the Lyon to do diUgence for cognoscing and matriculating all Arms, and to represent the same to the Privy Council, that they might take some course to prevent Arms being assumed irregularly. In 1662 it was apparently found that the registration of Arms was more neglected than ever, though Cromwell had appointed one if not two Lyons during his administration of the Government. By an Act passed in that year it was provided inter alia that ' . . . Considering what disorders and confusions have arisen and are dayly occasioned by the usurpation of Cadents, who against all rules assume to themselffs the armes of the cheeff house of the familie out of which they are descendit, and that other mean persones who can nowayes deryve thair succession from the families whose names they bear, as they have just assumed the name, doe therafter weare the coat of that name to which they pretend without any warrand or grund whatsumever, . . . no yi:»unger brother or caudent of any familie presume to carie the armes of that familie bot with such distinctions as shall be given by the Lyon King of Armes'; ' and it was likewise provided that all persons were to have their Arms examined and renewed by the Lyon, and inserted in his register. This Act, however, did not remain long in the Statute-Book : considerable dissatisfac- tion appears to have been created by it, possibly from the amount of the fees which it entitled the Lyon to exact at the funeral solemnities of the nobiHty and their wives, and it was repealed in the following year, 1663. It is not very clear whether the above quoted allusion to the Lyon Register can be taken as implying that at that time there was such a record in existence, or whether it merely means that a Register was then to be commenced. But as the present Register was certainly commenced within the next ten years as new, it may fairly be inferred that no official Register of Arms, with the exception of Sir David Lindsay's MS. mentioned above as having been approved by the Privy Council, was in existence at the period of the Restoration. What had become of the old Registers, if such there had been, has been a matter of some specula- tion : both water and fire have been held to be answerable for their destruction. It is by some thought that they may have formed part of that cargo of records originally carried off to London by Cromwell, and ultimately jettisoned from the frigate ' Eagle ' or lost with the ship ' EHza- beth' of Burntisland, when, owing to the representations of the Scottish Parliament, they were being restored to their proper home. On the other hand, Amot in his ' History of Edinburgh ' mentions that the Lyon Office Records were burned in a fire which took place about 1670, and that the Act under which the present Register was instituted was in consequence passed shortly afterwards. As, however, there is no mention made of any such fire in that Act, which merely alludes in general terms to the ' many irregularities of these late times, ' it can
xviii Cf)e ZhUBt of 3rm9
hardly be regarded as authentic history, and it is unnecessary to do more than allude to the causes which have been thought likely to have induced the Scottish Legislature to take the steps they did for the formation of an entirely new Register. It has been shown that an attempt had already been made in 1662 to improve the Registration of Arms, but it had come to nothing. In 1672 the Parliament again addressed themselves to the subject, and this time with success : they had the advantage of a member who was himself well acquainted with Heraldry — Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh — and he not improbably took a special interest in drawing the Act, which took its place on the Statute-Book as the Act of 1672, cap. 47 ^ It ratified generally the Act of 1592 so far as it related to visitations and the penalties to be inflicted on persons using Arms without authorit}^ and it ordered all persons of whatsoever degree, who were in the habit of using Arms, to give in a description of such Arms and of their lineage, to the Lyon Clerk, in order that they might be distinguished with ' congruent differences.' and that the Lyon might enter them in his books and registers, and might grant Arms to ' vertuous and well deserving persones.' The Register now instituted was to be considered as the true and unrepealable rule of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland, and was ordered to remain in the Lyon Office as a public register of the kingdom for all time coming. All persons who used Arms after the expiration of a year an d a day from the passing of the Act rendered themselves liable to a fine of one hundred pounds, and the goods on which the Arms were engraved were to be escheat to the king."
The Act reads as follows, and I think it better to quote it in full, as it definitely lays down the important point that cadets in Scotland are not entitled to bear the Arms of the head of their family until they have been matriculated to them with a difference : —
Copy of the Act concerning the Priviledges of the Office of Lyon King at Ar.mes.
47. Our Soveraigne Lord Considering, that albeit by the 125 Act of the 12 Parlia' holden by his Maiesties grandfather in the yeir 1592 the usurpation of Armes by any of his Maiesties leidges without the authority of Lyon King of Armes is expresly discharged ; And that in order thereto. Power and Commission is granted to the Lyon King of Armes or his Deputes, to visite the whole Armes of Noblemen, Barrons and Gentlemen, & to matriculate the same in their Registers, and to fine in One Hundreth pounds all others who shall unjustlie usurp armes; As also to Escheit all such goods and geir as shall have unwarrantable Armes ingraven on them. Yet amongst the many irregularities of these late times, very many have assumed to themselvis Armes, who should bear none, and many of these who may in law bear have assumed to themselvis ye Armes of their chieff , without distinctions, or Armes which were not carried by them or their predicessors. Therefor His Maiestie, with advice and consent of his Estates of Parlia' Ratifies and Approves the foresaid Act of ParUament ; and for the more vigorous prosecution thereof Doth hereby Statute and Ordain that lettirs of publication of this present Act be direct to be execute at the mercat cross of the held Burghs of the Shires, Stewartries, Bailliaries of Royalty &Regallitie and Royal Burrowghs chargeing all and sundry Prelates, Noblemen, Barons & Gentlemen who make use of any Armes or Signes armoriall within the space of one yeir aftir the said publication, to bring or send ane account of what armes or Signes armoriall they are accustomed to use ; and whither they be descendants of any familie the Armes of which familie they bear, and of what Brother of the ffamilie they are descended ; With Testificats from persones of Honour, Noblemen or Gentlemen of qualitie anent the Verity of their having and useing those Armes, and of their descent as afoirsa, to be delivered either to the Clerk of the Jurisdiction where the persones duells, or to the Lyon Clerk at his office in Edinburgh, at the option of the party, upon their receipts gratis without paying any thing therefore : Which Receipt shall be a sufficient exoneration to them, from being obleidged to produce again, to the effect that the Lyon King of Armes may distinguish the sds Armes with congruent differences, and may matriculat the same in his Bookes & Registers, and may give Armes to vertuous and well deserving Persones, and Extracts of all Armes, expressing the blasoning of the Arms undirhis hand andseall of office ; For Which shall be payed to the Lyon the soume of Tuentie merkes by Every Prelate &Nobleman, and Ten merks by every Knight & Baron, and five merkes by every other persone bearing Armes and noe more : And his Mat'" hereby Dispenses with any penalties that may arise be this or any proceiding act for bearing Armes, befor the Proclamation to be issued hereupon. And it is Statute & Ordained with consent forsd that the sd Register shall be respected as the true and unrepeallable rule of all Armes and Bearings in Scotland to remain with the Lyons office as a publict Register of the Kingdome, and to be transmitted to his Successors in all tyme comeing : And that whosoevir shall use any other Armes any manner of way, aftir the expireing of year & day from the date
Cbe abu0e of ^vm0 xix
of the Proclamation to be issued hereupon in maner forsd shall pay One Hundred pounds money toties quoties to the Lyon, and shall likewise escheat to his Maiestie all the moveable Goods & Geir upon which the fds Amies are engraven, or otherwise represented. And his Maiestie with consent forsd Declaires that it is onlie allowed for Noblemen & Bishopes to subscrive by their titles ; And that all others shall subscrive their Christned names, or the initiall letter thereof with there Sirnames, and may if they please adject the designations of their Lands, prefixing the word Of to the fds designations. And the Lyon King at Armes and his Brethren are required to be carefull of informeing themselvis of the contraveiners heirof , and that they acquaint his Maiesties Councill therewith, who are hereby impowered to punish them as persones disobedient to and contraveiners of the Law. It is hkewise hereby Ucclaired that the Lyon and his Brethren Heraulds are Judges in all such causes concerning the malversation of Messingers in their office, and are to enjoy all other pri viledges belonging to their Office which are secured to them by the Lawes of this Kingdome and according to former practice.
Under a strict interpretation of the above Act, this opportunity of " matriculation " of ancient Scottish Arms could be held to have long since lapsed. I am in no way speaking for Lyon, nor do I wish to in any way hamper his discretion, but I believe it to be correct, and consequently it cannot be too widely known that the present Lyon King is by no means averse, if satisfactory evidence can be produced, to still exercise his prerogative and discretion, and matriculate at the present date Arms which can be shown to have been authoritatively borne prior to the passing of the above Act.
In Ireland the powers of Ulster King of Arms are best defined by the Patent creating the first Ulster. This can be seen in " Rymer's Foedara," but most of the powers of Ulster King are recited in the Patent of each successive occupant of the office.
Owing to the fact that the records in Ulster's Office are not so complete as is the case in England, Ulster King of Arms has the power in his discretion to confirm Arms which it can be shown have been continuously borne for a certain number of generations (I beheve four), even though they may have been previously of no legal authority, and this power is continually e.xercised ; but as a general, nay, an almost invariable rule, some mark is placed upon the Arms, though usually a very trifling one, to distinguish in the eyes of the learned those Arms borne by virtue of a confirmation from those for which the right has been fully proved.
Briefly, then, to sum up, to establish the right to bear Arms in England it is necessary to prove legitimate male descent from some person to whom a grant of Arms has been made, or from some person to whom Arms were confirmed at the Visitations ; in Ireland, the same, or else from some person to whose descendants Arms have been confirmed. Failing this, there is no alternative, but to obtain a grant of Arms yourself, or, if you be of Irish descent, and can produce the necessary evidence, a confirmation. In Scotland, if you are the heir male of a grantee, or of any one to whom Arms have been matriculated, you are entitled to bear these Arms ; if you can only establish a junior descent, you must have the Arms matriculated to yourself, e\'en if it be your father who is the grantee ; if you cannot show any such descent, you must petition for a grant.
Now with regard to the bogus display of Arms, there are sins of omission and sins of commission. Very few people indeed claim less than they are entitled to, and the only sin of omission of any consequence is the cool disregard which is paid to the marks of illegitimacy. A person of illegitimate birth has assuredly no Arms. Many people will tell you that it is simply a question of placing what they colloquially term the " bar sinister," upon the escutcheon, in exactly the same manner as a second son in England or Ireland may charge his Arms with a crescent, the third with a mullet, the fourth with a martlet, and so on.* But this is not the case at all. He must either do one of two things. He must petition for a grant of Arms, in which case he is under no necessity to disclose his illegitimacy. But he wiU have an entirely new coat-of-arms granted to him. Or else he must first prove of whom he is the natural son, and then petition for a Royal License to bear the name and Arms of his putative father. If he adopt the latter course, and the Royal License be granted to him, he will find he is permitted to bear the Arms with " due and proper marks of distinction." Now the grant of a perfectly new coat with no mark of illegitimacy, costs exactly the same as the grant of the old one with these " due and proper marks," so that if a man deliberately elects to proclaim his relationship to any family, it is only fair to other and legitimate members of that family that the manner of his relationship should also be indicated, for his birth cannot be an equivalent of their legitimate descent.
* The laws of Anns only provide differences for nine sons of the same father. A correspondent wrote to me in good faith, to ask what his difference would be as the twenty-first surviving son of the same father and mother. I was forced to admit I did not know. I wonder what would be done.
XX Cl)e at)U0e of ^tm0
I grant it is through no fault of the man himself, and consequently I refrain from giving any list of those whom I know to be offending in this respect. There are several in the " Peerage," and matters are certainly made easier for them by the fact that these ' ' due and proper marks of distinction " do not always figure upon their Arms therein. This is very unjust to their legitimate relatives, and it is breaking the law of Arms, and is not in keeping with the terms therein recited, upon which the Royal License to bear the name and Arms was conceded to them.
And concerning this colloquial term " bar sinister." There cannot possibly be such a thing, for the " bar " in Armory is neither dexter nor sinister. The term is merely a misnomer for " bend sinister." The bend sinister is given in all heraldic books as an ancient mark of illegitimacy ; but it has long since been discarded, and is now never granted on a shield, though a bendlet wavy sinister is sometimes, in fact nearly always, placed across the crest. A baton sinister, which is a bendlet sinister couped, is the mark reserved for Royal illegitimates, but it is not universal. I can call to mind at the moment no coat-of-arms correctly in use at the present day upon which the bend sinister occurs save the Shiffner coat (which I believe is of foreign origin) and the Burne- Jones coat, and in these it does not occur as a mark of illegitimacy ; nor do I know of any coat in use which bears the mark which the laws of Arms are said to provide for the base-born son of a noble woman. I find the mark now in use is not generally known even amongst those who profess to have made some study of Heraldry, and I am only aware of one book in which it is mentioned ; and curiously enough it is not a mark of illegitimacy at all in Scotland : though, knowing its English character, I believe it is a little fought shy of even there. Consequently, as I have not the least desire to make it in any way more difficult for those who have the misfortune to bear it, I have no intention of advertising what it is. The only other sin of omission that I know is the objection some few people have to the double coat consequent upon a double name. For instance, if your name be Jones, and you get a Royal License for yourself and your descendants to bear the additional name of Smith, and to bear the Arms of Smith quarterly with those of Jones, that quarterly Smith-Jones coat becomes one indivisible coat, and you have no more right to separate it again than you would have to discard half the charges upon a simple coat because you didn't like them.
But when we come to the sins of commission, their name is legion. In the first place, by the law of Arms, the right of bearing either crest or motto is denied to a lady. In the olden days a Joan of Arc was a wild exception, and it was universally conceded that no woman was capable of wearing a helmet. The " new woman " may have changed this into a fiction in her crusade against her complementary sex, but in the far-off ages Amazons, either Christian or Barbarian, were an unheard-of quantity, and the laws of Arms were irrevocably constructed centuries ago. Anyhow the fiction (I daren't call it anything else) did exist, and consequently, as the crest was then an ornament inseparable from the helmet, the right to a feminine display thereof was denied. It is so still. The motto, anciently the " cri-de-guerre " likewise, the shield also. Now the domain of the " lady e-f aire " in olden time was at the spinning-wheel — -would that it were so still — and the " distaff " was a peculiarly feminine ornament and prerogative. The distaff was supposed to resemble the heraldic lozenge in form and figure — -it does so in some slight degree. Consequently the law of Arms allows a maiden lady to bear the Arms, upon a lozenge, which appear on her father's shield. When left a widow, she impales her late husband's Arms with her father's, and bears that combination upon a lozenge. Now here is another Uttle anomaly. Heraldic law knows no Married Woman's Property Act, and concedes them no " separate estate," and consequently in his lifetime the husband bears the Arms " for his wife," and the impalement takes its place in his shield and under the protection of his helmet. If the wife be an heraldic " heiress " (the exact meaning is explained later on), though he is at hberty still simply to impale the coat if he prefer, the husband is allowed instead to place the Arms of his wife's family upon a smaU escutcheon in the centre of his own shield, called an " escutcheon of pretence," because through his wife he " pretends " to the representation of her family. And if the said heiress survives her husband, she usually places her father's Arms on the same escutcheon in the centre of a lozenge of her husband's Arms. And the " fiction " of the feminine non-ownership of Arms is kept up further. By the English law of Arms, a " difference " mark is ipso facto provided for the second and all younger sons to place upon their father's coat-of-arms. There are none for daughters, each bearing exactly the same Arms and differences as the father bore. But the Scottish law, which provides that all younger sons shall have no Arms until a matriculation of their father's with a difference shall have been made to them, allows all the daughters to bear their father's Arms upon a lozenge, and allows the husbands to impale these Arms without further " difference."
But the point is that widows and unmarried girls must show that they have no helmet to
Cfie ^him of arms xxi
protect them ; in other words, they must bear their Armorial Insignia upon a lozenge (the same figure as a diamond upon a pack of cards), and they must not use a crest.
And now, on the subject of the conjunction of the /\.rms of man and wife, I will not inflict upon you the old heraldic jargon of " baron et femme," but the rule is simply this. First of all find out whether your father-in-law is or was legally entitled to bear Arms. Don't think that because you are entitled to bear Arms anything will do for an impalement, because it won't. Both of them must be irreproachable. Then divide your shield by a straight line down the middle ; place the whole of your own Arms on the dexter side,* and place the pronominal coat of your wife's father in the remaining half. This is called " impaling " the two coats.
If you are not entitled to Arms yourself, you are not at liberty to take the Arms of your wife's family. Her rights to bear or transmit any Arms or quarterings, whatever they are, become and must remain dormant until such time as you or the descendants of your marriage with her choose to establish a right to Arms in the male line. If you are Commander, a Companion, or a knight of any Order having the right to surround your own escutcheon with the ribbon or collar of the Order, you must use two escutcheons. On the one are simply your own Arms so surrounded, and on the other your own Arms impaled with those of your wife's family ; the idea being that your knighthood is personal to yourself, and that you cannot share it with your wife. Just the same, a bishop cannot share his episcopal rank with his wife, and he has to use two escutcheons if his wife be entitled to Arms. The Scottish Anglican bishops and the Irish AngUcan bishops created since the disestablishment of the Church in Ireland, and all Roman Catholic bishops, have no Arms for their sees. If a woman be of higher rank than her husband, or possess rank in her owTi right, she cannot share it with him. For instance, take a peeress in her own right. By right of her heirship, the husband would place the Arms of the family upon an escutcheon of pretence upon his own, and he is allowed to place her coronet above the escutcheon of pretence, but he has no right to her supporters, or to place her coronet above his own escutcheon. Here again two escutcheons must be used, for on the sinister side of his own he must repeat her father's Arms upon a lozenge, surmounted by her coronet and between her supporters. In the same way the husband could not claim a share in a double-headed eagle, if the wife's family were entitled to display Arms upon it.
There is one other point. Care must always be taken that the whole pronominal coat of your wife's father be impaled. If he have a double name and a sub-quarterly coat, you must impale the whole of the coat which stands for his surnames. Further, by the Scottish law of Arms you do not become ipso facto entitled to quarter Arms ; you are only entitled to bear the coat which has been matriculated to you in Lyon Office. If you want quarterings introduced, you must get a fresh matriculation and after they are matriculated you cannot drop them without rematriculation ; so that, if you go north of the Tweed for your wife, you must be careful to impale everj^thing that has been matriculated to her father. Now in England the practice is different. I distinctly say it is not illegal or incorrect in the slightest degree, but at the same time it is considered rather " bad form " to impale more than the simple coat which stands for your wife's surname. Your wife's father may be entitled to fifty quarterings, but if the name be Smith, you simply impale the Arms of Smith.
The next point is, what constitutes an heiress ? The heraldic meaning of the word is very different from its colloquial usage. Neither land nor money have anything to do with it. An heiress in Heraldry need not possess or transmit the value of one brass farthing. What she must transmit is the representation of her father or her family. If her father have no sons she is an " heiress," of if she have sisters a " co-heiress." If she have brothers she is not an heiress unless or until the issue of these brothers has become extinct. If the brothers die leaving no sons, but leaving daughters, these daughters become the heiresses and not the sister. If the issue of the brothers eventually becomes absolutely extinct both in the male and female lines, then the sisters (themselves, if ahve, or if not in their descendants) become the heiresses, even though the extinc- tion may not occur for hundreds of years. On marrying an " heiress " or " co-heiress," as I have said, a man is allowed, but not required, to place the Arms of her family upon an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of his own, and his children are entitled by the English law to take as quarterings the whole of these Arms and quarterings which their mother was entitled to transmit, and add them to anything their father may have possessed. Occasionally — but very very seldom — a woman may be an heiress to her mother but not her father, or vice versa, and in these cases special rules apply. By the Scottish law, if you inherit quarterings you must get them matricu-
* This is another heraldic fiction. You are always supposed to look at a shield from behind, so that the dexter half is really the half upon your left-hand side, as you look at a shield in the ordinary way.
xxii Clje atJime of S[rm0
lated to yourself before using them. The English law does not make the registering of them compulsory, but apart from the desirabihty of perpetuating evidence, it is always advisable to submit your claim to the officers of the CoDege, and get your right adjudicated upon and recorded and allowed before assuming quarterings ; so very often some or all require careful investigation, and, speaking advisedly, so few people, even amongst those who have made a study of Armory, know how to marshal them correctly.
But two points I would draw special attention to are these : No woman is an heiress until the death of her father. There is always the possibihty of his marrying again and having sons, so that until your father-in-law is dead you are only at liberty to " impale."
You do not necessarily quarter your mother's Arms. Find out if she be an heiress. And even if your mother be an heiress, and her mother an heiress as well, you cannot quarter the Arms of your grandmother's family until you have proved that your mother's father was also entitled to Arms. One faulty coat invahdates everything that comes after it. So that, before you draw up wonderful schemes of quarterings, find out if all the coats will hold water. Quarterings seem to be an especial weakness of some people. I had a claim to nearly lOO sent up to me not long ago along with a claim to a dormant Baronetcy. Even the very first coat could not be substan- tiated. But some families are undoubtedly entitled to a very great number. The Lane-Fox family have proved 136, and Sir Lambton Loraine's children will have very nearly as many, and I fancy so would Sir Humphrey de Trafford if he went to the trouble of proving them. I am told that the Duke of Northumberland is entitled to over 500, but I doubt it. Anyhow, at the Herald's College, I beHeve, the record is held by the family of Lloyd of Stockton, who have proved and recorded 323.
Now a word or two about crests. At the pubhcation of my edition of " Fairbairn's Book of Crests," one of my reviewers gave himself away at the very commencement of a long and very appreciative review, by the remark that the book " would commend itself to those who, whilst not aspiring to the dignity of a coat-of-arms, rightly thought themselves entitled to something more than a mere monogram, and so laid claim to possessing a crest." With all due deference to the aforesaid gentleman, such an idea is utterly wrong. At the present moment, though there is many a coat without a crest, I beheve I am correct in saying, there is not a single crest legally in existence that is not part of a complete achievement. I am afraid the abominable advertisement so famiUar to our eyes, " What is your crest and what is your motto ? " &c., is much to blame for this very erroneous idea. At the beginning of Armory the crest was an extra distinction — much the same as supporters are at the present day — and the old Heraldry books allude to a time when none below the rank of a knight were entitled to display a crest. Consequently many of the really old coats have no crest belonging thereto, and it can generally be shown that amongst ancient families the crest is of more recent date than the Arms. One exception, and only one, have I come across, and though I have mentioned the matter to several Officers of Arms, I can learn of no other. This is the Buckworth crest — one of the two belonging to Sir Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame, Baronet. The Arms were exhibited at the time of the Visita- tions, and though the crest was passed the Arms were not, but the Arms were rectified at a later date. That is the only case I know.
So may I impress the fact that you cannot have a crest unless you are legally entitled to a coat-of-arms.
Another abuse with regard to crests is the promiscuous bearing of two, three, four, or five crests. I have never seen more than five in England. The law in the United Kingdom is that you can, in the ordinary matter of course, only possess one. Probably the abuse has crept in with the craze for double surnames. If you obtain a Royal License to bear a double or treble surname, you probably acquire the right — but such right only in accordance with the terms of the Royal License — to bear one crest for each surname ; or even if you change your name, and yet obtain permission to quarter the Arms for the new and the old surname, you would be entitled to two ; but if your Royal License distinctly state that you shall bear the new name and Arms " in lieu of " the old one, then you have only the right to the one. If you want the two, you should take care the terms of the petition make provision for that. The late Duke of Buckingham and Chandos had five, but he had five surnames (Temple-Nugent-Brydges- Chandos-Grenville) ; and I know of no greater number legitimately used in the United Kingdom.
Of course, there are exceptions. When a family obtain a grant of Arms, and then subsequently prove their right to an older grant, they become entitled to both coats and both crests ; but this does not apply to two or three matriculations in Scotland. The last matriculation supersedes everything of a previous date.
Clie ^bu0c of 3cm5 xxiii
Duplicate crests often occur through one being a crest of augmentation, as in the cases of Lord Combermere, Lord Gough, Lord Nelson, and many others. There are some few instances where additional crests have been granted without being crests of augmentation ; but this is very exceptional. Lord Garvagh, Lord Bute, and Lord Camden are cases I can call to mind.
A point with regard to crests that is plainly an abuse is the encircHng of them (and coats- of-arms as well for the matter of that) with Garters, or with ribbons, whether bearing mottoes or not. This is a privilege confined, and very strictly, to Knights, Commanders, and Companions of the various Orders. Consequently an ordinary individual is very wrong in adorning his achievement in this manner. Even if the motto upon the Garter be changed, it can only be said to shghtly lessen the offence. Yet there are several families legitimately possessing mottoes employed by one or other of the Orders.
And, as to another little weakness, if your crest should legally be borne upon a wreath, don't place it upon a chapeau, or issuing from a coronet.
In England the College of Arms disclaims all jurisdiction over mottoes. If it is wished, any motto, to which no objection offers, is painted below the emblazonment in the margin of a Patent, but, save in rare instances, it is not mentioned in the wording, and forms no part of the grant, and it is a comparatively modern innovation for it to be inserted even in the painting ; so that the rule for those people who come within the jurisdiction of the Heralds' College is this, that unless the motto is specially mentioned in the wording of the Patent, or unless it be charged upon the shield itself, or in some way attached to and forming a constituent part of the crest, any motto may be assumed, altered, or discarded at the pleasure of the wearer. As far as the laws of the College are concerned, you can quote a psalm or a scene out of Shakespeare in your escroll if it so please you. And you are at liberty to place your motto where you like, — above your crest, below the arms, or in any other position in which you can find room for it, though custom appears to rule that it shall find its place under the shield. In Scotland the law is diam.etrically opposite. The mottoes are always mentioned in the Patents of grant or matriculation, and are unchangeable ; and moreover their position is stated, and must be adhered to. It is usually over the crest. Book-plate designers might take a note of this fact. In Ireland the position is about half way between these two extremes, inasmuch as if a motto he recorded with your coat you are expected to make use of that particular one.
As to supporters, though there is a good deal of abuse concerning their usage, there is no definite rule that can be laid down. Ulster and Lyon Kings have absolute power to grant supporters to whomsoever they will. But little advantage has been taken of this power in Ireland, and practically the same rules hold good as obtain in England. Moreover, the present Lyon King of Arms, I believe, considers it well to keep within these same bounds in the case of new grants. But former Lyons thought nothing of the kind, and granted them to all and sundry who would pay the fees, and some number of English Baronets went to the trouble and expense of obtaining grants of supporters in Lyon Office. These grants, of course, were idtra vires. All chiefs of clans and heads of famihes claimed the right, and it was usually conceded to them if they cared to pay ; so that north of the Tweed the only rule that can be quoted is that no one is entitled to them unless they are matriculated in Lyon Office, and the larger half of them are not. I hope before long to publish a list of those who are.
In England the law is very straightforward. Only those people to whom they have been granted — and their successors or not, according to the hmitations of the Patent — are entitled to make use of them. And such grants are only issued to Peers, Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick,^- and Knights Grand Cross of the other Orders, unless the grant be made as an augmentation or otherwise, pursuant to a warrant from the Sovereign. Supporters granted to a Peer usually are limited to those upon whom the title shall descend, likewise those granted by Royal Warrant to Baronets, e.g.. Guise, Otway, Guinness. Supporters granted to a Knight Grand Cross are personal to himself. And I would point out that supporters granted to a Knight Grand Cross who is subsequently created a Peer, do not descend with the Peerage, unless a new grant with extended limitation be issued ; and to my knowledge more than twenty Peers and Baronets have not the ghost of a right to the supporters they display. And there are a good many Knights Grand Cross who use supporters without having obtained the right — in other words, have simply invented them for themselves.
Another point is that it is utterly illegal for heirs-apparent to Peerages, even though bearing courtesy titles, to assume either a coronet or supporters.
* For a long time these Orders have been confined to Peers, and the Garter to those of the rank of Earl and upwards ; but formerly, when they were open to commoners, they carried the privilege of the right to obtain supporters, as did the Order of the Bath before it was di^^ded into classes.
xxiv ^f^z at)U0e of Htms
I would commend to the notice of all offenders on this point the clauses in the Patents confining the right to use the supporters to " those upon whom the Peerage shall descend."
No Peeress, after a second marriage, is entitled to continue to use the coronet and supporters of her first husband, and in fact any woman, after a second marriage, has entirely forfeited her privilege of using anything Armorial pertaining to her first marriage.
And there is another class of offenders, those who undoubtedly have the right to bear Arms but yet prefer to use some other coat, usually one much more illustrious.
The Yankee" on' the subject of Coat-Armour is proverbial. Cussans tells a tale in his " Handbook of Heraldry " which is decidedly amusing. During the residence of our Ambassador, Mr. Crampton, in Washington, a carriage which he brought from England was sent to a carriage- builder's to be repaired. Some time afterwards, on Mr. Crampton going to the factory, he was surprised to see several buggies, sulkies, and wagons each bearing his Arms. In astonishment he turned to the attendant and, directing his notice to the carriages in question, inquired if they were built for him. " I reckon not, sir," was the reply ; " you see when your carriage was here some of our citizens admired the pattern of your Arms, and concluded to have them painted on their carriages too ! " But if a tale which was once told to me be correct, I think I can go even one better than that.
A Yankee^or perhaps I should say an American, for that is all that can be guaranteed — called one day at a notfed coachbuilder's. At the time of his visit a state carriage of the Duke of St. Albans happened to be there for some trifling repairs, and the " stranger " admired it greatly, and particularly its heraldic adornments. He asked whose it was, and was told. " And is that his coat-of-arms ? " " Yes." He " reckoned it was mighty fine," and left. And the end of the story is that, until quite recently, a carriage was to be seen occasionally in New York with the coat, crest, coronet, supporters, and Garter of the Duke, and with the "baton sinister " and all.
A coat-of-arms reached me not long ago which, from certain peculiarities, I at once recognised as a modern grant. Over all appeared the undoubted mark of illegitimacy. The coat was only granted in 1843 to someone to whom a Royal License had been issued to take the same name as that of my correspondent, who had been thus guilelessly labelling himself a bastard. Not the least relationship existed. I have yet to learn where he picked up the Arms.
This is a good example towards my argument all along, which is to make sure you are really entitled to the Arms you carry.
Perhaps some people sin through ignorance ; but I know many people are perfectly well aware of what they are doing, and one can but suppose they simply trust to the general ignorance of the subject to escape detection. But having regard to those who are sinning through lack of knowledge, it is a pertinent inquiry as to how they have drifted into the ranks of the offenders. The first people to get blamed by the outer world are, of course, the official heralds. People like " Guy le Vieux " {vide letters in the Globe), probably simply because their own Arms have failed to pass muster, go about seeking whose credulity they may devour, and loudly proclaiming that the King, who is above the Heralds' College, granted Arms which are not recorded there ; or that the heralds at their visitations omitted to record this coat or the other coat. And you may, as I have done, hear tales about families who have continuously since the twelfth century borne Arms which have never been recorded in the College of Arms. It is, of course, impossible to say that any hypothetical case cannot exist, but I have never known one proved ; nor can I come across any one having the least real knowledge of Heraldry who believed in these tales ; for they all, when examined, prove to be a tissue of impossibilities, improbabilities, and untruths. It is just possible one or two isolated cases of the kind might exist in the Channel Islands, and undoubtedly unregistered Arms have for a long time been borne in some cases in Scotland and Ireland, but the law of the land — not any law of the Offices of Arms — has distinctly declared these to be illegal, and that puts an end to any argument. But as to England proper, one can be very safe in saying that no such cases exist. One often hears the remark, " Oh, but anybody can have a coat-of-arms by paying for it." A more mistaken idea could not exist, as a good many people might find on petitioning the Earl Marshal for a grant. But, though I have heard this remark often, I have never once heard it come from the lips of any one who was undoubtedly Armigerous, either of new or old gentility. Consequently, if other people may judge from my experience, whenever that remark is made you can be pretty certain of- — well, the deduction is fairly obvious.
A gentleman with whom I have come in contact has shown me a seal which was engraved for him for some very small sum. When he was quite a boy he was persuaded by some itinerant vendor who carried a small book of illustrations in his pocket and went the round of commercial
Cfte ^bim of ^xm0 xxv
offices, that that was the crest he was entitled to use. That is certainly one way of supplying Armorial hankerings. And jewellers and seal-engravers carefully foster the very erroneous idea that all people of the same name are entitled to the same Arms. Because your name be Smith you are not necessarily a relative of Lord Carrington, nor is every Mr. Jones a relative of the late Lord Ranelagh. Because your mother's name was Howard, you need not as a matter of course be a relative of the Duke of Norfolk, and entitled to quarter his coat with his augmentation ; neither is every person rejoicing in the name of Robinson at liberty to take and use Lord Rokeby's coat-of-arms. Arms belong to the grantee and his descendants, and such others as may be mentioned in the Patent, and not to everybody else of his name in the world.
It has been the fashion to abuse the late Sir Bernard Burke's publications. They might have been a little more accurate certainly, but I don't think they have done quite the harm that some people would debit them with, and they have certainly done a great deal of good by keeping alive the interest in long descent, and it is still accounted " something " to have one's family included in the " Landed Gentr}'."
But the real harm lies with these advertising heraldic shopkeepers. The general public think that a search with them is precisely the same as a search through the official records. All these shopkeepers do is to take down Burke's " General Armory," and, if your name be a common one, pick out the one amongst the different coats which is located nearest to the address you gave of your earliest known ancestor. One of this shopkeeping fraternity, on being applied to for a " correct coat," with a good deal of ingenuousness replied to his correspondent that there were several different coats for his name, and he could take his choice. One that was indicated seemed to be the oldest, and he advised that. A certain well-known character had a presentation made to him, and an almost equally well-known purveyor was asked to supply a coat-of-arms to occupy a prominent position upon the gift. I may as well say at once that the coat and crest he supplied did not belong to each other, and neither belonged to the gentleman in question, or ever had belonged to anybody of his name. But that appears to have been merely a detail. Some rather strong remarks I had made upon the use of the coat came to the ears of its purveyor, and one day a tall, middle-aged mihtary- looking personage walked into my room, and placed a card upon the table. It was very dirty, which may have been the reason the individual took it aw'ay with him again when he left. It bore the name of the noted heraldic purveyor in question ; and during our interview my visitor spoke vigorously with regard to what had been said. The Arms over which the dispute had arisen, according to the first account I heard, were erected upon a brass in a certain church in a small village in Derbyshire, which bore a date in the seventeenth century. A solicitor's letter, threatening a libel action, was the next act in the farce ; but I had meanwhile taken the trouble of writing to the clergyman of the church mentioned. He assured me there was no such brass in existence, the church mentioned having been only built about twenty years ago. I pointed this out to the purveyor, and he promptly gave another origin for the coat, which was quite as ridiculous, namely, that it had been recorded in his books for some considerable length of time.
In my preface to the revised edition of " Fairbairn," I said : " There is no such thing as the ' prescriptive right to Arms,' as to which one heraldic shopkeeper with whom I have come in contact talks glibly ; it exists solely in his conversation. Others of his persuasion have other little plausibilities equally corrupt which they bring into prominence. And it is a fairly safe plan to pursue to reject as bogus all Arms and crests which boast no other origin than the heraldic stationer, who, for a trifling fee, professes, on receipt of ' name and county,' to find Armorial Bearings for any applicant. During the revision of this volume, I have had a very great number of ' certificates ' from such places sent up to me for insertion. To my own mind that alone was sufficient evidence against their authenticity ; but for fear they might be right, I have had each one formally examined as it reached me, by the proper authorities, and in no solitary instance have the Arms of right pertained to those one was led to believe from the certificate were the possessors, and in most cases the Arms themselves, apart from the question of ownership, were WTong in detail or some technicality."
And I would remind those with the sneer ready to their lips that Arms are a mere matter of payment of fees, that it is not so. A grant of Arms, which is a concession of grace by the Sovereign, is a Patent of Gentility from the CrowTi, from which is all honour, and the fees which have to be paid are not the price of it to you, but are the cost to the CroAvn of the concession which is made to you, and which cost you are required to defray.
The Continental test of the perfection of blood — the proof of " Seize quar tiers " — has never been required in England, and though many glibly boast of it, but few indeed can prove it. It has nothing to do with the quarterings you bear, and the fact of the proof thereof by the father
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does not constitute the right of the son. In England men mate with whom they will, and a woman even socially is accepted as of her husband's rank, unless the discrepancy be too egregious and apparent ; and this is the English stumbling-block to proofs of " Seize quartiers."
To establish a proof of this you must show that all your sixteen great -great -grandparents were legally entitled to bear Arms. In other words, you must show this right to have existed for
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The word " Esquire " has been described by one writer as a description of a state {e.g., widow and widowhood), and not a title. But whichever it is matters little, for the right to the affix of Esquire is clearly defined. Neither usage and custom nor use and abuse can now alter the legal right to this description. There have, in times past, been other qualifications (for instance, anciently Esquires were created by Patent) which have become obsolete, but by the qualifications still existing Esquires are these —
The sons of Peers.
The sons of Baronets.
The sons of Knights.
The eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers, and their eldest sons in perpetuity.
The eldest son of the eldest son of a Knight, and his eldest son in perpetuity.
The Kings of Arms.
The Heralds of Arms.
Officers of the Army and Navy of the rank of Captain and upwards.
Sheriffs of Counties, for Life.
J.P.'s of Counties whilst in Commission.
Serjeants-at-Law.
King's Counsel.
Serjeants-at-Arms.
Companions of the Orders of Knighthood.
Certain principal Officers in the King's Household.
Deputy-Lieutenants.
Commissioners of the Court of Bankruptcy.
Masters of the Supreme Court.
Those whom the King, in any Commission or Warrant, styles Esquire [and
amongst these are Royal Academicians], and any person who, in virtue
of his Office, takes precedence of Esquires.
Graduates of universities, as such, are not Esquires, and barristers-at-law, as such, are not Esquires.
LIVERIES
Touching the subject of liveries, I say frankly, at once, that there is no law, heraldic or other- wise, to govern their choice or design. But, in the absence of any law, a very definite usage has sprung up, so universal and long-established in its character, and so generally recognised, that I may doubtless be pardoned if I draw attention to it.
i
Ci)e ai)u0c of atm0 xxvii
This custom is that the colours of the Hvery shall be determined by the tinctures of the wreath — in other words, by the principal colour and the principal metal occurring in the coat-of-arms, which are knovm as the livery colours. In all Scottish Patents the phrase will be found, " and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for a crest," S,:c. The exceptions are so few that the rule may be briefly understood by saying that these must be the first metal and the first colour which occur in the official blazon.
Whatever is the field of the coat-of-arms, whether it be colour or metal, determines the predominant colour of the livery, thus —
Sable would give black. Gules would give red.
Vert „ green. Or „ yellow.
Azure „ blue. Argent „ white.
Purpura ,, purple or mulberry colour.
A yellow or a white livery few people in this uncertain climate, and in these days of aesthetic colours and half-tones, have the courage to make use of save for State or full-dress occasions, and for ordinary usage dark drab for the former or light drab for the latter are generally used in their stead.
Scarlet is the Royal livery, and is barred to all others (with the exception of the few who are privileged to make use of the royal stables, and, I believe, of the Duke of Norfolk as hereditary Earl Marshal), consequently, if the field of your Arms be gules {i.e., scarlet), your red for livery purposes must be claret colour or chocolate colour. If your livery be black, you have but little opportunity for personal taste in the selection of tint, but with blue and green you may choose a shade as brilliant or as retiring as seems good to your own particular taste.
TJie second colour governs that of the facings, and in the matter of facings yellow and white for gold and silver and scarlet keep their original colours. And it is in the matter of facings that the opportunity occurs for " taste " and ingenuity. The great majority of people for undress purposes make the collars and cuffs of the second tincture, or " pipe " the garments with that colour. The waistcoat for undress purposes is usually of a material of narrow stripes of the two colours. A craze lately seems to be gaining ground to make use of scarlet waistcoats which is decidedly an infringement of the Royal livery. If the hatband be other than of black it should be of the metal in the wreath. The buttons, if they are of metal, should also be governed by the same rule.
Dress and State liveries, from their less frequent assumption, are not so subject to the vagaries of mind of the country or second-class tailor, consequently custom and usage with regard to them are fairly regular. The coat is usually in accordance with the field, the facings and ornamentation governed by the secondary colour or metal, as are the breeches and occasionally the stockings. The garters and shoe-buckles follow the rules I mention above for metal buttons. The waistcoat is sometimes one and sometimes the other, most frequently being the same as the coat. If a third colour appear in the Arms, this is sometimes introduced in the facings, and the undress waistcoat is then striped of the three ; but I think it undesirable, though it is not incorrect.
The following examples of the liveries which should pertain to the Arms I mention will show how the colours are applied : —
Suppose the Arms to be vert (the field), a saltire argent, the livery would be —
Undress — Green coat and overcoat, with white collar and cuffs, facings, piping, or white or silver braid or lace, silver buttons and hatband, green and white striped waistcoat.
Dress — Green coat, with silver lace or braid, or white facings — waistcoat the same — white breeches and stockings, silver buttons, garters and buckles.
Suppose the Arms to be or, an eagle displayed sable —
Undress — Dark drab coat and overcoat, with black collar and cuffs, facings, piping, braid or lace, gold buttons and hatband, black and yellow striped waistcoat.
Dress — -Yellow coat and waistcoat, with black lace braid or facings, black breeches and stockings, gold buttons, garters and buckles.
Suppose the Arms to be gules, a lion rampant or —
Undress — Claret-colour coat and overcoat, with yellow collar and cuffs, or gold or yellow facings, piping, braid or lace, gold buttons and hatband, black and yellow striped waistcoat.
Dress. — Claret-colour coat and waistcoat, with gold or yellow lace, braid or facings, yeUow breeches and stockings, gold buttons, garters and buckles.
If you have no coat-of-arms, it cannot be said to be wrong to assume any colour you may choose ; but it might be pointed out that the colour brown, which seems to be rather a favourite, is not approximated to any heraldic tincture.
xxviii Cbe atu0e of 3rm0
With a double name or a quarterly coat you take the colours from the first quarter of your Arms, disregarding all others.
If a fur occurs in one or other of the principal colour and metal of your Arms, you take the colour of its ground, thus — •
Ermine is treated as white. Erminites is treated as white.
Erminois is treated as gold. Pean and ermines is treated as black.
If the field of your Arms is vair, your hvery colours are blue and white, and you are at liberty to treat whichever you prefer as the dominant colour. If your field be vaire, you take in the same manner the colours of which the fur is composed.
If the field be of a metal or colour, and the principal charge be vair or vairee, the dominant colour of your livery is in accordance with the field, and you take either colour or metal, whichever you may want, from the fur.
If through a change of name you become an accredited representative of a different family, and the first quarter in your coat-of-arms is altered, your livery ought certainly to change as well.
If you have been using a livery and have no desire to alter it, and subsequently obtain a grant of Arms, I think it would be found, if the wish were expressed, that in designing the new coat the Officers of Arms would, if possible, so arrange it that the old livery continued to be correct.
The colours of cars and carriages and of the upholstering are simply a matter of taste, and it is nothing more than artistic preference and a desire for uniformity — but a very general preference, by the way — which makes them in accordance with the liveries. In actual practice the metal of the harness and harness ornaments will usually follow the rules which decide the metal of the buttons. There is a very pretty custom in vogue at the moment of placing knots of ribbon or coloured leathers at the heads of horses. These should, of course, follow the two livery colours.
COCKADES
With the coming of the motor car the cockade has rather fallen into disuse, but the following notes from the last edition of this book seem worth reprinting.
From liveries to cockades is no great step, and the abuse of this ornament — for such it assuredly is — is greater than the abuse of Arms. As to this, again, there are no laws in existence, but the custom which has regulated their usage is much more emphatic and pronounced than in the case of liveries, and the observance of which at the same time is more widely recognised and exacted.
The cockade originated in the " brooch," if I may so term it, or fastening of the old three- cornered hats, and its use upon the hats of servants is a survival of the right to the services of a soldier servant. It is the last remnant of his military uniform. The black cockade of the present time is generally known as the " black cockade of Hanover," and its usage upon the hats of liveried servants dates from about the time of the Hanoverian succession. One hears about the white cockade of the Stuarts, but I am inchned to think it originated in contradistinction to the black cockade of Hanover, and I fancy has a greater existence in poetry and romantic chivalry than it ever had in actual life. It is doubtful if it had anything beyond an actual mihtary existence, and that using the term " cockade " to mean a favour, and not the exact article to which we now refer.
The cockade is purely a fighting badge, so that it is essentially ridiculous for civilians or ladies to pretend to it. There are two shapes at present in general usage ; the most usual is the one surmounted with a fan-shaped ornament. This is the military cockade. The oval shape, without the fan, is the naval one. The right to the military cockade is universally conceded to all officers holding commissions in the Army, Militia, or Volunteers ; and, by virtue of their military capacity, to Lord-Lieutenants and Deputy-Lieutenants ; and for the same reason, to High Sheriffs during their year of office. The right to the naval one is conceded to officers holding commissions in the Navy or Ro^'al Naval Reserve. It is a moot point whether ex-officers, when no longer holding their commissions, are still entitled to make use of it. In my opinion, it should be conceded, at any rate, to those who receive permission to continue to wear their uniform ; but I cannot substantiate my opinion by an}'' authority, or settle the matter one way or the other.
The Royal cockade is circular, and larger and rather different in the form of its construction. This shape, in a smaller size, is adopted by many of the royal household for their private purposes, and I cannot help thinking that the usage of this shape by such persons, and the usage of cockades
Cbe ^hu0z of £lrm0 xxix
by ambassadors, are simply a matter of privileged concession to the holder of the office for the being. The foreign cockades are of different colours. Cussans enumerates —
time being
The German The Austrian The Portuguese , The Belgian The Spanish The Netherlands
Black and white. Black and yellow. White and blue. Black, yellow, and red. Red. Orange.
And I have seen others.
From the fact that the use of the cockade is conceded to Deputy-Lieutenants — and the list of Deputy-Lieutenants includes the great majority of those in a prominent social position — it seems to be considered by a large number of people that the placing of the cockade upon the hats of servants is nothing more than an indication of such social position on the part of their employers, and consequently the pretenders to this rank, with common consent, infringe the privilege. It is difficult to see what steps can be taken to check the abuse. But now that the dynasty has changed, and many matters are being brought anew under consideration, it would be most beneficial if an official notice by the Lord Chamberlain were inserted in the Gazette, definitely conve}dng the wishes of the Sovereign, if an expression of them could be obtained, as to what classes were entitled to the privilege. It really seems very probable that the cockade has now lapsed into meaningless ornament.
The accepted raison d'etre of the black cockade of Hanover no longer exists. If the colour of the cockade were to be altered, and at the time of the official signification thereof, the opportunity were taken of definitely stating to whom the new cockade would appertain, attention would be forcibly drawn to the matter, and public opinion, having definite knowledge to go upon, would effectually prevent any extensive abuse of the privilege.
And now we come to the question as to what can be done to prevent these abuses of the right and pri\nlege of bearing Arms, with which I have dealt in the foregoing pages. It is almost hopeless to advocate or expect any further convictions and fines under the old laws, which pro\aded such heavy penalties for the wrongful usage of Arms ; but still, overlooking these penalties, and without any alteration of the law, there is a great deal that might be done.
First and foremost, if the Inland Revenue authorities were more eager and efficient in the discharge of their duties, and in the enforcement and collection of the annual licenses imposed by the law, it would make a marvellous difference. And if the payment of the required license were more rigorously enforced, the average tradesman's wife might think again before answering a newspaper advertisement and placing herself in a tradesman's hands for a guinea box of stationery, and perhaps a prudent husband might enforce a Httle reflection.
And the wording upon the licenses issued by the Inland Revenue authorities requires considerable alteration. At present it reads —
No
LICENXE : TO USE ARMORIAL BEARINGS £i i o
32 and 33 Vict. Cap. 14.
of in the Parish of within the Administrative County of
is hereby Authorised to wear and use Armorial Bearings (but not to have the same painted, marked or affixed on or to any Carriage) from the day of the date hereof until the 31st day of December next following : the sum of One Pound One Shilling having been paid for this licence.
Granted at ' this day of by
INLAND REVENUE.
LICENCE : TO USE ARMORIAL BEARINGS £220
32 and 33 Vict. Cap. 14.
■ of in the Parish of within the Administrative County of
is hereby Authorised to wear and use Armorial Bearings, and to have the same painted, marked, or affixed on or to any Carriage from the day of the date hereof until the 31st day of December next following : he having paid the sum of Two Founds Two Shillings for the licence.
Granted at this day of by
The italics are mine, and this wording, to put it mildly, is ultra vires. I am not the first to point out that as it stands now it is a direct infringement of the personal prerogative of the Sovereign. It needs no Act of Parliam.ent to alter it. With all possible deference to the
XXX Cfte 3t)U0e of 3rm0
authorities at Somerset House, I would suggest the following wording as more legal and less open to abuse : —
having paid the sum of one guinea, is hereby admitted to have fulfilled the requirements of the Inland Revenue Department, but such payment not to be held to have confirmed or conferred any right to the usage of Arms not sanctioned by the duly accredited Officers of Arms."
The Act of Parliament creating the requirement of these licenses reads as follows : — " 32 & 33 Vict. : Customs and Inland Revenue Duties : Ch. 14, sec. 18. On and after the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and seventy, there shall be granted, charged, levied and paid, for the use of her Majesty, her heirs and successors in and throughout Great Britain, under and subject to the provisions and regulations in this Act contained, the following duties, that is to say : . . . For Armorial Bearings : —
If such Armorial Bearings shall be painted, marked or affixed on or to
any carriage ;^2 2 o
If such Armorial Bearings shall not be so painted, marked, or affixed,
but shall be otherwise worn or used . , . . . .110
Ch. 14, sec. 19 (i). It shall not be necessary for any member of the Royal Family to make any declaration or to take out any licence under this Act, nor shall it be necessary for the sheriff of any county, or mayor or other officer in any corporation or royal burgh serving an annual office therein, to take out a licence for any servants, carriages, or horses employed or kept by him for the purposes of his office during his year of service, nor for any person who shall by right of office wear or use any of the Arms or Insignia of any member of the Royal Family, or of any corporation or royal burgh, to take out a licence in respect of the use of such Arms or Insignia.
Ch. 14, sec. 19 (13). ' Armorial Bearings ' means and includes any Armorial Bearing, Crest, or Ensign, by whatever name the same shall be called, and whether such Armorial Bearing, Crest, or Ensign shall be registered in the College of Arms or not.
Ch. 14, sec. 19 (14). Any person who shall keep any carriage, whether owned or hired by him, shall be deemed to wear and use any Armorial Bearings painted or marked thereon or affixed thereto.
Ch. 14, sec. 19 (15). It shall not be necessary for a hcence to be taken out by any person dul)^ licensed by proper authority to keep or use any public stage or hackney-carriage for any Armorial Bearings painted or marked on such stage or hackney-carriage."
There is some difference between the foregoing and the notice appearing upon the back of the return, by which you are invited by the means above mentioned to contribute to the Inland Revenue. It is as follows ; —
"ARMORIAL BEARINGS.
Definitions.
The term ' Armorial Bearings ' means and includes any Armorial Bearing, Crest, or Ensign, by whatever name the same shall be called, and whether such Armorial Bearing, Crest, or Ensign shall be registered in the College of Arms or not.
Any person who keeps a carriage, whether owned or hired by him, is deemed to wear and use any Armorial Bearings painted or marked thereon or affixed thereto.
A licence to use Armorial Bearings on carriages includes the use of such insignia in any other manner.
Note. — If any person holding a licence at the lower rate of duty shall become liable to the higher rate by reason of using a carriage with Armorial Bearings thereon, a proper licence must be taken out within 21 days. The duty on the former licence will then be repaid by the Collector of Inland Revenue.
Exemptions.
The proprietors of public stage carriages or of hackney-carriages hcensed by local authority, in respect of any Armorial Bearings marked thereon, or on the harness used therewith.
The Commissioners of Inland Revenue do not require licenses to he taken out in the
following cases : —
1. By any shopkeeper in respect of the use of Armorial Bearings or devices, solely as trade- marks, and in the course of trade.
2. By any municipal or other corporation, or any public company, in respect of the use of
Clje 3bii0e of arms xxxi
their corporate Armorial Bearings, or by any person using the Armorial Bearings of such a corporation or company by right of office.
3. By any officer or member of a club, or society, using at the club, or on the business of the society, any Armorial Bearings for the use of which such club or society have taken out a licence.
Persons Exempt From Return and Duty.
1. Members of the Royal Family.
2. The Sheriff of any county, or the Mayor or other officer in any corporation or royal borough, serving an annual office therein, in respect of any servants or carriages kept by him for the purposes of his office during his year of service.
3. Persons wearing by right of office any of the Arms or Insignia of members of the Royal Family, or of any corporation or royal borough, in respect of the use of such Arms or Insignia."
The difference is no doubt somewhat explained by the enclosed reply I received to certain
inquiries upon the matter : —
1642 E " Inland Revenue,
1894 " Somerset House, London, W.C,
" gtk March, 1894. " Sir, — In reply to your letter dated the 22nd ultimo, I am instructed by the Board of Inland Revenue to acquaint you that (i) section ig of the Act 32 and 33 V'^ict. c. 14 provides that it shall not be necessary for a Corporation wearing or using .Anns or Insignia to take out a licence. (2) The above exemption for a Corporation is construed by the Board as meaning that a licence need not be taken out by any pubhc company for any corporate Armorial Bearings. (3) A Ucence is not (according to a concession allowed by the Board) required by a shopkeeper for Armorial Bearings used in connection with matters relating merely to his trade, as on bill-heads, trade labels, &c., or on his shop front ; and this regulation applies to the use of the Royal .Arms, so far as the Revenue is concerned. But (4) the Board cannot state whether or not in any particular case objection arises under the Patent, Designs, and Trade-Marks Act of 1883 to the use of the Roval Arms. This point would be determined by the Board of Trade.
" The Act relating to licences for Armorial Bearings is the 32 and 33 Vict. c. 14. — I am, Sir, your obedient Servant
(Signed) " Wm. Rossetti,
" Asst. Secretary."
Corporations, public companies and tradesmen are every bit as capable of bearing taxation as those of more patrician birth ; and, moreover, it appears to me that the Inland Revenue authorities might just as well make up their minds not to collect the tax on wine or cigars when imported by a tradesman or pubhc company. If the tax were rigidly enforced in all the cases that the Act sanctions, the revenue from this source would be more than doubled, and tradesmen would be far less prone to prostitute the dignity of Arms to the catchpenny artifices of business. As matters stand, they have a direct suggestion and inducement for doing so. And it would need no Act of ParUament to construct a regulation in the Trade-Mark Registration Department that no coronet whatsoever, and no design which can be classed as heraldic, should in future be accepted for registration. It is easy to say what is " heraldic " in design : or the regulation might run that no design should be placed upon an escutcheon, lozenge, wreath, or chapeau, or in con- junction with any coronet, and that no design should consist of any object — commonly classed as heraldic — or any such disposition of objects, upon a circle, parallelogram, or oval, that one could be led to suppose the design might be considered to be a coat-of-arms. It would not need an Act of Parliament to introduce a poHce regulation that no vehicle should be licensed as a pubhc hackney-carriage until anything " heraldic " painted upon it or affixed thereto were defaced or obhterated. It would only need a resolution of the Common Council for it to become a sine qua -non that no Armorial Bearings, personal or impersoAal, should be placed upon any casket or other presentation article ordered by the Corporation, or upon any official invitation card or other official publication, until such Arms had been sanctioned by the College of Arms.
And a great deal might be done by Town Clerks and Mayors. It is a positive disgrace that some towns are using Arms which are of no authority. It would be very little trouble for each To\\Ti Clerk or Mayor of the towns which are illegally using Arms to call the attention of the Corporation to the fact. I feel certain that in many towns, matters have only to be placed before the Corporations in the proper light, for immediate steps to be taken to rectify the present illegal state of affairs. If after having all the facts before them the Corporations are too parsimonious to move in the matter, it should certainly be made known, in order that the effort might subsequently be made by private individuals (as it has already been done in a good many cases) to rectify the apathy of the official bod3^ For surely in these large towns who are still defaulters there are enough public-spirited people interested in Heraldry to subscribe in small sums the necessary fees, even if there be no local magnate wilUng to make the town a present of its Arms. It would be no bad speculation for the local paper in each place to head the subscription list, for it would be amply repaid for its trouble by the advertisement and by the cash which would accrue from the sale of photographs of the Patent or accurate copies of the official Arms. County Councils in the same manner.
xxxii Cf)e HtJU0e of ^tmief
One of the most important checks is in the hands of clergymen, and is this. No brass plate or mural tablet or tombstone may be erected in a church or churchyard without the consent of the clergyman thereof for the time being, nor can any hatchment be hung up upon the walls of the church. I am afraid the day of hatchments has come to a sorry end, but still with these where they may be used, and with all intra or extra mural monuments, the clergyman can discourage the use of any but legal Arms. He would be wise to require the mourners to spend an extra half-guinea to provide a certificate from the College or Office of Arms concerned, that the Arms proposed to be erected were legally displayed and properly marshalled.
Architects can, and some do, do a great deal — particularly with regard to impersonal Arms — by discouraging their display unless the coat-of-arms be beyond reproach ; and, where they have reason to doubt the accuracy or validity of personal Insignia, by taking care to avoid affording opportunities for the display of such.
I doubt the feasibility or the advantage of a return to compulsory " Visitations," but with all possible agreement I join my advocacy to that of others who recommend the renewal of the Visitations in a voluntary form. Many people, on the score of indifference, will not take the trouble to record their pedigrees, but might respond to an invitation to do so if special facilities were offered. The world is growing strangely casual and indifferent of late on matters of honour.
The House of Peers has been stated by an able writer to be as representative a body as the House of Commons, the difference being that the composition of the one is permanent as rep- resentative of a permanent class, and the other varying as representative of a body varying in its constitution and wishes. Consequently there is everything in favour of the continuance of the hitherto practised methods of the selection and creation of Peers.
But there is much to be put forward in favour of the consideration whether services to the Sovereign or the community, which may happen to be only of a comparatively minor character, cannot adequately and acceptably be rewarded in more frequent cases by grants of Patents of Arms, or by grants of Augmentations. Such a revival of ancient practices would greatly add to the dignity of arms, and in each case can readily be made into a direct memento of whatever action it is desired to commemorate. And further, it would provide also for cases where services worthy of recognition have been rendered, where the means do not exist to satisfactorily main- tain the dignity of knighthood, or of an hereditary title.
It is much to be regretted that it is not considered a necessity for each person, as he attains his majority, to ascertain and record what Arms, quarterings, and difference mark he should display. And upon his marriage, it ought to be considered as much a matter of course as consulting a lawyer as to his marriage settlement, that he should consult an Officer of Arms as to what difference his marriage makes in his achievement.
But even if the head of every family would take the trouble to investigate the right of his original ancestors to the Arms they claimed, and would then prove and register his own right to these Arms, and place upon record what he knows, a great step would be taken towards the correct end. A certain responsibility attaches to the headship of a house, or even of a branch of one. It is a rotten argument that because posterity have done nothing for you, you are caUed upon to do nothing for them. As it has been truh" said : " Many things are lost to us which were known to our grandfathers, and our grandchildren will search in vain for things which to us are most familiar."
And there is much to be done in the literary field. Learned treatises are still multiplying in number, which will even yet continue to discuss the ancient controversy as to whether a lion passant guardant must not of necessity be a leopard, which even yet take poor Sir Isaac Heard to task for the coat he designed for Lord Nelson. It is certainly very interesting, but the scientific side might well have been left until the legal was " understanded of the multitude." But a series of articles was published, " The Right to Bear Arms," by " X." These articles have dealt more exhaustively with the legal side of the question than I have done herein, and they have now been republished in an extended form under the above title. I would also refer to my own two books, " Heraldry Explained " and " A Complete Guide to Heraldry."
Mr. Walter Rye did a great service to genealogists and antiquarians of all degrees — a service which I hardly fanc}^ is yet thoroughly realised — when he wrote and published his book, " Records and Record Searching." In it he says : — " No catalogue or index has ever been published of the contents of the College, nor have the Officers of Arms ever considered themselves called upon to issue, as they most certainly ought to do, a list of those persons who are and those persons who are not entitled to Armorial Bearings. Many of the earlier Visitations have been copied more or less accurately — rather less than more — and are to be found in the British Museum and other libraries." I mention it last because I consider that " Armorial Families " is the most crying
Cl)e ^tJiise of ^rnijo; xxxui
want that Heraldry knows. The College of Arms has not published such a book, and apparently has left the effort to be made by private enterprise. Had no heraldic book ever been published, had no list of Arms ever found its way into print, had no unauthorised " Peerage " ever been compiled, then it would have been well for the science of Armory. If the attempt to supersede their jurisdiction had been suppressed ages ago, when the College had and exercised sufficient power and authority to have done so, they would have remained what they are not — (not only the sole authority upon matters of Arms), but — and here they would have had the power — the sole source of heraldic information. But it is idle to talk of lost opportunities, the situation of the moment remains. And it is this — every reference library has a copy of Burke's " General Armory," from which the whole wide world helps itself to a crest or a coat-of-arms. Every day the news- papers and the penny post convey advertisements of those who pretend to find, for three-and- sixpence or less, Arms for those who don't know how to help themselves. Everybody who proclaims liimself to be anybody must apparently sport a coat-of-arms. So that the need has undoubtedly arisen for some book which shall advertise, that all who run may read, which coats- of-arms are lawfully and legally borne ; that shall discriminate between the sheep and the goats ; that shall sepai-ate legitimate Armigeri from bogus pretenders. This is the book I am endeavour- ing to create.
The details of the Armorial Bearings in the present work have had my personal attention, and I bcheve them to be correct. For the other details I have been at the mercy of those who have supplied them and the sources from which they have been taken. And, unlike' the details of the Arms, the other facts and matters have been largely dealt with by my assistants, and I am not inclined to personally vouch for them to the same extent that I hold myself responsible as to the Arms, but I have no reason to consider that my book is less accurate than other pubUc- ations of a similar character. It may not be in some details so extensive, but I beheve that the information I do give is correct. But as by now most people must have received from six to eight proofs of their entries at different times, the mistakes remaining must be few in number. But I do not claim that my book is at present anything like complete. But it is the first and only attempt to draw a plain, unvarnished, and legible distinction between those Arms for which the authority has been legally and duly estabUshed and those for which it has not. It is the first book of its character which has recognised fully that the laws of Arms differ widely in England, Scotland, and Ireland. It is the only book that has gone to the root of the matter, and treated of the abuse as well as of the use of Arms.
The difficulties under which my book has been compiled may perhaps in some measure be appreciated when I say that I personally have had no access to the records of the College of Arms. My book is in no way official, being issued under neither the sanction, the authority, nor the control of the College of Arms, of the Lyon Office, or of Ulster's Office. But it is for this reason in no worse phght than any other book. As far as I know, the " Ordinary of Scottish Arms " by the late Lyon King is the only book relating to Arms which has even been issued, and which can be considered in any way official.
And then one passes naturally to the question of what changes in the law are desirable.
In the first place, it should be made imperative that, before any Charter of Incorporation be granted to any town or company, the fees payable upon a grant of Arms should be lodged with an Officer of Arms. This would at once check a great abuse, for I find that, unUke the cases of individuals, when Arms legally exist for a Corporation there is seldom much inclination to go beyond or set aside what is duly authorised.
The erection of no monument bearing anything of an Armorial character should be permitted without the production of a certificate from an Officer of Arms of its accuracy.
No Arms whatsoever ought to be permitted to be erected upon any building other than a private dwelling-house without their validity being certified.
It is desirable that an official Government " Inspector of Seals " be appointed under the direct authority and control of Garter King of Arms, Lyon King of Arms, and Ulster King of Arms. And it should be required that all official seals be obtained from him. And by " official " seals, I mean any seal whatsoever that is used for any purpose other than purely private and personal matters ; and I would include all Ecclesiastical and Municipal seals, and all Company seals, and those of the High Sheriffs. This would put an end to the present farce by which many bogus coats are perpetuated. Such a regulation would inffict no hardship upon anybody, and would not require a single person to obtain a grant of Arms. For the official Bishoprics there are the official coats, and a Company or Municipal seal need be engraved with nothing beyond its legend. If the High Sheriffs did not choose to estabhsh a right to Arms, a monogram would answer all their purposes.
xxxiv Ctie ai)U0e of arni0
The exemptions at present made from the taking out of hcences in the case of " trade purposes," hackney-carriages, companies, and corporations, it is desirable to aboHsh. They simply place a premium upon unauthorised coats.
Until 1904 there was a regulation which required that before the Patent of creation for a jj Baronet could pass the Great Seal, his Arms and pedigree should have been first recorded in the College of Arms. This should be made to apply to all hereditary titles ; and if it were made to apply to the dignity of Knighthood as well, it would inflict no hard.ship, and m.ight bring a hand- some increase to the revenue. And Knights Grand Cross and Peers should be required to obtain | grants of Supporters. They nearly all assume them, and they might just as well all be required " to do it legally.
It is desirable that upon proving and recording your right to a coat-of-arms, it should be possible to obtain damages from any unauthorised person who is making use of the same Arms. I am advised that as matters exist at present this could not be done, even after the coat had been " entered at Stationers' Hall."
The penalty for improperly making use of the Royal Arms, besides being much more rigorously enforced, might, with advantage, be increased. It is doubtful to my mind if the Prince of Wales' badge at present is protected. If it is not, it should be definitely included.
A penalty should be legalised and enforced upon those who make use of Municipal Arms for other than Municipal purposes.
The last suggestion I will make is one for the origin of which I cannot claim the whole credit. The law at present requires that a licence shall be taken out annually for the use of Armorial Bearings, namely, of one guinea, or if used upon a carriage, of two guineas.
The proposition in question is, that it should be. open to any one, corporations included, to obtain a certificate from the Officers of Arms that they were legally entitled to bear Arms. Such certificate might, as a help to the Revenue, be required to bear a half-crown stamp. Upon the production of this certificate, a remission of 25 or perhaps 50 per cent, upon the amount payable to be made to the applicant. And failing the production of the certificate, the licences to be increased to two guineas and five guineas respectively.
Such a change would at once commend itself not only to those Armigers who would be empowered to take advantage of it, but to every one who has at heart in the least degree the welfare and respect of true Armory. A few people — e.g., of illegitimate descent — would pig-headedly pay the higher fee in perpetuity rather than have their claims adjudicated upon, but the great majority would immediately prove and establish their right or drop the use of Arms. Then there would be at once a practical end to the bogus display of Arms.
Such a change is only likely to take place if it can be shown that it will increase or at least not diminish the revenue. It is my opinion, and also the opinion of all others whom I have con- sulted, that the revenue from this source would, as a result, substantially increase. In the first place, a large revenue would arise from the stamps upon the certificates. In the next place, a large number of people in undoubtedly good position are sinning through ignorance of the law, and making use of unauthorised Arms. They would have their attention forcibly called to this, and a large number of new grants would require to be issued, and the revenue from the stamps thereupon would be of great magnitude. It would call attention pointedly to the Scottish law of Arms, which requires all younger sons and cadets to matriculate their Arms, and of course in Lyon Office the whole of the fees accrue to the Government. There would constantly and continuously be required new matriculations as each younger son attained his majority and the fees, ;^I2 in each case, would materially lighten the woes of the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the time being. And this would be by creating no new law of Arms, but simply by enforcing laws which not only exist but are recognised and in a measure conformed to at the present day.
And it would be a " Democratic " Budget enough, in all conscience, for it would not touch this latter-day fetish, the British working man.
But to my mind, as a lover of Armory, by far the greatest argument in its favour is, that it would in some measure restore the ancient respect for Arms — it would in some degree renew their ancient lustre.
I have little more to say ; the advantages, on more general grounds, of these remedies for which I have pleaded I would much rather leave in some better hands to put forward.
If honour be at an end let its signs and tokens go with it. But Arms have even yet a lustrous meaning and a significance known and cherished by many, and " surely even those who affect the greatest contempt for Heraldry will admit that if Arms are to be borne at all, it should be according to the laws of Arms ; and that, if the display of them be a matter of vanity, it is a less creditable vanity to parade as our own those which belong of right to others."
A. C. F-D.
THE ANCIENT FAMILIES OF ENGLAND
A CRITICAL examination of the Arms of the upper classes in this country, shows so plainly that the great bulk of our present aristocracy are in the male line of comparatively modern origin that it becomes of considerable interest to ascertain which families still existing can rightly and properly, be regarded as of unquestionably ancient lineage. The list which follows is an attempt to collect the names of such houses. I have no doubt I am laying up for myself trouble untold by making a selection, but that I must risk. But I preface the list by the remark that I have found it impossible to include Welsh, Scottish, or Irish families.
There are many Welsh families with pedigrees running back into remote antiquity which at first sight would appear to rank as far more ancient than any existing English houses. The pedigrees are accepted officially, and it should be remembered that these pedigrees are not what can justifiably be termed bogus pedigrees in the sense in which that term is applied to fraudulently faked or concocted ones. In the later generations which can be tested by contemporary documentary records the pedigrees will stand examination, but the early generations which give to them their inordinate length, and, if they can be accepted, place Welsh families far before Enghsh ones in antiquity, are of course nothing more than mere strings of names. They, however, violate probabilities by inclusion of far more generations than should occur in the ordinary course of a descent between known historical dates. A very ingenious explanation has been put forward, based upon the ancient Welsh Land Tenure, that these names were preserved as those members of the family entitled to participate in the ownership of the land, and that at many points the names should be read across as the names of brothers instead of father and son and grandson. No one suggests that the civilisation of the Welsh surpassed that of the Enghsh, and with all English pedigrees ceasing at or shortly before the Conquest, one would not expect to find Welsh pedigrees centuries older. There is this, however, to be said for Welsh pedigrees, that the more important ones are those of Sovereigns — petty though they may have been. Nevertheless one cannot but regard them, for good or ill, as " Welsh " pedigrees, and whilst accepting them as genuine " Welsh " pedigrees, one leaves them as that.
I have excluded Scottish families because, after one has enumerated Campbell, Duke of Argyll, Douglas, Duke of Hamilton, Hamilton, Duke of Abercorn, Drummond, Earl of Perth, and the other historic houses whose names are household words, one is met with the problem whether or not reputed cadet families really have the blood of those famihes whose names and differenced versions of whose Arms they bear. Personally I class the average Scottish pedigree with a Welsh one, and I prefer to leave the Scottish Houses to some one more familiar with Scottish Genealogies who will attempt to differentiate between genuine and reputed cadets,
Irish families again are a difficulty, and Celtic romance has only too often supplied the hiatus of fact. My list hereunder is intended to be only of families of English descent.
XXXVl
Cbe Oncient jFamilies of OBnglanD
The oldest male pedigree of any person belonging to the United Kingdom, the finest and longest undoubted and unbroken lineal male descent, is that of
HIS MAJESTY KING GEORGE V
who is thirty-first in descent from Wittekind the Great, first Duke of Saxony, who died A.D. 807. That pedigree is wholly German through his father, and His Majesty's EngUsh descent from the Stuarts, the Tudors, the Plantagenets, and from Alfred the Great is not in the male line. It is because His Majesty's ancestors in the male line have always had territorial dignities, and have never needed a surname from a period anterior to the origin of hereditary surnames, that His Majesty had no surname at all until the surname of Windsor was adopted.
SAXON FAMILIES
There are certain English families which claim by tradition to be of Saxon descent. I am not aware that in any case it would be possible to demonstrate the fact by documentary evidence, but in each case no claim is put forward to Norman origin, and the unvaried tradition has been of a Saxon origin. Whether this be so or not, each of these families is of the greatest antiquity. They are :
Ashburnham, Earl of Ashburnham.
Carew of Carew, Bt., Fitz Gerald, Duke of Leinster, Fitz Maurice, Marquess of Lans- downe, and Gerard, Lord Gerard, all tracing male descent from Otho, living in England temp. Edward the Confessor.
Croft of Croft Castle, Bt.
Bering of Surrenden Bering.
Be Trafford of Old Trafford.
Kingscote of Kingscote.
Lumley, Earl of Scarbrough.
Mitford, Lord Redesdale.
Scrope of Banby.
Shirley, Earl FeiTers.
Sneyd of Keele Hall.
Stourton of Stourton, Lord Mowbray and
Stourton. Swinton of Swinton. Towneley of Towneley and Fulbourne. Trelawney, Bt. Wolseley of Wolseley, Bt., and Visct. Wolseley.
NORMAN FAMILIES
It is not easy to definitely prove that any given family "came over with the Conqueror," constantly though this glib claim is put forward, but the following families, reputedly of Norman origin, are found immediately after the Conquest established in this country :
Bagot of Bagot's Bromley, Lord Bagot.
Barttelot of Stopham, Bt.
Bassett of Tehidy.
Beaumont, Bt.
Bedingfeld, Bt.
Blount of Sodington.
Brabazon, Earl of Meath.
Colville of Lullington.
Corbet of Moreton Corbet, Bt.
Barcy, now represented in the male line by the
Irish branch. Barell, Bt. Baubeney of Cote. Bavenport of Bavenport. Be Hoghton, Bt. Bevereux, Viscount Hereford. Fitz William, Earl Fitzwilliam. Gage, Viscount Gage. Gresley, Bt.
Grimston of Grimston Castle, and Earl of
Verulam. Grosvenor, Buke of Westminster. Gurdon, Lord Cranworth. Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon. Knightley of Fawsley, Bt. Mainwaring of Whitmore. Malet, Bt.
Molyneux, Earl of Sefton. Mordaunt, Bt.
Nevill, Marquess of Abergavenny. Nugent, Earl of Westmeath. St. George, Bt.
St. Leger, Viscount Boneraile. Sandford of Sandford. Stanley, Earl of Berby. Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. Vernon, Lord Vernon.
Cbe Ancient JTamilic0 of CnglanD
XXXVll
The names which follow are those of families which, if not demonstrably Norman, in the sense of deriving in the male Une from companions of the Conqueror, are neverthe- less found established in the early Plantagenet reigns, and rank, in antiquity, but little behind the families in the foregoing lists :
Acland, Bts.
Acton, Lord Acton.
Aldersey of Aldersey.
Amherst, Earl Amherst.
Arundell, Lord Arundell of Wardour.
Assheton of Downham.
Astley (now Astley-Corbett) , Bt.
Astley, Lord Hastings.
Babington of Cossington.
Bampfylde, Lord Poltimore.
Berney, Bt.
Bingham, Earl of Lucan.
Boothby, Bt.
Boscawen, Viscount Falmouth.
Botevile (now Thynne), Marquess of Bath.
Brudenell (now Brudenell- Bruce), Marquess of
Ailesbur}'. Butler, Marquess of Ormonde, Earl of Carrick
and Lord Dunboyne. Cary, Viscount Falkland. Cave (now Cave-Brown-Cave), Bt. Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire. Chetwode, Bt.
ChetA\ynd, Viscount Chetwynd. Chichester, Bt., and Marquess of Donegall. Cholmondeley, Marquess of Cholmondeley. Clifford, Lord CUfford.
Clifton of Clifton, and Lord Grey de Ruthyn. Clinton, Duke of Newcastle. Courtenay, Earl of Devon. Cunliffe, Bt.
Dawney, Viscount Downe. De Burgh, Marquess of Clanricarde. Digby, Lord Digby. Dillon,- Viscount Dillon. Egerton (now Grey-Egerton) , Bt. Eyton of Eyton. co. Salop. Fairfax, Lord Fairfax, ffarington of Worden.
Fitz Harding (now Berkeley), Earl of Berkeley. Fitz Herbert of Swynnerton. Fitz Herbert of Tissington, Bt. Forester (now Weld-Forester), Lord Forester. Fortescue, Earl Fortescue. Fulford of Fulford. Giffard, Earl of Halsbury. Goring, Bt. Gower (now Sutherland-Leveson-Gower), Duke
of Sutherland. Grey, Earl Grey. Grey, Earl of Stamford. Guise, Bt.
Haggerston of Haggerston Castle, Bt. Hamerton of Hellifield.
Hanbury, Lords Bateman and Sudeley.
Harington, Bt.
Heneage, Lord Heneage.
Hervey, Marquess of Bristol.
Howard, Duke of Norfolk.
Jerningham (now Staff ord-Jerningham), Lord
Stafford. Jocelyn, Earl of Roden. Lambton, Earl of Durham. Lee of Coton.
Leighton, formerly of Leighton, Bt. Leycester of Nether Tabley. Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale. Lyttelton, Viscount Cobham and Lord Hather-
ton. Manners, Duke of Rutland. Mansel, Bt.
Meynell of Meynell Langley. Middleton, Bt.
Mundy of Markeaton and Shipley. Needham, Earl of Kilmorey.
Northcote, Earl of Iddesleigh.
Onslow, Earl of Onslow.
Pauncefort, now Pauncefort-Duncombe, Bt.
Pelham, Earl of Chichester.
Radclyffe of Foxdenton.
Rodney, Lord Rodney.
St. John, Lords Bolingbroke and St. John.
Saltmarsh of Saltmarsh.
Salvin of Croxdale and Hawksfold.
Seymour (now St. Maur), Duke of Somerset.
Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield and Harrington.
Stonor, Lord Camoys.
Strickland of Sizergh.
Swinburne, Bt.
Tempest of Broughton.
Thornhill of Diddington.
Throckmorton, Bt.
Tichborne (now Dough ty-Tichborne) , Bt.
Toke of Godinton.
Villiers, Earls of Jersey and Clarendon.
Wallop (now Fellowes), Earl of Portsmouth.
Walpole, Earl of Orford.
West, Earl De la Warr.
Whitgreave of Moseley.
Whitmore, now of Orsett Hall.
Wilbraham, Earl of Lathom.
Willoughby, Lord Middleton.
Wingfield, Viscount Powerscourt.
Wodehouse, Earl of Kimberley.
Wombwell, Bt.
Wrottesley, Lord Wrottesley.
Wybergh of Chfton Hall.
Wyndham of Denton.
The next class of family which in these democratic days may truly be styled " ancient," are those famiUes who proved their right to bear Arms at the time of the Visitations. This will be a much more difficult list to compile, but I hope in some future edition of " Armorial
xxxvm
Cije Ancient jTamiliejef of OBnglanti
Families " that it may be possible to publish such a list. I shall be pleased to hear from those who consider the names of their families should be included, hut in every case it is an absolutely essential necessity that an official certificate should be forwarded to me stating at what Visitation the Arms were first confirmed and that the applicant is descended in the male line from the person to whom the Arms were confirmed. It is useless to
WRITE ME ON THIS POINT EXCEPT SUBJECT TO THAT UNDERSTANDING. I have UO wish to
be discourteous, but long experience compels me to say that I much prefer to correspond with the male members of a family on genealogical matters. I have never yet succeeded in convincing a lady of anything she didn't wish to know.
A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
23, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London. W.C.
ADDENDA
CARUS-WILSON.— Mr. Cecil Carlls-^^■ilson, J. P., CRISPIN.— Alteration in the Arms of Mr. Mordecai
l-.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., of Altmore, Strawberry Hill, Jackson Crispin of New York, too late for inclusion in
iMiddx., was elected Mayor of Twickenham, 1928. the body of the work. The 7th quartering should read
" argent, on a fesse cottised sable, three plates, a crescent of the second for diiierence." The mo"tto should read " Dum clavum rectum teneam."
CLUBS
Club. Albemarle Alexandra Almacks Alpine Argentine Army and Navy Arthurs' Arts
Athenaeum Authors' Bachelors'
Badminton Bath
Beefsteak
Boodle's
British Empire. .
Brooks's
Buck's
Burlington Fine .^rts . .
Caledonian
Carlton
Cavalry
Cavendish
City Carlton
City University
Cocoa Tree
Conservative
Constitutional . .
Devonshire
East India United Service
Eighty
Farmers'
Fiyfishers'
Garden
Garrick
Gresham
Guards'
Hurlingham
Junior Army and Navy
Junior Athenaeum Junior Carlton . . Junior Constitutional . .
Postal Address. 37, Dover Street, VV.i. 12, Grosvenor Street, W.i. I, Hyde Park Place, W.C. 23, Savile Row, W.i.
1, Hamilton Place, W.i. 36, Pall Mall, S.W.I.
6g, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 40, Dover Street, W.i. 107, Pall Mall, S.W.I.
2, Whitehall Court, S.W.i. II and 12, Hamilton Place,
Piccadilly, W.i. 100, Piccadilly, W.i. 34, Dover Street, W.i, and
16, Berkeley Street, W.i. 9, Green Street, Leicester
Square, W.C. 2. 28, St. James's Street. S.W.i.
12, St. James's Square, S.W.i. 60, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 18, Clifford Street, W.i.
17, Savile Row, W.i.
33, St. James's Square, S.W.i.
94, Pall Mall, S.W.I.
127, Piccadilly, W.i.
119, Piccadilly, W.i.
24-27, St.Swithin'sLane, E.C.4.
50, Cornhill, E.C.3.
64, St. James's Street, S.W.i.
74, St. James's Street, S.W.i.
28, Northumberland Avenue,
W.C.2.
50, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 16, St. James's Square, S.W.i.
3, Hare Court, Temple, E.C.4. 2, Whitehall Court, S.W.i. 36, Piccadilly, W.i.
9, Chesterfield Gardens, W.i.
13, Garrick Street, W.2. 15, Abchurch Lane, E.C.4. 41 and 43, Brook Street,
Grosvenor Square, W.i. Fulham, S.W. 5, Horse Guards' Avenue,
Whitehall, S.W.i. 116, Piccadilly, W.i, 30-35, Pall MaU, S.W.I. loi, Piccadilly, W.i.
Club. Junior Naval and Military Junior United Service . .
Marlborough National National Liberal Naval and MiUtary New Oxford and Cam- bridge New University Oriental Orleans
Oxford and Cambridge
University . . Portland Pratt's
Prince's
Public Schools . .
Ranelagh
Refonn
Roehampton . .
Royal Aero
Royal Air Force
Royal Automobile •
Royal Societies'
Royal Thames Yacht . .
St. James's
St. Stephen's . .
Savage
Savile
Sports'
Thatched House
Travellers'
Turf
Union
United Service . . United Sports' . . United University
Wellington Westminster White's Windham
Postal Address. 96, Piccadilly, W.i.
11, Charles Street, St. James's,
S.W.I. 52, Pall Mall, S.W.I.
12, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W.i. Whitehall Place, S.W.i.
94, Piccadilly, W.i.
15, Stratton Street, W.i. 58, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 18, Hanover Square, W.i. 29, King Street, St. James's,
S.W.I.
71, PaU MaU, S.W.i.
9, St. James's Square, S.W.i.
14, Park Place, St. James's,
S.W.I. 197, Knightsbridge, S.W.i. 61, Curzon Street, W.i. Barnes, S.W. 104, Pall Mall, S.W.I. Roehampton Lane, S.W. 15.
3, Clifford Street, New Bond
Street, W.i. 128, Piccadilly, W.i. 69, Pall MaU, S.W.I. 63, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 60, Knightsbridge, S.W.i. 106, PiccadiUy, W.i. I, Bridge Street, Westminster,
S.W.I. 6, Adelphi Terrace, W.C. 2. 69, Brook Street, W.i. 8, St. James's Square, S.W.i. 86, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 106, Pall MaU, S.W.I. 47, Clarges Street, PiccadiUy,
W.I. 10, Carlton House Terrace,
S.W.I.
116, PaU MaU, S.W.i.
4, Whitehall Court, S.W.i.
I, Suffolk Street, Pall Mail East,
S.W.I. I, Grosvenor Place, S.W.i. 38, Great Smith Street, S.W.i. 37, St. James's Street, S.W.i. 13, St James's Square, S.W.i.
ARMORIAL FAMILIES
For the addresses of London Clubs refer to list. All Clubs are supposed to be London Clubs unless immediately followeil !)>• the name of a town in brackets. A complete entry should contain full Christian and surnames, style, titles, and designations, and offices held, dale of birth, name of father and of mother, and of mother's father, dates of succession to, and creations of titles, clubs, livery, armorial bearings, including impalements, date of marriage, name of wife and of her father, names of children and dates of birth of sons, names of estates and postal addresses. The Editor will be happy in all cases to insert any number of quarterings that are duly recorded (upon proof of this being produced), and will add such of the details above indicated as may be omitted. lie hopes also to have his attention called to any mistakes, and will be glad to receive notice of all alterations that occur. The surnames and dates of birth of daughters are intentionally omitted, and the names of daughters are always placed after the names of sons, notwithstanding any priority of birth. The description tJentleman is used throughout the book in its ancient and strictly legal and correct interpretation, namely, a person entitled to bear arms ; and it occurs in every such instance where there is no other title employed. The followin<T are Esquires, and should be so described. The term is not used in "Armorial Families" except in such cases : — The sons of Peers ; the sons of baronets ; the sons of Knights ; the eldest sons of the younger suns of Peers, and their eldest sons in perpetuity ; the eldest son of the eldest son ot a Knight, and his eldest son in perpetuity ; Com- panions of the Orders of Knighthood ; the Kin^s of Arms ; the Heralds of Arms ; Officers of the Navy and Army of the rank of Captain and upwards ; Sheriffs of Counties, for life ; J.P.'s of Counties whilst in Commission ; Serjeants-at- Law ; King's Counsel ; Serjeants-at-Arms ; certain principal Officers in the King's Household ; Deputy-Lieutenants and Commissioners of Lieutenancy ; Commissioners of the Court of Bankruptcy ; Masters of the Supreme Court ; those whom the King, in any Commission or Warrant, styles Esquire [and amongst these are Royal Academicians], and any person who, in virtue of his Office, takes precedence of Esquires. Please address all communications to THE EDITOR, 23 Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London, W. C.
a-ABABRELTON (L.O.). Gules, a Pegasus salient argent. Mantling gules dcubled argent. Crest— On a wreath ( f his liveries, a Pegasus salient argent. Mottoes — (over crest), " Abal breotan"; (underarms), " Belaborant." Badge A Pegasus salient argent.
Eld. son of Robert S. a-Ababrelton of Pakefield, Suffolk; Old Leytcn, Essex; and Bursttw, Surrey; b. 1827; d. 1899; m. 1851, Mary, only child of late Robert Ling Turtle of Croydon, Surrey: —
Robert (Turtle) a-Ababrelton, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S., F.R.S.A., F.R.C.I., F.R.E.S., F.S.A., late Secretary to the Lands Commission and Lands Beard of Natal, Etc., formerly Pnv. Sec. to Viscount Cranborne, M.P. (new Marquess of Salisbury). Registrar Native High Court, and Commandant of Engineers, N.R.R. ; b. 1852; m. ist, 1874, Haniette K. (d. i8g8), d. of William Dcdd ff Weymouth; and, 1907, Anne (d. 1914), only d. of late Jchn E. Stratford of Heme Hill, Surrey ; and has issue (see next entry). Res. — Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. Post. add. — Post Be x 325. Pieter- maritzburg, Natal, and 30 Kilyon Road, Clapham Rise, S.W.8. C/m6— Authors'.
a-ABABREi.TON (H. CclL). Argent, en a pile gules, a winged hi rse fcrcen^, and in base two swords in saltire points upwards, the dexter surmounted by the sinister all counterchanged. Mantling gules and argent. Crest— On a wreath of the colours, a horse forcen6 gules, winged argent, supporting with the forefeet a sword erect proper, point downwards, pommel and hilt or. Mottoes— (over crest), " Abal-breotan " ; (below arms), " Belaborant."
Issue of R< bert Turtle a-Ababrelton, Esq. (see above), b. 1852; m. ist, 1874, Harriette K., eld. d. of late William Di dd of Wevmouth :—
Robert R. de R. a-Ababrellon, Esq., M.A., LL.B. (Camb. — Honours), F.S.S., F.R.E.S., is in H.M.'s Civil Service, India Office, Whitehall, ^. 1875; w. and has issue : I dau. Res. — 161 Sixth Avenue, Little Iliord, Essex; Downing College, Cambriiige.
(R( bert) Ernest de R. i-Ababrelton , Gentleman, b. 1885. /?<rj.— 30 Kilyon Roid, Clapham Rise, S.W.8.
Julia Kate R. de R. .\-Ababrelton.
ABBEV (H. Coll.). Gules, on a fesse between three lozenges in chief and a lymphad, oars in action and sails furled, m base, all argent, a swallow volant of the field. Mantling gulta and argent. Crest- On a wreath of the colours, an eagle displayed argent, between two cross crosslets or, each wing charged with a cross crosslet gules.
Son of Henry Abbey, Gentleman, J. P., b. 1816 ; d. 1911 : —
William Henry Abbey, Gentleman, (5. 1864; /«. Florence. (Arms ' f Belcher, namely: — Gales, five pellets or, a chief vair of the second and 'sable), d. and co-h. of the late
atJt)
ai)c
Henry Belcher of Hove, and has had issue:— (i) John Ronald Abbey, Esq., Capt. late The Rifle Bde., h. 1894 [m. 1921, Lady Ursula Helen, d. of 4th Earl Cairns (Res. —
Woldhurst Manor, Crawley)] ; (2) Noel Roland Abbey Gentleman, Lieut. Gren. Gds. , b. 1897; killed in acticn 1918 ; {3) William Henry Abbey, Gentleman, b. 1904. Res. — Uckfield House, Sussex.
ABBOTT (H. Coll.). Purpure, a pile wavy vair6 argent and gules between two water-bougets in base or, on a canton argent, a crozier erect azure. Mantling purpure and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a fo.\ passant per pale sable and argent, charged on the shoulder with a water- bougetor. Motto — " Labore."
Only son of Charles Stuart Aubrey Abbott, 3rd Baron Tenterden, K.C.B. , Permanent Under-Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs, b. 1834; d. 1882; 7n. ist, 1859, Penelope Mary Gertrude, d. of Lt.-Gen. Sir John Rowland Smyth, K.C.B. :— Rt. Hon. Charles Stuart Henry Abbott, 4th Baron Tenterden (30 April 1827), late Lieut. 3rd Batt. York and Lancaster Regt. [Supporters — Dexter, a dragon, wings elevated vert, gorged with the collar of the Lord Chief- Justice and charged on the shoulder with a water-bouget or; sinister, a pelican with wings elevated or, beaked, vulned, and gorged with a collar of roses gules], b. 1865 ; m. 1906, Elfrida Charlotte, only d. of the late vlaj.-Gen. Sir Alfred Turner, K.C.B.; and has issue — Hon. Charles Stuart Anthony Rowland Abbott, b. 1909 ; and Hon. Gwen Elfrida Penelope. Res.—i-; Onslow Square, S.W.7. Club — • St. James's.
ABDY (R.L. , 2 June 1775, H. Coll.). Or, twochevronels between three trefoils slipped sable. Mantling sable and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, an eagle's head proper. Motto — " Tenax et fidelis."
Son of Sir Henry Beadon Abdy, 4th Bart., b. 1853; d. 1921 ; m. 1891, Anna Adele Coronna (d. 1920) : — Sir Robert Henry Edward Abdy, 5th Bart., (8 June, 1850), b. 1896; 7n. 1923, Mrs. lya Jongeyans. Res. — 49 Grosvenor Square, W.i.
X BECKETT (H. Coll.). Or, on a chevron gules, be- tween three lions' heads erased of the last, a fleur-delys between two annulets of the first, all within a bordure wavy of the second. Mantling gules and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a fleur-de-lys azure, surmounted with a lion's head erased ermine, the whole debruised by a bendlet sinister wavy or.
Sons of late Hon. William Arthur Callander a Beckett, J. P., an Exec. Councillor of Colony of Victoria, a Member of the Legislative Council of that Colony 1868-1876 (eld. s. of Sir William k Beckett, first Chiel- Justice of the Colony of Victoria), b. 1833; d. 19 m. 1855, Emma, d. and h. of John Mills of Melbourne.
[Arms as above, but quartering Mills : Party per pale indented argent and azure, a millrind between three escallops all counterchanged ; and using motto, " Foys sapience et chevalerie."] : — William Gilbert a Beckett, Esq., M.A., LL.M. (Camb.),
M.A.,LL.M. (Melbourne), Barrister-at-Law (Inner Temple),
Barrister and Solicitor of Melbourne, sometime Lieut. Camb.
Vol. Rifles, b. 10 Ap. 1864; m. . C/?<<^— Melbourne
Club (Melbourne, Victoria).
Arthur HeywoodSt. Thomas a Beckett, Esq., Capt. (ret.)
Antrim Art. Mil., b. 18 June 1867; m. Aug. 1898, Beatrice
Isabel, 2nd d. of late Arthur S. Windsor of Melbourne. Sons of Arthur William a Beckett, Esq. , Capt. late 4th Batt. Cheshire Regt., Barrister-at-Law (Gray's Inn), b. 1844 ; d. 1909 ; m. 1876, Susanna Francis, eld. d. of Forbes Winslow, M.D., D.C.L., of Caven- dish Square, Middx. : — Patrick Albert Forbes Winslow a Beckett, Esq., Major
(ret.) R.A., b. 1880; m. 1908, Lady Nora [d. 1919), only
d. of and Earl Kitchener of Khartoum. Clubs— ]m\\.
United Service, Savage. Walter Horace Francis a Beckett, Lieut. -Col. (ret.) R.A. ,
b. 1881 ; m. Enid Violet, d. of James Thorn of Gr..-
hamstown, S. Africa, and has issue — Patricia Enid. Res.
— Flower House, Beckenham Lane, S.E.6. Clubs — Jun.
United Service, Constitutional (Bromley).
ABERCONWAY, see McLAREN,
ABERCORN, see HAMILTON.
ABERCROMBIE (H. Coll.). Argent, a chevron gules, between in chief two boars' heads couped azure and in base a serpent nowed proper. Mantling gules and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a serpent, as in the arms, thereon a bee proper. Motto — " Vive ut vi\as."
Only son of John Abercrombie, Esq., J. P. co. West- morland, M.D., F.R.C.P., of Augill Castle, Brough, Westmorland, b. 1851 ; d. 1914 ; m. 1903, Evelyn Graham, d. of James Aspinall Tobin, Esq., J. P. : — ;:,'-•' John Abercrombie, Gentleman, b. 1904. Res. — The Manor House, Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland.
JAMES ALEXANDER ABERCROMBY, Gentleman, born October 4, 1875, being the son of the late Alexander Abercromby, Gentleman, Doctor of Medicine of the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, and Fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons of Edinburgh, by his wife Esther Susanna, only child by his second marriage of Hermanns Christoffel Ester- huyzen of Vruchtbaar, Wellington, Cape of Good Hope.
ate
abr
Armorial bearings (L.O., 1891)— Parted per pale argent and gules, a chevron between two boars' heads erased in chief, and a bee volant en arriere in base all counter- changed. Above the sliield is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for Crest, a bee volant or ; and upon an escroll above, this Motto, "Vive ut vivas." Livery — Claret colour.
ABERCROMBYof Birkenbog (L.O., matric. 1674 and 1792). Argent, a chevron gules, between three boars' heads erased azure. Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest- On a wreath of his liveries, a falcon proper. Supporters — Two greyhounds argent, collared gules. Mottoes — (over crest), "Petit alta ; " (under arms), "Mercy is my desire."
Son of Sir Robert John Abercromby, 7th Bart., Vice- Lieut. CO. Banff, D.L. Banff and Aberdeen, b. 1850; d. 1895 ; m. 1883. Florence Anita Eyre, C.B.E. , d. of Eyre Coote of West Park, Hants. : — Sir George William Abercromby, 8th Bart. (N.S., 20 Feb. 1635-6), of Birkenbog, co. Banff, D.S.O., Lt.-Col. 6th Gordon Highlanders, formerly Lt.-Col. 8th Black Watch, b. 1886. Seats — Forglen House, nr. Turriff, Banffsh. ; Birkenbog and Castle Douglas, N.B.
ABERDARE, see KNIGHT.
ABERDEEN, see GORDON.
The Most Hoxourabi,e HENRY GILBERT RALPH NEVILL, MARQUESS OF ABERGAVENNY and Earl of Lewes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (14 Jan. 1876), Earl of Abergavenny and Viscount Nevill in the Peerage of Great Britain (17 -May 1784), and Baron Bergavenny m the Peerage of England (5 Sept. 1450), Lt.- Col. late T. A. Reserve, formerly West Kent Yeomanry and Sussex Imperial Yeomanry. Born 2 Sept. 1854, being the second son of the Most Honourable Sir William Nevill, K.G. . ist Marquess of Abergavenny, by his first wife Caroline, dau. of Sir John Vanden Bempde Johnstone, 2nd Baronet, of Hackness Hall, Yorkshire ; succeeded his brother as 3rd Marquess 1927. Armorial bearings — He bears for Arms, gules, on a saltire argent, .a rose of the field, barbed and seeded proper. Ateove the escutcheon is placed the coronet of his rank and thereupon a helmet befitting his degree, with a Mantling gules and argent ; an 1 for his Crest, out of a ducal coronet or, a bull's head couped sable ; and on either side of the escutcheon are placed for his Supporters a bull argent pied sable, armed, iinguled, collared and chained or, the chain terminating in a staple. Motto — " Ne vile velis." Married firstly, 12 Sept. 1876, Violet (who died 1880), dau. of the late Lt.-Col. Henry Dorrien Streatfield, of Chiddingsnne Castle, Kent ; and by her has surv. issue — Lady Joan Marion, C.B.E. [m. 1898, 4th Marquess Camden ; and has issue]. His Lordship married secondly, 20 Oct. i886, Maud Augusta (who died 1927I, dau. of the late William Beckett, M.P. ; and has further issue — Lady Marguerite Helen \m. 1907, 21st Baron Hastings; and has issue]. His Lordship married thirdly, 1928, Mary Frances, dau. of the late Honourable Ralph Pelham Nevill, and widow of 3rd Viscount Hardinge. ^ira/^Eridge Castle, Sussex. Town res. — 30 Belgrave Square, S.W. Clubs — Carlton, Pratt's, Boodle's, Conservative.
ABINGDON, see BERTIE.
ABINGER, see SCARLETT.
ABR.\HAM (H. Coll., 14 Sept. 1914). Per fesse azure and argent, in chief a sun in splendour or, and in base a greyhound courant sable, collared of the second. Mantling azure and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a greyhound's head sable, collared argent and charged on the neck with a sun, as in the arms. Motto — " Semper fidelis."
Son of the Rt. Rev. Charles John Abraham, D.D.,
Bishop of Wellington, X. Zealand, h. 1814 ; d. 1903 ;
m. 1850, Caroline Harriet, d. of Sir Charles Thomas
Palmer, 2nd Bart. : — The Rt. Rev. Charles Thomas Abraham, D.D., formerly Bishop Suffragan of Derby, h. 1857 ; m. 1883, Mary Theresa, d. of Ven. Charles Wellington Furse, of Halsdon
House, Devon ; and has issue — (i) Charles Wellington Rupert Abraham, Esq. h. 1884 {Res. — Kenya Colony, E. Africa); (2) Jasper Abraham, Esq., Capt. (ret.) R.F.A., 6. i886(i?«. — Kenya Colony); (3) Michael Hud- son Abraham, Esq., Capt. (ret.) R.F.A., h. 1893 [m. 1922, Sibyl Laetitia, d. of W. Freeman, 103 Westbourne Terrace] ; (4) Rev. Philip Selwyn Abraham, Capt. (ret.) R.F.A., h. 1897 [w. 1923, Elizabeth Dorothy, d. of Sir John Marriott, M.P. for York {Res. — Daybrook, Notts. )] ; Marjorie Monsell [m. 1917, Rev. Sydney Swann, Chaplain at Nairobi] ; Mary Theresa Caroline [»n. 1917, Rev. A. R. Browne- Wilkinson, M.C., Southwell Diocesan Missioner] ; Katharine Nona \m. 1923, Rev. Alfred Swann, Vicar of Liversedge, Yorks.] ; Jeannie Furse ; Delia Reynolds. Res. — Bower Hill, Repton, co. Derby ; Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire.
ABRAHAM (H. Coll., 14 Nov. 1876). Ermine, on a chevron between three mullets of eight points gules, as many towers argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest
— On a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, in front of two fronds of fern, a rook proper. Motto — "Veritas libertas. "
Sons of Thomas Fell Abraham, Gentleman, ekl. son of John Abraham (see below), b. 1847 ; d. 1924 ; m.\i%\., 1880, Margaret Sarah, eld. d. of Joseph J. Brown, of Woodbridge, Suffolk [d. 1889) ; 2nd, 1893, Catherine Frances [d. 1925), third d. of Bell Williams of Liver- pool : — John Fell, Gentleman (assumed by Deed Poll 1922, the name of Fell in lieu of Abraham), b. 1882. Res. —
Edward Mitford Abraham, Gentleman, b. 1883. Res. — Second son of John Abraham, b. 1813; d. i88i ; m. Maria Hayes, d. of John Tyerman : — .\lfred Clay Abraham, Gentleman, F. I.C. , F.C.S., b. 1853; m. 1880, Lucy EUison, daughter of Henry Hunter Golding ; and has surv. issue — (i) Robert .Askew Abraham, Gentleman, A.M. I.C. E. (Eng.),6. March 19, 1890 [w. Ruth Blackledge] ; (2) Cuthbert Fenwick Abraham, Gentleman, b. May 26, 1891 \m. Emily James] ; Agnes Mitford [w. John Milner Shack lefon] ; and Dorothy Foster [/«. T. Place, of Northallerton]. Postal addresses— 2 Kingsmead Road, South Birkenhead ; 87 Bold Street, Liverpool.
ABRAHAM (H. Coll.). Sable, sem^e of estoiles, three escutcheons or. Mantling sable and or. Crest— On a wreath of the colours, in front of a thorn-tree proper, a ram statant argent, horned or. Motto — " Deus meum scutum est."
Son of : —
John George Abraham, Esq. , J. P., is Liveryman and Tin- plate Worker of London, b. . Res. — Grove Lodge, .\Iuswell Hill, London, N.
abt
M
ABRAHAMS (H. Coll.). Per chevron azure and argent, in chief two lozenges, and in base a lion rampant, all counterchanged. Mantling' azure and argent. Crest^On a wreath of the colours, on two ostrich feathers in saltire, an antelope's head erased. Motto — " Verite sans peur." Son of : —
Louis Abrahams. J?es. — Northgate House, Avenue Road, London, N.W.
ABRAHAMSON (H. Coll. 23 Dec. 1920). Per chevron sable, sem6e of estoiJesor, and barry wavy of four argent and vert. Mantling sable and argent. Crest — On a wreath argent and sable, in front of a ram's scalp homed argent, a cross of thunder proper. Motto — " Dole nunquam." Only son of Arnold Abrahamson, of Copenhagen and London, 6. 1830; rf. 1910; »». 1863, Flora, d. of N.de Jongh, Merchant, of London and Amsterdam : — Sir Martin Arnold Abrahamson, K.B.E, (1920), b. 1870 ; tn. 1903, Emma, d. of Bernard Hirsch-
pning ; and has issue — Arnold Mogens Abrahamson, Esq., b. 1904 ; and Ettie Kate. Res. — Copenhagen. Clubs — Overseas; British (Copenhagen).
ABRAMof Reading (H. Coll., 25 Sept. 1922).— Sable, on a chevron engrailed, between three towers or, a martlet between two mullets of the field. Mantling sable and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, in front of a tower argent, a martlet sable. Motto — " Nil sine labore viret." Son of George Abram, of the Middle Temple : —
Sir George Stewart Abram, Knt. Bach. (1922), M.B., B.C. (Cantab.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., J.P., Maj. (ret.) R.A.M.C. (T.F.), b. 1866 ; tn. 1893, Ethel May, d. of the late T. Rider, M.V.O. ; and has issue — Rider Stewart Abram, Esq., Sub-Lieut. R.N., b. 1904; Sybil Ethel [tn. 1925, Capt. W. R. Hay, I. A.]; Barbara Elizabeth [tn. 1921, Louis Victor Smith.] Res. — 106 London Road, Reading, Berks.
ACHESON (U.O., 1776). Argent, a double-headed eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered or, on a chief vert, two mullets of the third. Mantling sable and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a cock gules, standing on a trumpet or. Motto — " Vigilantibus."
Sons of Rt. Hon. Sir Archibald Brabazon Sparrow Acheson, K. P. , 4th Earl of Gosford, d. 1841 ; d. 1922 ; f?t. 1876, Lady Louisa Montagu, D.B.E., a Lady of the Bedchamber to H.M. Queen Alexandra, d. of 7th Duke of Manchester, K.P. :— Rt. Hon. Sir Archibald Charles Montagu Brabazon Acheson, M.C., 5th Eaii of Gosford (Irel., 4 Feb. 1806), Viscount Gosford (Irel., 20 June 1785), and Baron Gosford (Irel., 20 July 1776), Baron Worlingham (U.K., 13 June 1835), and Achescn (U.K., 18 Sept. 1847), also a Baronet (N.S. 1 Jan. 1628), D.L. co. Armagh, Lieut. -Col. Reserve of Officers, late Coldstream Guards, served in S. Africa 1899- 1901 (medal and 5 clasps), and Great War, 1914-18, (despatches, M C). [Supporters— Dexter, a leopard proper ; sinister, another regardant ; both collared and chained or], 6. 1877 ; 7fi. 1910, Mildred, only dau. of J. Ridgely Carter, late American Minister to the Balkans, and has issue- Archibald Alexander John Stanley Acheson, commonly called Viscount Acheson, for whom H.M. Queen Alexandra stood sponsor, 6. 191 1; Hon. Patrick Bernard Victor Montagu Acheson, d. 1915 ; Lady Camilla Mildred Nicola ; and Lady Mary Virginia Shirley. Seat — Richhill. co. Armagh. Town res. — Falmouth House, Clarendon Place, W.2. C/«^5— Travellers', Turf, R.Y.S.
Hon. Patrick Charles George Cavendish Acheson. D.S.O. , M.V.O., Comdr. R.N. (ret.), 6. 1883; m. 1915, Norah, d. of Alfred Jones, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has issue- Nicholas Archibald Edward Patrick Acheson, Esq., fi. 1917 ; Michael Ernest Brabazon Acheson, Esq., 6. 1917 ; and Blanche Theodosia. J?es. — 40 Beaufort Gardens S.W.3.
ACHESON, of Graphilla (H. Coll., 23 Ap. 1913), Per pale argent and or, a double-headed eagle displayed sable, on a chief arched vert a bezant between two estoiles or. Mantling sable and argent. Crest — A cock gules, charged on the wings with a fylfot and resting the dexter claw on a trumpet gold. Motto — " NegUantibus." Son of William Acheson, of Washington, U.S.A., b. ; m. , Sarah D. Ruple : —
Edward Goodrich Acheson, Gentleman, M.I.E.E., M.LChem.E., Fell. A.A.A.S., Chevr. Roy. Order of Polar Star (Sweden), inventor of Silozicon, carborundum, Egyptianized clay, and a way of making graphite ;
b. 1856 ; tn. 1884, Margaret Maher, of Brooklyn. Seat — Graphilla, Lunday's Lane, Ontario; Res. — 417 Park Avenue, New York ; 35 W. 42nd Street, New York, U.S.A. Clubs — University (Washington) ; Automobile (New York).
ACKERS, see SHAKERLEY-ACKERS.
ACKERS (H. Coll. 1885). Argent, on a bend en- grailed sable, between two doves rising, three sprigs of oak slipped and fructed proper. Mantling sable and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colouis, upon a mount, in front thereof three sprigs of oak slipped and fructed, a dove rising, holding in the beak a like sprig of oak, all proper. MottO — "Lalibert6." /.zz^rj— Green, with brass buttons.
Second son of Benjamin St. John Ackers, Esq., J. P.,
D.L., M.P., of Prinknash Park, Glos. , b. 1839;
d. 1915 ; tn. 1861, Louisa Maria Jane, eld. d. of CharJes
Brooke Hunt, Esq., J. P., D.L. , of Bowden Hall,
Glos. : —
Charles Penrhyn Ackers, Esq., M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc.
(Durham), J. P. and (1927) High Sheriff Glos. , served Great
War as Major in the Army, b. 1882; fn. 1922, Dorothy
Jane, only d. of Walter Stewart Davis, of Coglan House,
Longhope, formerly British Resident at Bhopal ; and has
issue — Robert Davis Ackers, Gentleman, h. 1923. Res. —
Huntley Manor, Gloucester. Clubs — Carlton, Union,
M.C.C. , Flyfishers', Leander.
ACKLAND (H. CoU., 26 Feb. 1915). Gules, a hawk rising argent, on a chief of the second, masoned sable, two pairs of cramps in saltire sable. Mantling gules and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a hand couped at the wrist proper, grasping two cramps in saltire sable. Motto — " Fide et virtute."
Second son of Thomas Warwick Ackland, Gentleman, b. 1838; d.\g2i; tn. Charlotte Elizabeth, d. of John Sayers : —
Charles George Heber Ackland, Gentleman, A.M. I.C.E. b. 1868 ; tn. 1893, Helena, only d. of James Jackson, of Garstang, Lanes. ; and has issue — Heber Jackson Ack- land, Esq., Capt. 41st Punjab Regt., I. A., b. 1895 ; Lilian Beatrice Warwick ; Helena. Res. — Columb- wood, Richmond Avenue, Bexhill-on-Sea. Club — Engineers'. ,
ACKROYD, see RAWSON-ACKROYD.
ACLAND, seeFULLER-ACLAND-HOOD.
ACLAND (H. Coll.). Quarterly, i. chequy argent and sable, a fesse gules (Acland — Vn. Devon, 1620) ; 2. or, a bend engrailed sable, in chief a mullet on a crescent ftr difference (Radcliffe) ; 3. azure, three escallops or, a mullet for difference (Malet) ; 4. gules, two demi-lions passant guardant in pale or (Hatche); 5. sable, sem6 of mullets and three eagles' heads erased argent (Woolringt'.ii) ; 6. vert, a saltire between four eagles displayed or (Aleigh) ; 7. or, a fret sable (Mordake) ; 8. gules, a fret or, in chief a mullet for difference (Audley); 9. gules, a cross engrailed ermine (Durwyn); 10. azure, six mascles, three and three, argent, in chief a label of three points throughout or (Cready) ; 11. azure, on a chief argent, a demi-lion issuant gules (Markham); 12. argent, two chevronels sable; 13. argent, on a bend sable, three lions' heads erased of the field, crowned or (Wrothe). Mantling sable and argent. Crest — Upon a wreath of the colours, a man's arm couped lying fessewise to the sinister azure, gloved argent, thereon a falcon perched proper, beaked, membered, and belled or. Motto — " Inebranlable."
Son of Rt. Hon. Sir Arthur Herbert Dyke Acland, P.C. , 13th Bart., b. 1847; d. 1926; m. 1873, Alice Sophia, d. of Rev. Macaulay Cunningham, M.A. : —
Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Dyke Acland, P.C., 14th Bart. (21 Jan. 1677-8), J. P. N.R. Yorks., M.P. Richmond Div. N.R. Yorks. igo6-io. Parliamentary Priv. Sec. to the Secre- tary of State for War 1906-8, Parliamentary Under-Sec. for Foreign Affairs 1911-15, Financial Sec. to Treasury 1915, Parliamentary Sec. Board of Agriculture and Fisheries 1915-16, late Member of Senate of Univ. of London, b. 1874 '< ^- i90S> Eleanor Margaret, d. of Charles James Cropper of Ellergreen, co. Westmorland ; and has surv. issue — Richard Thomas Dyke Acland, Ksq., 2nd Lieut. R. Devon Yeo. Field Brigade, b. 1906 ; Arthur Geoffrey Dyke Acland, Esq., b. 1908 ; Cutlibert Henry Dyke
aci
aci
Acland, Esq., b. 1910. Seat — Killerton, Exeter. Club — Brooks's.
Descendants of Arthur Henry Dyke Acland, Esq., afterwards (R.L., 1852) Troyte cf Iluntshaw : — Vide Troyte. Sons of Admiral Sir William Alison Dyke Acland, 2nd Bart., C.V.O., h. 1847; d. 1924; tri. 1887. Hon. Emily Anna, d. of the laie Rt. Hon. William Henry Smith, P.C., D.C.L., M.P. :— Sir William Henry Dyke Acland, 3rd Bart. (16 June 1890), M.C., A.F.C., Maj. R. Devon Yeo. 1- ield Brigade R.A., late Royal Scots (Ireys, b. 1888; m. 1916, Maigaret Emily, d. of the late Charles Theodore Barclay, of Fan- shawe, Hertford, and has issue — Elizabeth Margaret; and Juliet Mary. 5M/y— Barnes W(od, Wehvyn, Herts. ; Seaview House, Isle of Wight. Clubs — Bath; Athenaeum; R.Y.S.
Hubert Guy Dyke Acland, Esq., D.S.O., Comdr. R.N., b. 1890 ; m. 1915, Lalage Mary Kathleen, d. of Capt. John Edward Acland, of Wallastcn House, Dcrchesttr, and has issue — Anthi ny (Juy Dyke Acland, Gentleman, 6. 1916 ; James Alison Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1919. Club — United Service.
Sons of Sir Henry Wentworth Dyke Acland, ist Bart.,
K.C.B., M.D.,F.R.S.,&c.,(5. 1815; </. 1900; w. 1846,
Sarah (d. 1878), d. of William Cotton, D.C.L.,
F.R.S.:—
Henry Dyke Acland, Esq., F.B.I., F.G.S., b. 1850;
in. 1878, Margaret Hichens, d. of John Jope Rogers of
Penrose, Helston. Res. —
Theodore Dyke Acland, Esq., M.A., M.D. (Oxon.). F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Lt.-Col. late R.A.M.C, consulting Physician at Saint Thomas's, the Brompton Hospital, and to King Edward's Sanatorium, Midhurst, senior member of Egyptian Medical Board, has the 2nd class Osman eh Order and 4th class Medjiclie [impaling the arms of Gull, namely azure, a serpent nowed or, between three seagulls proper, with the following honourable augmentation, namelv, a canton ermine, thereon an ostrich feather argent, quilled or, entiled by the coronet which encircles the badge or phure of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, gold], b. 1851; m. 1888, Caroline Cameron, only surv. dau. of the late Sir William Withey Gull, ist Baronet ; and has surv. issue — Theodore William Gull Acland, Esq., Capt. late R.E., B. A. (Camb. ), b. 1890. Post. add. — 19 Bryanston Square, London, W. Club — Athenaeum.
Francis Edward Dyke Acland , Esq. ,M. I.C. E. , M. I. M. E. , formerly Capt. R.A. , b. 1857; tn. 1885, Marion Sarah, d. of the late Rt. Rev. William Kenneth Macrurie, D.D. , Lord Bishop of Maritzburg; and has issue — (i) Herbert Arthur Acland, Gentleman, B.A. (Camb.), A.M.I. C.E., M.I.M.E., b. 1886 [ni. 1914, Maud Kathleen, eld. d. of Col. G. Branson, of Broomgrove, Sheffield, and has issue — Pauline Marjorie ; Gwyneth Sybil ; Stephanie Jane. Res. —12 H.illycroft Avenue, Hampstead, N.W.] (2) Kenneth Francis Dyke Acland, Esq., Lieut. -Comdr. R.N.,^. 1890 [m. 1919, Katherine Farquharson, d. of R. G. Baillie, of Culter Allers, co, Lanark, and has issue— Elizabeth Katherine Baillie] ; Charis Agnes ; and Clemence Mar- garet. Res. — Walwood, Banstead, Surrey. Club — Junior United Service. Alfred Dyke Acland, Esq. (q.v.).
Sons of Sir Reginald Brodie Dyke Acland, Knt. Bach.,
K^.C.b. 1856; d. 1924; JK. 1885, Helen Emma, d.
of Rev. Thomas Fox, Rector of Temple Combe: —
Edward Fox Dyke Acland, Gentleman, Lieut. R.A.F.,
b. 1891 ; m. 1924, Beatrice, d. of the late J. W. Laver, of
Grimston Norfolk. Res. — 35 Cheyne Walk, Hendon,
N.W. Club—R.A.Y.
Wilfred Reginald Dyke Acland, Gentleman, D.F.C., A.F.C., Squadron-Leader. R.A.F., b. 1894; nt. 1921, Mary Strange, d. of T. Marshall, of Lee-on-the-Solent, and has issue — Joan Mary Louise. Club — R.A.F.
Son ( f Thomas Dyke Acland of Ch: istchurch, N.Z.,
Gentleman, b. 1846; d. 1892; m. 1874, Flora Margaret
(d. 1885), d. of Robert Waitt (.f Ch istchurch :—
Leopold George Dyke Acland, Esq., OB.E., M.C.,
Maj. N.Z.A.S.C. , served in 3rd New Zealand Contingent
in S.A. 1900-1 (medal with 5 clasps), and Great War,
1914-18 (desp. 3 times), b. 1876. Res. — Hororata, .\ew
Zealand.
Sons of Benjamin Dyke Acland, Esq., Comdr. R.N., b. 1847; d. 1909 ; m. 1881, Clare Emily, d. of Edward Cay of Melbourne : — Baldwyn John Dyke Acland, Esq., late Col. Royal
Canadian Art., formerly Lieut. R.F.A.,(^. 1883; in. 1914, Helen Claire, d. of the late John Breakey, and has issue — John Ben Dyke Acland, Gei tleman, b. 1916. Res. — Holmicote, Breakeyville, Quebec.
Hubert Edward Peter Dyke Acland, Esq., Capt. late nth King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse), b. 1884; m. 1912, Dorothy Marion, d. of Sir John Henry Thorold, i2th Bart. ; and has surv. issue— (i) Simon John Dyke Acland, Cientleman, b 1916 ; (2) Roger Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1920; and Anne Dyke. Res. — Coleshill Lodge, Amersham, Berks.
Lauchlan Henry Dyke Acland, Esq., M.C., B.A. Oxon., temp. Capt. R.E., b. 1889; m. 1923, Doris, d. of Hugh Davidson, of 12, Queensberry Place, S.W., and has issue — Julian Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1924. Res. —
Sons of the Rev. Henry Dyke Acland, M.A., b. 1850;
d. 1903; m. 1878, Adelaide Clementina Hart, d. of
Richard Vaughan Davis : — Edward Leopold Dyke Acland, Esq., M.V.O. Eng. , Comdr. R.N., b. 1878 ; m. 1910, Phyllis Mary, d. 01 the late Connell Whipple, M.D., of Plymouth, and has surv. issue — Adria Margaret. Res. —
Rev. Richard Dyke Acland, M.A. (Oxon.), S.P.G. Mis- sionary, Ahmednagar, Bombay, India, was Curate cf St. Mary's, Upton, Slough, 1905-11, late Capt. ist Vol. Batt. Oxfordshire L.I., b. (twin) i88i. Res.—Sl. Mary's, Upton, Slough.
Sons of John Barton Arundel Acland, Esq., M.L.C.
New Zealand, b. 1823; d. 1904; tn. i860, Emily
Weddell [d. 1905), d. of the Rt. Rev. H. J. C. Harper,
D.D. , Bishop of Christchurch and Primate of New
Zealand : — John Dyke Acland, Esq., J. P. co. Somerset, b. 1863; tn. 1903, Mary Eveline, d. of Rev. Canon St. Hill of Hawkes Bay, N.Z. ; and has issue— Thomas St. Hill Acland, Gentleman,^. 1910; and Emily Mary Dyke. Res. — Lynch Mead, Allerford, Taunton.
Henry Dyke Acland, Gentleman, B.A. (Oxon.), Bar.-at- Law, Member of Senate of New Zealand, 1926, b. 1867; ///. 1906, Elizabeth Grace, d. of Hon. James Watson of Sydney, M.L.C; and has issue — Adrienne Maude; and Phillipa Mabel. Res.— ^2 Park Terrace, Christchurch, N.Z.
Hugh Thomas Dyke Acland, Esq., C.M.G. (1917); C.B.E. (1919), F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lt.-Col. N.Z.A.M.C, b. 1874; III. 1903, Evelyn Mary, d. of J. L. Ovans ; and has' surv. issue— (i) Hugh John Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1904; (2) Cohn Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1906; (3) Michael Dyke Acland, Gentleman, b. 1911 ; Elizabeth Evelyn Dyke. Res. — 51 Brown's Road, Christ- church, N.Z.
Son of Hugh Woodhouse Acland, Gentleman, b. 1818 ;
d. 1851 ; m. 1841, Mary, d. of Job Edwards:— John Woodhouse Acland, Gentleman, late 57th Regt., b. 1849 ; '"• 1875, Anna Waddell, d. of Col. H. P. Hughes, R.A. Res.—
ALFRED DYKE ACLAND, Esquire, C.B.E., Lt.-Col, Comdg. Royal ist Devon Y'eomanry 1910-1914, Temp, Lt.-C'.'l. and Col. in Army 1914-1918, Knight of Justice of the Order of the Hospital cf St. John of Jerusalem, Justice of the Peace for Herts. Born August 19, 1858, being the seventh and youngest son of Sir Henry Wentworth Dyke Acland, Baronet, Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (Civil Division), Master of Arts, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Civil Law, F. R.S. , late Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford, Radcliffe Librarian, and Honorary Physician to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, by his wife Sarah, eldest daughter of \\'illiam Cotton, Doctor of Civil Law, Fellow of the Royal Society, of Walwood, near Leytonstone, in the county of Essex. Armorial bearings — He hears for Arms : Chequy argent and sable, a fesse gules, impaling the arms of Smith, namely argent, on a chevron azure, between three oak-leaves vert, each charged with an acorn or, as many leopards' faces jessant- de-lys of the field ; and for his Crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a couped arm lying fessewise to the sinister azure, gloved argent, thereon a falcon perched proper, beaked, membered, and belled or ; with the Motto, " In^branlable. " Married, July 30, 1885, Beatrice Danvers, commonly known as the Honourable Beatrice Danvers, Lady of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, fourth daughter of the late Right Honourable William Henry Smith, a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Doctor of Civil Law, Member of Parliament, First
m
act
Lord of the Treasury, Constable of Dover Castle, and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, by the Right Honourable Emily his wife. Viscountess Hambleden, of Hambleden, in the county of Buckingham; and has Issue— {i) Arthur William Acland, Gentleman, M.C. , Lieut. Res. of Officers,
Grenadier Guards, d. 1897 [;«. 1926, Gwendolen, d. of Canon the Hon. Robert Grimston, of Darrowfield House, St. Albans] ; (2) Peter Bevil Edward Acland, Gentleman, b. 1902 [m. 1927, Bridget, d. of Rev. Canon Barnett, of Farley Moor, Bingfield, Berks.] ; Angela Cicely Mary [m. 1927, Aubrey Wykeham Musgrave, M.C] ; Katherine ; and Sarah Beatrice [m. Capt. Cecil Stafford, s. of Sir Thomas Stafford of Rockingham, Boyle, Ireland]. Postal address — Digswell House, Welwyn. Clubs — Brooks's, Cavalry, Athenaeum.
ACLAND-HOOD-REYNARDSON (R.L. 1920). Quarterly, i and 4, or, two chevronels engrailed gules, a canton of the last charged with a mascle argent, and (for distinction) in the centre chief point a cross crosslet or (for Reynardson) ; 2. azure, a fret argent on a chief sable three crescents or (for Hood) ; 3. chequy argent and sable a fesse gules, (for Acland). Crests — On a wreath of the colours, a lion's head couped erminois, murally crowned chequy argent and gules and (for distinction) charged on the neck with a cross crosslet as in the arms (for Reynardson) ; to the dexter, a Cornish chough proper, in front of an anchor in bend sinister (for Hood) ; to the sinister, a sinister arm fessewise, couped below the shoulder, vested azure, and having on a falconer's glove argent, thereon a falcon of the last, armed, legged, and belled or (for Acland). Motto — " Virtus est vitium fugere."
Second son of Sir Alexander Bateman Fuller- Acland-
Hood, 3rdBart.,6. 1819 ; d. 1892; m. 1850, Isabel,
d. of Sir P. Fuller- Palmer-Acland, Bart. : —
Arthur Acland-Hood-Reynardson, Esq., O.B.E., J. P.,
D.L., Parts of Kesteven,Lincs., Lieut.-Col.(ret.)Rifle Bde.,
assumed by Royal Licence, 8 July, 1920, the additional
surname and arms of Reynardson, and discontinued the
name and arms of Fuller ; h. 1859 ; m. 1896, Miriam
Anne {d. 192 1), d. of late Col. Charles Birch-Reynardson,
of Holywell Hall, Lines.; and has had issue — Charles
Alexander John Acland-Hood-Reynardson, Midshipman,
R.N., h. 1897, killed in action, 1916 ; Agatha Isabel
[w. 1926, Hon. Mountjoy Fane]. Res. — Holywell Hall,
Stamford, Lines. Club — Carlton.
A COURT, see HOLMES-A COURT.
A'COURT-REPINGTON. Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a esse dancett^e ermine between six billets argent (for Reping- ton) ; 2 and 3, per fesse or and paly of six erminois and
azure, in chief an eagle displayed sable, beaked and legged
gules, charged on the breast with two chevronels argent
(for A'Court). Mantling gules and argent ; and for his
Crests, I. upon a wreath of the colours, a demi heraldic
antelope gules, armed, unguled and tufted or, billett^e argent
(for Repington) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, an eagle
displayed sable, on the breast two chevronels or, holding
in the beak a lily proper. Motto — "Virtus propter se."
Only son of Charles Henry Wyndham A'Court-Reping-
ton, M.A. (Cantab.), M.P. of Armington, co. Warwick,
h. 1819 ; (/. 1909 ; ni. 1854, Emily {d. 1916), only
daughter of the late H. Currie : —
The late Charles A'Court-Repington, Esq., C.M.G.. of
Armington and Maryon Hall, Hampstead, Lt.-Col. Rifle
Brigade, b. 1858 ; d. 1925 ; ni. 1882, M^llony (42 St.
Aubyn's, Hove), d. of Col. H. S. Scobell ; and had issue^
Charles Edward Geoffrey A'Court-Repington, Gentleman,
/'. 188S ; d. 1889 ; Mellony Catherine Isabel \m. 1910,
Gilbert Ireland Blackburne [q.v.)'\; and Elizabeth Frances
m. 1923, Thomas Henry Ratliffe [q.v.y^
ACTON, see LYON-DALBERG-AC TON and WOOD- ACTON.
ACTON of Westminster (H. Coll., 7 May, 1924). Ermine, on a pile gules, two leopards' faces in chief and a garb or in base. Mantling gules and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a leg couped at the thigh in armour sable within a chaplet of laurel leaves vert and between two crosses crosslet or. Motto — " Heart stand fast."
Son of Henry Morell Acton, of Exeter, h. 1827, m. Ann Shaw Williamson : —
Hon. Sir Edward Acton, Judge of the High Court of Justice, King's Bench Division, Barrister-at-Law and Bencher, Inner Temple, h. 1865 ; m. 1903, Edith, d. of Conrad TuUoch. Res. — i Sloane Gardens, Westminster, S.W.I.
ACTON (Vn. of Shropshire, 1623, H. Coll). Quarterly, I. gules, two lions passant in pale argent, armed and langued azure, between nine cross crosslets fitch^e or (Acton) ; 2. argent, three mascles in fesse sable ; 3. gules, two lions passant in pale argent, a label of five points or (Strange of Knockin) ; 4. per fesse gules and vert, a fesse and in chief a chevron argent (Springhose) ; 5. azure, a lion rampant within an orle of cross crosslets or (Brewes); 6. argent, sem^e of cross crosslets azure, two organ-pipes gules (Downton) ; 7. barry of six or and gules (St. Owen) ; 8. azure, a lion rampant argent within a bordure or (Tirell).
Son of Richard Acton, Gentleman, b. 1822; d. 1886
(eldest son of Capt. Charles Acton) ; m. 1848,
Guiseppina, d. of Troccoli : —
Edward Acton, Gentleman, b. 1857. Res. —
Sonsof William Acton, Gentleman, Vice- Admiral Italian
R.N., late Minister of Marine, b. 1825 ; d. 1896 ; m.
Mary, d. of Marquis Ramirez, Minister to the late King
of the Two Sicilies : — Charles Acton, Gentleman, Lieut. 6th Batt. Bersaglieri, b. 1856. Res.—
Henry Acton, Gentleman, b. 1858. Res —
Sons of Ferdinand Acton, Vice-Admiral Italian R.N.
(6th son of Capt. Charles Acton), b. 1832 ; d. 1891 :
m. Nerifa, d. of Marquis Ramirez : — Baron Alfred Acton, Hon. K.C.B., Vice-Adm. Italian Navy, Chief of Italian Naval Staff, Baron in the Kingdom of Italy, b. 1867 ; 7n. 1907, Livia, d. of the late Prince Carracicoles, of Naples ; and has issue — Ferdinand Acton, Esq., b 1908 ; Francis Edward Acton, Esq., b. 1910. —/?«.— Italy.
Rear-Adm. Aniadeo Acton, Italian Navy, b. 1871. Res. —
Son of Major Henry Acton, 4th Madras Cav. , d. 1865 ;
m. Laura, d. of Col. Hutchins: — Richard George Acton, Gentleman, b. 18 — . Res. —
Son of Francis Acton, Gentleman, Lieut. German
Legion, b. 1796; d. 1865; m. 1820, Esther, widow of
William Baker of Bayfordbury, d. of Robert Fagan : — Charles Acton, Gentleman, b. ; ni. Michellina, d. of
Prince Pignatelli ; and has issue. Res. — Naples.
Son of Edward Acton, Gentleman, b. 1833 ; d. 1920 ;
m. ist, 1859, Irene (d. 1863), widow of his eldest bro.
Richard, and d. of Prince Pignatelli; 2nd, Catharine,
d. of Mangana : —
Eduardo Acton, Gentleman, b. 1879. Res. —
act
ata
ACTON (H. Coll.). Gules, a fesse ermine within a bordure engrailed of the second. Crest— Upon a wreath of the colours, an arm in armour embowed proper, holding in the hand a sword argent, hilt or, entiled with a boar's head couped at the neck sable, distilling blood. Motto — " Vaillance avance rhomme."
Surv. sons of William Robert Acton, Esq., J. P. co.
VV^orcester, b. 1835; ti. 1908; m. 1861, Sarah, eld. d.
of Robert Dand of Gloster Hill, Northumberland : —
William Walter Acton, Gentleman, />. 1862; ;«. 1903,
Editha Mary Dolores, d. of William Francis Bourne Paul
of Inverna Gardens, W. ; and has issue —William Anthony
Acton, Gentleman, b. 1904. Seat — Wolverton Hall, Per-
shore. Res. — 46.-\ Harrington Gardens, S.W.7. Club —
Sports.
Robert Matthew Acton, Gentleman, b. 1864. Son of Edward Vincent Joseph Acton, Gentleman, M.I.C.E., b. 1871 ; d. 1912 ; m. 1903, Gertrude, d. ot
the late Field of Boston, U.S.A. : —
Edward Charles .Acton, Gentleman, b. 1903. Res. —
Younger sons of William Robert Acton (see above) . — Charles Joseph Acton, Gentleman, b. 1872. Roger David Acton, Gentleman, b. 1874 ; m. 1915, Bea- trice Ena, widow of Charles W. Mead. Res. — Richard Joseph Acton, Gentleman, b. 1880.
ADAIR jU.O.). (Quarterly, i. per bend or and argent, three de.xter hands couped and erect gules; 2. gules, on a bend argent, three mullets azure (Shafto) ; 3. argent, a chevron sable, between three hazel leaves vert ( Hasel- rigge) ; 4. gules, three herons, argent (Heron) ; 5. gules, a chevron between three martlets or, on a canton argent a niaunch sable (Sadington) ; 6. argent, a cinquefoil sable (Martival); 7. vair^, a canton gules (Staunton); 8. azure, a bend between si.x martlets or (Eccleshall) ; g. argent, on a bend engrailed sable, three mullets of the field (Ent- wistle) ; 10. lozengy or and azure, a chevron gules (Gorges) ; 11. argent, on a chief gules, three bezants (Russell); 12. or, five fusils conjoined in fesse gules, on each an escallop of the field (Newmarch); 13. argent, a gurges (or whirlpool) azure (Gorges, ancient) ; 14. gules, a lion rampant ermiiie"(01dhall) ; 15. argent, a chevron be- tween three (billets?) ermines (Englowesa); 16. per fesse gules and argent, si.x martlets counterchanged, three and three (Fenwick); 17. or, a fesse vair^, three parrots vert (Horden) ; 18. gules, on a cross argent, five cross crosslets of the field (Essenden) ; ig. gules, on a bend argent, three roses of the field (Camhow) ; 20. argent, a fesse between three mullets sable (Barret); 21. vert, a lion rampant, within a bordure engrailed or (Heaton) ; 22. argent, a bat vert (Baxter) ; 23. argent, a chevron, between three martlets gules (Wallington) ; 24. argent, three cinquefoils sable (Burgheaton) ; 25. argent, a chevron vert between three bugle-horns sable, stringed gules (Forster) ; 26. argent, on a bend cottised sable, three martlets or (Edderston); 27. azure, a bend between two swans argent (Jenison); 28. argent, on a bend sable, three owls of the field, legged gules (Savile) ; 29. sable, a cross pat^e or (Golkar); 30. argent, on a bend gules, three escallops or (Tankerslcy) ; 31. sable, an inescutcheon within an orle of eight martlets argent (Rcchdaie) ; 32. or, on a chief indented azure, three plates (Latham) ; 33. argent, a bend sable, between an eagle volant in chief and in base a cross flory of the second (Rishworth) ; 34. gules, two bars between nine martlets, three, threeand three, argent (Eland); 35. argent, on a bend gules, three escallops or (Tankersley) ; 36. ermine, three chevronels gules (Poitou); 37. argent, a fesse between two bars gemelle sable (Poitou) ; 38. gules, two bars gemel and a chief argent (Thornhill); 39. argent, a fret sable, a canton gules (Vernon) ; 40. or, a fesse azure (Shipbroke) ; 41. ermine, an inescutcheon gules (Balioll); 42. gules, six annulets or, three, two and one (Avenell) ; 43. sable, a fesse chequy argent and azure, between si.\ escallops, three and three, of the second (Durversall) ; 44. azure, three lions pas- sant in pale argent (Camvile) ; 45. argent, a lion rampant gules, collared or (Stackpole) ; 46. argent, a lion passant guardant within an orle of eight cinquefoils gules (Turber- ville) ; 47. chequy or and gules, a fesse ernune (Meyrick ap Gurgan); 48. gules, three chevronels argent (Jusfen ap Gwyrgan) ; 49. barry of six or and azure (Pembrigge) ; 50. azure, two trumpets or in saltire between nine cross cress- lets also or (Pipe) ; 51. argent, a bend engrailed gules (quarterings of Pipe) ; 52. azure, three piles wavy or issuing from the chief or (quarterings of Pipe) ; 53. azure, three doves rising argent, each holding on a staff raguly proper (Neville) ; 54. argent, three cocks gules ( Cockayne i ; 55. or, an eagle displayed azure (Redware); 56. argent, two
bars sable, a bordure gules (Deane); 57. gules, two lions passant in pale or (Pedwardine) ; 58. gules, a chevron be- tween three herons argent (Hercn) ; 59. or, a fesse between two chevrons sable (Lisle); 60. barry of six argent and azure, on a bend gules a bezant (Grey) ; 61. or, a lion rampant gules, collared argent (Mallory); 62. azure, a maunch ermine (Conyers) ; 63. sable, an eagle displayed or (Nonwyke) ; 64. argent, a bend between six martlets sable ( Tempest) ; 65. gules, two bars, and in chief three mullets argent (Washington). Mantling; gules and or. Crest — On a wreath <.( the colours, a man's head couped at the neck proper. Mottoes — " Loyal au mort " ; " Mani- bus victoria dextris."
Son of Sir Hugh Edward Adair, 3rd Bart., M.A. , J. P., D.L., M.P., b. 1815; d. 1902; M. 1856, Harriet Camilla, d. of Alexander Adair of Heathertin : — Sir Robert Shafto Adair, 5th Bart. (2 Aug. 1838), J. P. Norfolk and Suffolk, D. L. Antrim, B.A. (O.xcn.), Barrister- at-Law, b. 1862; m. 1890, Mary, d. of Henry Ansley Bosanquet ; and has surv. issue — Allan Henry Shafto Adair, M.C., Capt. Gren. Gds., b. 1897 [w. 1919, Enid, d. of the late H. Dudley Ward] ; and Camilla Mary Shafto [m. E. Apsley Treherne]. Seats. — Flixtc n Hall, Bungay, Suffolk ; Ballymena Castle, co. Antrim ; Clanville, Minehead, Somer- set. Town res. — 12 York House, Kensington, W.8. Club — Oxford and Cambridge.
ADAIR (H. Coll.). Per bend or and argent, three dexter hands couped and erect gules. Mantling gules and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a man's head affrontee, couped at the neck proper. Motto — " Loyal au mort."
Son of Gen. Sir Charles W. Adair, K.C.B., Roy.
Marines, 6. 1822; d. 1897; m. 1849, Isabella, d. of
Maj.-Gen. T. Aslett, Roy. Marines:— Gen. Sir William Thompson Adair, K.C.B. (1909), served in South Africa 190G, b. 1850; m. ist, 1880, Rose Id. 1903), d. of late J. E. Naylor ; 2nd, 1905, Angela E., d. of late Frederick Plowes. Res. — 39 Hornton Court, W.8. Clubs— \Jn\\.td Service ; Ranelagh.
ADAM (L.O. , 26 May 1903). Argent, two cross crosslets fitch^e in chief and a horse-shoe in base azure, on a chief invected gules, a lion passant of the field. Mantling azure, doubled argent. Crest- On a wreath of his liveries, a cross crosslet fitch^e gules, surmounted by two swords in saltire
proper, hiked and pommelled or. MottO— " Dominus ipse
rsciGt
Son of late Stephen Adam, Esq., J. P., of Hillside House, Edinburgh, b. 1819 ; d. 1889 ; m. 1845 :— Alfred Adam, Gentleman, Barrister-at-Law (Middle Temple), b. 1857. Res. —
ADAM (H. Coll., 1917). Argent, a mullet pierced between three cross crosslets fitchee gules, a chief of the last, thereon a pale or, charged with a rose of the
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second barbed and seeded proper. Mantling gules and argent. Crest — A cubit arm argent, holding in the hand a cross crosslet fitchee in bend sinister, and charged on the wrist with a rose, both as in the arms. Motto — " Crux mihi grata quies."
Eld. son of Sir Frank Forbes Adam, ist Bart., C.B.,
CLE., J. P., D.L., Hon. LL.D. Man., President of
Bombay Chamber of Commerce, 1884-9 ; Pres. of
Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 1894-96, and
1903-5; b. 1846; rf. 1926 ; m. 1883, Rose Frances,
d. of Charles Gurdon Kemball, Judge of the High
Court of Bombay : —
Sir Ronald Forbes Adam, 2nd Bart. (15 Feb. 19' 7).
D.S.O., O.B.E., Major and Bt.-Lt.-Col. R.H.A., 6. 1885 ;
m. 1915, Anna Dorothy, d. of Frederick Pitman, of
Scarlets, Twyford, Berks. ; and has issue — Margot Forbes ;
Barbara Forbes. C/2/6 — Naval and Military.
Son of Eric Graham Forbes Adam, Esq., C.M.G., First Sec. Foreign Office, b. 1888 ; d. 1925 ; tn. 1918, Agatha Perrin, widow of Sidney Spooner, and d. of Reginald Macan, Master of University Coll., Oxford :— Christopher Eric Forbes Adam, b. 1920. Res —
Yngst. son of Sir Frank Forbes, Bart, (see above): — Colin Giu-don Forbes Adam, Esq., C.S.I., Private Sec. Govt, of Bombay, 1919-24, Sec. Home Dept. Govt, of Bombay from 1926, b. 1889 ; m. 1920, Hon. Irene Constance Lawley. d. of 3rd Baron Wenlock ; and has issue — Stephen Timothy Beilby Forbes Adam, Gentle- man, b. 1923 ; Desmond Francis Forbes Adam, Gentle- man, b. 1926; and Virginia Mary. Clubs — Travellers', E.I.^United Service.
ADAM (L.O, 14 May 1920). Argent, a mullet azure, pierced of the field, between three cross crosslets fitchee gules, a bordure of the last. Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest — On a wreath of his liveries, a cross crosslet fitchee gules, surmounted by a sword in saltire
wavy and respectant proper, a fesse gules, thereon three apples pendent, stalked and leaved or. Mantling vert and Crest — Out of the battlements of a tower or, ■■
or
demi-lion double-queued gules, holding between the
proper, hilted and pommelled or. Motto — " Crux mihi grata quies." Livery — Blue and white.
Son of Charles Fox Frederick Adam, Esq.,
Counsellor in H.M. Diplomatic Service, b. 1852 ;
d. 1913 ; m. 1877, Juliet, d. of James Croxall
Palmer, Surg.-Gen. of U.S. Navy :— Frederick Edward Fox Adam, Esq., a First Secretary, Foreign Office, b. 1887. Res. — 51 Elm Park Gardens, Chelsea, S.W. CZm&— Travellers'.
ADAMI (H. Coll., 1902, based upon grant in 1834 to Valentine Adami, Munich). Or, issuant from a mount in base vert, an apple-tree fructed between two serpents erect
paws an estoile of eight points also or, between two branches of an apple-tree fructed proper. MottO — " Ne cede malo."
Son of John George Adami, Gentleman, M.A., M.D. (Camb.), F.R.S., fate Fellow of Jesus Coll., Professor of Pathology in M'Gill Univ., Montreal, b. 1862; d. 1926 ; m. 1894, Mary Stuart, d. of James Alexander Cantlie : — George Donald Stephen Adami, Gentleman, b. igoo. Res. — 9 Croxteth Road, Liverpool.
Son of John George Adami of Ashton-upon-Mersey,
Cheshire, b. 1826 ; d. 1883 ; tn. Sarah Ann Ellis, d. of
the late Thomas Leech of Urmston, Lanes. :—
Leonard Christian Adami, Gentleman, Indian Civil
Service, b. 1874; m. 1899, Elizabeth Shaw, d. of late
Grahame Bardie Thomson of Glasgow ; and has issue -
(i) George Grahame .Adami, Gentleman, b. 1901 ; (2)
Frederic MacLellan Adami, Gentleman, b. 1902; (3)
Leonard Noel Conrad Adami, Gentleman, b. 1906. Clitbs
— New Oxford and Cambridge, United Services (Calcutta),
Calcutta (Calcutta).
ADAMS, see WOOLLCOMBE-ADAMS.
ADAMS (H. CoU., i8 Dec. 1923). Gules, on a cross between in the first and fourth quarters a swan wings elevated and addorsed argent, and in the second and third a pen or and a sword proper, pommel and hilt gold, in saltire, a betel palm eradicated, also proper. Mantling gules and argent. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, in front of a horse's head couped sable, two pastoral staves in saltire or. Motto — • "Festina lente."
Eldest son of Robert Adams, of Sherborne, Dorset,
6. 1828 ; d. 1919 ; m. 1856, Mary Anne, d. of Thomas
Garland, of North Cadbury, Somerset : —
Sir Arthur Robert Adams, K.B.E. (Civil, 1918),
V.D. (1915), Advocate and Solicitor, M.L.C. (ret.) Straits
Settlements, b. i86i ; m. 1891, Helen Isabel [d. 1907),
d. of Philip Jones, of Penang ; and has had issue —
Hugh Robert Adams, Capt. I. A., b. 1891 ; d. 1923 ;
Arthirr George Adams, Gentleman, Indian Police, b. 1893 ;
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Owen Philip Adams, Lieut., R.F.A., b. 1894 ; Harold Edward Adams, Lieut. Comdr. R.N., b. 1898 ; Cecil Norman Adams, Lieut (ret.) R.N., b. 1900 ; Ronald Herbert Adams, Gentleman, b. 1901 ; John Septimus
William R. Adams, Gentleman, b. 1857. Res. — Pleasantville, New Jersey.
Son of Mark Adams, Gentleman, of Pleasant- ville, New Jersey, b. 1831 ; d. 1902 ; m. Hannah Ireland : — Winfield S. Adams, Gentleman, b. 1857. Res.— Pleasantville, New Jersey.
Adams, Gentleman, b. 1903 ; Cyril Octavus Adams, Gen- tleman, b. 1907. Res. — Rockleigh, Swanage, Dorset. Clubs — Junior Carlton ; Sports ; R. Colonial Institute.
ADAMS (H. Coll.). Chequy or and azure, on a pale gules, three stirrup-irons of the first, and on a chief of the second a sinister wing between two leopards' faces also or. Mantling azure and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, a boar's head erased gules through a stirrup-iron or. Motto — " Laetus sorte mea."
Son of Henry Charles Adams, Gentleman, of Burcot House, Bucks., b. , d. ; m. : —
Charles Thomas Adams, Gentleman, b. . Res. —
ADAMS (H. Coll.). Azure, a crescent or, on a chief of the second three fleurs-de-lys of the first. Mantling azure and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, issuant from a chaplet of roses gules, a demi-leopard proper, holding between the paws an escallop or. Motto — '• Veritas Jiberabit."
Sons of James Reading Adams, Gentleman, of PleasantvUle, New Jersey, U.S.A., b. 1835 ; d. 1893 ; m. 1857, Marietta, d. of Peter English, of English's Creek, New Jersey : — George Oswald Adams, Gentleman, b. 1857. Res. — Ocean City, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Willard Wright Adams, Gentleman, b. 1870. Res. — 722 Asbury Avenue, Ocean City, New Jersey.
Charles Eastlack Adams, Gentleman, b. 1873 ; m. 1896, Bervenia, d. of William Smith, and has issue — Scott Herman Adams, Gentleman, b. 1903 ; and Minerva Lois [w. 1923, Warren Hastings CockUn]. Res. — 720 Asbury Avenue, Ocean City, New Jersey.
Rev. Arthur Adams, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., B.D., S.T.M., Professor of EngUsh, Trin. Coll., Hartford, b. 1881 ; m. 1910, Emma, d. of Hiram Steelman ; and has issue — Richard Hancock Adams, Gentleman, b. 1916 ; and Esther Steelman. Res. — 73 Vernon Street, Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A. Clubs — Delta Phi, and Authors' (New York), Educational (Hartford).
Son of Daniel Adams, Gentleman, of Pleasant- ville, New Jersey, b. 1826 ; d. 1895 ; m. 1849, Sarah Price : —
Son of Esperus Til ton Adams, Gentleman, of Pleasantville, b 1841 ; d. 1924 ; m. Sarah Faunce : — Charles Spain Adams, Gentleman, b. 1865. Res. — Pleasantville, New Jersey.
Son of Howard Adams, Gentleman, of Pleasantville,
b. 1855 ; d. 1885 ; m. EUa :—
Clayton Adams, Gentleman, b. 1882. Res. — Elmer, New Jersey.
ADAMS of Northlands (Ulster's Office). Gules, a heart between three cross crosslets fitch^e or. Mantling gules and or. Crest — On a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a cross ciosslet fitch^e or, charged with a bleeding heart gules. MottO — " In cruce salus." Livery — White, faced with scarlet.
Son of lohn Hervey Adams, Esq., of Northlands, J. P. cos. Cavan and Monaghan, High Sheriff 1854, b. 1818 ; d. 1871 ; m. 1st, 1846, Elizabeth Frances, d. of Ambrose Going, Esq., J. P., of Ballyphilip, co. Tip- perary : — Samuel Allen Adams, Esq., J. P. and D.L. co. Cavan, formerly ist Lieut. Tipperary Mil. Art., b. 1847; m. 1871, Francis Dorothea, d. of Rev. Decimus W. Preston, M..^. , Rector of Killinkere (and gdau. of William Preston, Judge of Appeal, by Hon. Frances Dorothea, d. of John, 5th Lord Carbery) ; and has surv. issue — (i) John Hervey Stuart Adams, Gentleman, b. 1875; (2) Samuel Allen Adams, Gentleman, b. 1882 ; (3) Ambrose Douglas Adams, Gentle- man, b. 1889; Olive Mildred; Mary Henrietta Mabel ; and Hazel Gertrude. Seat — Northlands, Carrickmacross.
Sons of Charles Stuart Adams, Esq., of Glynch House, Newbliss, J. P. cos. Meath and Cavan, b. 1820; d. 1876 ; m. ist, 1850, Eliza {d. i860), d. of Charles McMahon of Rockfield, co. Monaghan ; 2nd, 1862, Jane Henrietta [d. 1888), d. of Rev. Chas. Sheridan Young : — Samuel Stuart Adams, Gentleman, b. 1851. Res. — Richard Hervey Adams, Gentleman, b. 1852. Res. — Douglas Gerald Adams, Gentleman, b. 1868 ; tn. 1st, 1897, Eleanor Anna, d. of Lt.-Gen. Clifford, C.B. ; 2nd, 1902, Edna Olivia Mant, d. of Edward Dobbs,
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LL. D. ; and has issue — (by ist wife), Violet Eleanor Sheila, b. 1897 ; (by 2nd wife), Lionel Douglas Adams, Gentleman, b. 1904 ; and Daphne Gwendoline. Res. — Kharbin, Kingstown, Ireland.
Son of Rev. Benjamin William Adams, D.D. , of
Kinnea, co. Cavan, Incumbent of Santry, b. 1827; d.
1886; m. 2nd, 1864, Louisa Jane, d. of William
O'Brien Adams, M.D. : — William Augustus Adam, Esq. (adopted the name of Adam 1907), Major late 5th Lancers, M.P. for Woolwich Jan. 1910-Dec. igio, b. 1865 ; tn. 1912, Lady Antonia {d. 1927), d. of the late Earl of Montalt and Viscount Hawarden. Club — Carlton.
Son of Herbert Algernon Adam, Esq., Capt. R. N.,
b. 1872; d. 1920; m. 1898, Emily Banner Clough, d.
cf Somerset J. Johnstone of Egyptian Coastguard
Service : — Alastair Somerset Graham Adams, Gentleman, b. 1904. Res.—
ADAMS (H. Coll.). Quarterly, i and 4, or, sem^e of cross crosslets fitch^e sable, a lion rampant gules, a bordure engrailed of the second (Adams, 1806) ; 2. per pale wavy argent and sable, a lion rampant gules (Elford, Vn. Devon, 1620) ; 3. argent three stirrups and leathers sable (Scuda- niore). Mantling sable and or. Crest— On a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm embowed in armour proper, garnished or, the elbow charged with a torteau, the gauntlet also proper, grasping a cross crosslet fitch^e sable. Motto — " Libeitas et natale solum."
Son of Col. Henry Cranstoun Adams of Lion House, Exmouth, b. 1826; m. 1849, Matilda Winsloe, d. of Commander Thomas Patton, R.N. : —
Herbert Cranstoun Adams, Esq., V.D. , Hon. Col. (ret.) ist Devon R.G.A. (Vol.), b. 1851 ; m. 1884, Emma Annie Isabel, d. of the late Rev. Henry Percy, Rector of Greystoke, Canon of Carlisle; and has issue — (i) Henry Launcelot Elford Adams, Gentleman, b, 1885 fw. Elizabeth Alice, d. of George Robert Bayley] ; (2) Alan St. George Adams, Esq., Capt. R.A.S.C., b. 1894 {m. Heleanor Alice Teresa, d. of Thomas Colcough] ; Alice Barbara ; Margaret Hyale ; Norah Roberta. Res. — 2 Beacon, Exmouth.
Arthur Elford Adams, formerly Lieut, ist Devonshire Vol. Art., and Hon. Maj. (ret.) late comdg. ist Vol. i8th D.C.L.I., b. 1852. Res. — Malpas, Truro. Club — Devon and Exeter.
JAMES CRAIG BATE DE LISLE ADAMS, Gentle- man, Indian Imperial Police Ser. (ret.), (5. 1851, being the second son of the late Henry Augustus Adams, Esq.,
I
iill:-aiil
General in the Army, by his wife J. Charlotte, dau. of John Andrew Rab6 of Rab6 Castle, near Amsterdam, Holland. Armorial bearings— Gules, a lieart between three cross crosslets fitch^e cr. Mantling gules and or. <3rest — On a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a
cross crosslet fitch^e or, charged with a bleeding heart gules. Motto — " In cruce salus." Married, 1893, Isabel, eld. dau. of James Richard Naylor, C.S.I. , J. P. Somerset, Indian Civil Ser. (ret.); and has issue — Louisa Peers; Eleanor Peers ; and Dorothy Peers. Res. — Chilton House, Chilton Polden, nr. Bridgwater, Somerset.
ADAMS (U.O. ). Gules, a heart between three cross crosslets fitch^e or. Mantling gules and or. Crest — Upon a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a cross
crosslet fitch^e or, charged with a bleeding heart gules.
Motto—" In cruce salus."
Surv. sons of General Henry Augustus Adams, b.
1814; d. i8g8; m. 1840, Josephine Charlotte, d. of John
Andrew Rab6 of Rab^ Castle, Amsterdam, Holland : —
James Craig Bate de Lisle Adams, Gentleman, b. 1851
Rev. Newsham Peers Adams, Clerk in Holy Orders, b. 1861. Re^. — I Chichester Place, Guildford. Leslie Peers Adams, Gentleman, b. 1863. Res. —
SAMUEL THOMAS ADAMS, Gentleman. Born 1870, being the only son of the late Samuel Adams, Gentleman, by his wife Louisa Lowe, dau. of the late Thomas Coulson, Esq. , of Barrow-on-Soar, co. Leicester. Armorial bear- ings— -Vert, a cross parted and fretty between two mullets in the first and fourth quarters, and as many cinquefoils in the second and third quarters or. Mantling vert and or ; and for his Crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a talbot sable, sem^e of cinquefoils or, and resting the dexter paw upon a mullet also or.
ADAMS (H. Coll.). Quarterly, i and 4, ermine, three cats passant guardant sable, within a bordure azure (for Adams) ; 2. argent, on a chevron, between three heathcocks gules, as many mullets pierced or, (for Heath of Hadderidge) ; 3. azure, a wolf rampant argent, within a bordure engrailed or, charged with four hurts (for Breeze of Greenfield). Mantling sable and argent. Crest — A boar's head erased azure, in front of an arrow in bend sinister, point downwards, and sur- mounted by a like arrow in bend dexter, both proper. Motto — " Nil desperandum."
Sons of William Adams, Esq., J. P., Lt.-Col. ist Batt. V.B., of Greenfield Hall, nr. Tunstall, Staffs, (son of William Adams of Greenfield Hall and of
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Liverpool), b. 1798 ; d 1865 ; m. 1827, Jane, d. and co-heir of Jesse Breeze, of Greenfield Hall, b. 1833 ; d. 1905 ; m. 1864, Laura Eliza, d. of Andrew Jukes Worthington, of Ball Haye Hall, Staffs, (by Sarah, d. of Thomas Peniberton of War- stone House, CO. Warwick) : — ^ WilUam Adams, Gentleman, of Greenfield, Tunstall, and Oulton Grange, Stone, Staffs., b. 1868 ; m. 1904, Mildred Mary, d. of Rev. James J. Serjeantson, R.D., of Hanlith Hall, nr. Kirkby Malham, Yorks., Rector of St. Michael's, Lichfield ; and has issue — William An- thony Adams, Gentleman, b. 1909 ; Richard Patrick Adams, Gentleman, b. 191 1. Seats — Greenfield Hall, nr. Tunstall, Stafis. ; Oulton Grange, nr. Stone, Staffs. Percy Walter Lewis Adams, Esq., J. P., F.S.A., Lord of the Manor of Woorc, b. 1875 ; m. 191 6, Ada Gladys, d. of Archibald Douglas, of High Park, Salwarpe, Worcs. ;