LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 595 . 76 H88bm V. 2 Biology OCT 1 7 m The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books ore reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN APR 0 5 1S47 JUN 2 4 1954 DEC 1 5 2(110 L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/britishmothsthei02hump BRITISH MOTHS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. BRITISH MOTHS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. ARRANGED AND ILLUSTRATED IN A SERIES OF PLATES BY H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ., WITH CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY J. 0. WESTWOOD, ESQ., F.L.S., SKC. OF THK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY, KTC. ETC. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME II. LONDON: WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXLV. LONDON : BRADBORY AND EVANS, PRINTERS. WHITEFRIARS. r LIST OF PLATES. PIG Insects. 1. » 2. » 3. » 4. » 5. 9) 6. )J 7. » 8. » 9. )> 10. » 11. »» 12. » 13. » 14. Jl 15. » 10. » 17. » 18. >» 19. »J 20. )> 21. M 22. )» 23. >» 24. M 25. »» 26. JJ 27. ,, 28. »» 29. Plant. 30. Insects. PLATE LVII. Psodos trepidaria (the black mountain-moth). Psodos alpinata (the gold four-spot). Speranza brunneata (the Rannoch Looper). Speranza Limbaria (the frosted yellow). The Caterpillar. Bupalus piniarius (the bordered white). The Female. Fidonia atomaria (the common heath). Another variety. .\ Female. Fidonia fuliginaria (the waved black). The Caterpillar. Fidonia ericetaria (the bordered gray). The Female. Moesia Favillacearia (the gray scalloped bar). Hybernia leucophearia (the spring usher). A variety. Anisopteryx -Escularia (the March moth). The Female. Hybernia Capreolaria (the dotted border). The Female. The Caterpillar. Hybernia prosapiaria (the scarce umber). The Female. Hybernia defoUaria (the mottled umber). A variety. A variety. The Female. The Caterpillar. Cytisus scoparius (common broom). PLATE LVIII. 1. Phigalia pilosaria (the pale brindled beauty). 2. The Female. 3. Nyssia hispidaria (the small brindled beauty). 4. The Female. 5. Nyssia zonaria (the belted beauty). 6. The Female. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. Biston Prodromarius (the oak beauty). 9. The Female. 10. The Caterpillar. PAOS 2 6 FIO. PAOF. Insects. II. Biston Betularius (the peppered moth). „ 12. The Female. „ 13. The Caterpillar. „ 14. Biston Hlrtarius (the brindled beauty). „ IS. The Female. Plant. 16. Achillea millefolia (common millefoil or yarrow). PLATE LIX. 10 Insects. 1. Himera pennaria (the October moth)' „ 2. The Caterpillar. „ 3. Crocallis elinguaria (the scolloped oak). „ '4. The Caterpillar. „ 5. Odontopera bidentata (the scolloped hazel). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. Geometra Tiliaria (the canary-shouldered thorn). „ 8. The CaterpUlar. „ 9. Geometra erosaria (the September thorn). „ 10. The Caterpillar. „ 11. Geometra angularia (the clouded August thorn). „ 12. The Caterpillar. „ 13. Geometra illunaria (the early thorn). „ 14. The CaterpUlar. „ 15. Geometra lunaria (the lunar thorn). „ 16. The Caterpillar. „ 17. Geometra delunaria. „ 18. Geometra illustraria (the purple thorn). „ 19. Geometra sublunaria, a variety of illustraria. „ 20. Geometra fuscantaria. „ 21. PericalliaSjTingaria (the lilac beauty). Cater- pillar and Chrysalis without number in pi. CO. „ 22. Angerona prunaria (the orange moth). „ 23. The Female. „ 24. A variety of the Female. „ 25. The Caterpillar. „ 26. Rumia crata3gata (the brimstone moth). „ 27. The Caterpillar. „ 28. A variety of the Caterpillar. „ 29. Ourapteryxsambucaria(the swallow-tailed moth). „ 30. The Caterpillar. „ 31. The Cocoon, misnumbered as 13. „ 32. Camptea margaritaria (the light emerald). „ 33. Ellopiafasciaiia (the barred red). VOL. n. LIST OF PLATES. PLATE LX. 16 FIG. Iksects. 1. Hipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. Hemithea vernaria (the small emerald). 4. The Caterpillar. 5. Hemithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald). 6. Hemithea cythisaria (the grass emerald). 7. The Caterpillar. 8. Cleora hajularia (the blotched emerald). 9. The Caterpillar. 1 0. Cleora lichenaria (the lime moss). 11. The Caterpillai-. 12. Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty). 13. Cleora teneraria (the dotted carpet). 14. Cleora cinetaria (the ringed carpet). 15. Cleora pictaria (the gray carpet). 16. Alcis repandaria (the mottled beauty). 19. The variety called muraria. 20. The variety called conversaria. 18. The Caterpillar.- ^ 21. Alcis sericearia (the satiu carpet). 23. Alois roboraria (the great oak beauty). 24. The Caterpillar. 25. Alcis rhomboidaria (the willow beauty). 26. A dai'k variety. 27. The Caterpillar. 27. The variety called consobrinaria. 28. Alcis consortaria (the pale oak beauty). 29. The Caterpillar. 30. Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty). 42. is the Caterpillar of Camptea margaritaria, figured in plate 9. 22. is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured in plate 61. PLATE LXI. I.NSEcrs. 1. Hemerophila abruptaria (the waved umber). „ 2. Tephrosia tetragonaria (the square spot). „ 3. Tephrosia abietaria (the iugrailed). 22 in plate 60 is the Caterpillar. „ 4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 26 & 27. Small varieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consonaria and Strigularia, pro- bably late broods. 6. Tephrosia extensaria (the brindled white spot). 7. Tephrosia punctularia (the gray bu-ch). 8. The Caterpillar. 9. Halia vauaiia (the common V moth). 10. The Caterpillar. 11. Numeria pulveraria (the barred umber). 12. The Caterpillar. 13. Cabera pusaria (the common white wave). 1 4. The Caterpillar. 15. A vai'iety called rotundaria. 16. Cabera exanthemaria (the common wave). 17. Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha). 18. Ephyria pendulaiia (the birch mocha). Insects. 19. A variety. 24 & 25. The Caterpillar and Chrysalis. „ 20. Ephyra orbicularia (the dingy mocha) . „ 2!. EphjTa porata (the false mocha). -' „ 22. The Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied species. „ 23. Ephyra trilinearia (the clay-triple lines). PLATE LXII. 26 Insects 1. Bradyepetes amataria (the blood vein). „ 2. The Caterpillar. ,, 3. Epione apieiaria (the borderedbeauty). „ 4. Epione vespertaria (the dark-bordered beauty). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. Epione advenaria (the little thorn \ „ 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing). „ 8. The Caterpillar. „ 9. Aspilates citraria (the yellow belle). „ 10. A variety. „ 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle) „ 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave). „ 14. The Caterpillar. „ 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle). „ 16. Larentia cervinaria (the mallow). „ 12. The Caterpillar. „ 1 7. Larentia chenopodiaria (the small muliow). „ 22, The Caterpillar. „ 18. Larentia bipunctaria (the chalk carpet). „ 20. Larentia multistrigaria (the mottled grey). Plant. 21. Althaea officinalis (the marshmallow). PLATE LXIU. 30 Insects. — 1. Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet). 2. Cidaria mum'tata (the rufous carpet). 3. Cidaria ferrugata (the red twin spot). 4. Cidaria unidentaria (the dark-barred twin spoi). 5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot). 6. The Caterpillar. 7. Cidaria latentaria (the northern twin spot). j ., 8. Cidaria silicarLa (the striped twin spot). 9. Cidaria miaria (the gi-een carpet). 10. Cidaria oUvata (the beech green carpet). 1 1. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground). 1 2. Cidaria fluctuata (the garden carpet). 13. The Caterpillai-. 14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet). 15. Venusia cambrica (the Welch wave). 16. Karpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow). 17. The Caterpillar. 18. The Chrysalis. 19. Hai-palyce oceUata (the purple bar). 20. The Caterpillar. 21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet). 22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable). 23. The Caterpillai-. 24. Harpalyce subtristata (the common carpet). 25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet). 26. Harpalyce unangulata (the sharp-angled carpet). LIST OF PLATES. Insecis. FtO. •27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). Harpalyce siKiceat.i (the small phoeuix). Harpalyce corjiata (the broken barred carpet). The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. „ 32. Harpalyce unilobata (the single-lobed). PLATE LXIV. Insects. 1. Polyphasia marmoi-ata (the marbled carpetV „ 2. Polyiiliasia centum-notata (the common ni:ir- bled carpet). „ 3. Polyphasia immanata(a variety ofthepreceding). „ 4. Steganolophia prunata (the clouded carpet). „ o. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysalis. „ 7. Lampropteryx suffumata (the water carpet). Lampropteryx badiata (the shoulder stripe). The Caterpillar. Auticlea Berbcrata (the raspberry carpet). The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. The Cocoon. Anticlea rubidata (the flame). Anticlea siuuata (the royal mantle). Anticlea derivata (the streamer). The Caterpillar. Electra comitata (the dark spinach). Electra populata (the poplar). The Caterpillar. Electra spinachiata (the spinach). Electra testata (the chevron). - Electra p\TaUata (the barred straw). Celma imbutata (the Manchester treble li.-'r). Anaitis plagiata (the slender treble bai'). Siona dealbata (the black vein). Galium sp. 38 Plant. 8. 16. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27 PLATE LXV. 44 Insects. 1. Abraxas ulmata (the scarce magpie). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. Abraxas pantaria, (a variety of the preceding). 4. Abraxas grossulariata (the magpie). 5. A variety. 6. A variety. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Cocoon. 9. The Chrysalis. 10. Melanippe hastata (the argent and sable). 11. The Caterpillar. 12. Melanippe hastulafa. 13. Zerene albicillata (the beautiful carpet). 14. Zerene procellata (the chalk carpet). 15. Zerene adustata (the scorched carpet). 16. Zerene rubiginata (the blue bordered carpet). 1 7. Zerene plumbata (the dark blue bordered cari)et). Insects. 3. Euthalia impluviata (the May high-flyer). „ 4. The Caterpillar. „ 5. Euthalia cluLata (the July high-flyer). „ 6. A variety. „ 7. The Caterpillar. ,, S. A rcm.arkable variety of the preceding species (horriJ.'U'ia). „ 9. Phibalapteryx tersata (the Fern). „ 10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata (the small waved ambrc) „ 11. Phibalapteryx lignata (the obliijue carpet). „ 12. Phibalapteryx liueolata (the obliciue striped). „ 13. Phibalapteryx angustata (the narrow bordered carpet). „ 14. Lozogramma petraria (the brown silver lines). „ 15. Scotosia vetulata (the brown scollop). „ 16. The Caterpillar. * „ 17. Scotosia sparsaria (the small scollop). „ 18. Scotosia rhamuata (the dark umber). PLATE LXVII. 50 Insects. 1. Triphosa cervinata (the scarce tissue). 2. Triphosa dubitata (the common tissue). 3. Triphosa cinereata (the ashy tissue). 4. Camptogramma bilineata (the yellow shell). 5. Eucosmia undulata (the scollop shell), b". Cliarissa obscuraria (the dark annulet). 7. The Caterpillar. 8. Cliarissa uilucid.aria (the pale annulet). 9. Charissa pullata (the brown annulet), 10. Charissa serotinaria (the large Mocha). 11. Charissa operaria (the Scotch annulet). 12. Pachycnemia hippocastantiria (the chesnut carpet). 13. Clioesias spartiata (the streak). 14. The Caterpillar. 15. Thera obUijuaria (the chevron). PLATE LXVI. Insects. 1. Euthalia miata (the autumn green carpet). „ 2. Euthalia psittacata (the red-green carpet). 48 PLATE LXVIII. Insects. 1. Thera simulata (the brick carpet). „ 2. Thera variata (the grey carpet). „ 3. Thera juniperata (the Juniper carpet). „ 4. The Caterpillar. „ 5. Thera couiferata (the Northern carpet). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. Oporabia dilutata (the November moth). „ 8. A pale variety. „ 9. Oporabia polata (the pol.ar carpet). „ 10. C'lieimatobia brumata (the winter moth). „ II. Clieinmtobia rupicapraria (the early moth). „ 1 2. Lobophora Polycommata (the spring carpet). „ 13. The Caterpillar. „ 17. L. polycommata, from Hiibner's fig. „ 14. Lobophoi-a lobulata (the early tooth-striped). „ 15. The Caterpillar. „ 16. Lobophora rupcstrata (the double-lined). „ 18. Lobophora hexapterata (the prominent). „ 19. Lobophora sexalisata (the Bmall seraphim). „ 20. The Caterpillar. Plant. 21. Juuiperus communis (the common juniper). 34 b2 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE LX. PAGE 16 FIB. Insects. L J) 2. 5> 3. M 4. 5» 5. JJ 6. JJ 7. » 8. M 9. J> 10. JJ n. J) 12. >» 13. 3) 14. » 15. JJ 16. » 19. J) 20. » 18. S> 21. s» 23. w 24. S5 25. » 20. >» 27. 3? 27. 33 28. !3 29. » 30. 33 42. Insects. 22. Hipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald). The Caterpillar. Hemithea vernaria (the small emerald). The Caterpillar. Hemithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald). Hemithea cytliisaria (the grass emerald). The Caterpillar. Cleora hajularia (the blotched emerald). The Caterpillar. Cleora lichenaria (the lime moss). The Caterpillar. Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty). Cleora teneraria (the dotted carpet). Cleora cinctaria (the ringed carpet). Cleora pictaria (the gray carpet). Alcis repandaria (the mottled beauty). The variety called muraria. The variety called conversaria. The Caterpillar. Alcis sericearia (the satin carpet). Alcis roboraria (the great oak beauty). The Caterpillar. Alois rhomboidaria (the willow beauty). A dark variety. The Caterpillar. The variety called consobriuaria. Alois consortaria (the pale oak beauty). The Caterpillar. Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty). is the Caterpillar of Campasa margaritaria, figured in plate 9. is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured in plate 61. PLATE LXI. 1. Hemerophila abruptaria (the waved umber). 2. Tephrosia tetragonaria (the square spot). 3. Tephrosia abietaria (the ingrailed). 22 in plate 60 is the Caterpillar. 4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed). 5. The Caterpillar. 26 Sc 27. Small varieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consonaria and Strigularia, pro- bably late broods. 6. Tephrosia extensaria (the brindled white spot). 7. Tephrosia punetularia (the gray bh-ch). 8. The Caterpillar. 9. Halia vauaria (the common V moth). 10. The Caterpillar. 11. Numeria pulveraria (the barred umber). 12. The Caterpillar. 13. Cabera pusaria (the common white wave). 14. The Caterpillar. 15. A variety called rotundaria. 16. Cabera exanthemaria (the common wave). 1 7 . Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha). 18. Epbyria pendulaiia (the birch mocha). FIG. F Insects. 19. A variety. „ 24 & 25. The Caterpillar and Chrysalis. „ 20. Ephyra orbicularia (the dingy mocha). „ 2!. Ephyra porata (the false mocha). „ 22. The Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied species. „ 23. Ephyra trilinearia (the clay-triple lines). PLATE LXII. 26 Insects 1. Bradyepetes amataria (the blood vein). „ 2. The Caterpillar. ., 3. Epione apiciaria (the bordered beauty). „ 4. Epione vespertaria (the dark-bordered beauty). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ C. Epione advenaria (the little thorn 1. „ 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing). „ 8. The Caterpillar. „ 9. Aspilates eitraria (the yellow belle). „ 10. A variety. „ 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle) „ 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave). „ 14. The Caterpillar. „ 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle). Larentia eervinaria (the mallow). The Caterpillar. Larentia cheuopodiaria (the small mallov). The Caterpillar. Larentia bipuuctaria (the chalk carpet). „ 20. Larentia multistrigaria (the mottled grey). Plant. 21. .■lithEea officinalis (the marshmallow). PLATE LXIII. 30 Insects. — 1. Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet). „ 2. Cidaria munitata (the rufous carpet). „ 3. Cidaria ferrugata (the red twin spot) . „ 4. Cidaria unidentaria (the dark-barred twin spot). „ 5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. Cidaria latentaria (the northern twin spot). ., 8. Cidaria silicaria (the striped twin spot). „ 9. Cidaria miaria (the green carpet). „ 10. Cidaria olivata (the beech green carpet). „ 11. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground). „ 12. Cidaria fiuetuata (the garden carpet). „ 13. The Caterpillar. „ 14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet). „ 15. Veuusia cambriea (the Welch wave). „ 16. Harpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow). „ 1 7. The Caterpillar. „ 18. The Chry^ahs. „ 19. Harpalyce ocellata (the purple bar). „ 20. The Caterpillar. „ 21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet). „ 22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable). „ 23. The Caterpillar. „ 24. Harpalyce subtristata (the coromon carpet). „ 25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet). „ 26. Harpalyce unangulata (the shai-p-angled carpet). LIST OF PLATES. I>'SECi8. '27. Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). „ 28. Harpalyce silaceata (the small pho3ui.\). „ 29. Harpalyce corylata (the broken barred carpet). „ 30. The Caterpillar. „ 31. The Chrysalis. „ 32. Harpalyce unUobata (the single-Iobed). PLATE LXIV. 38 Insects. 1. Polyphasia marmorata (the marbled carpetV „ *2. Polyphasia centum-notata (the common mui-- blcd carpet). „ 3. Polyi>liasia immanata (a variety of the preceding ) . „ 4. Steganolophia pranata (the clouded carpet). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysalis. „ 7. Lamproptery.x suffumata (the water carpet). „ 8. Lamprcpteryx badiata (the shoulder stripe). The Caterpillar. Anticlea Berberata (the raspberry carpet). The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. The Cocoon. Anticlea rubidata (the flame). Anticlea sinuata (tlie royal mantle). Anticlea derivata (the streamer). The Caterpillar. Electra comitata (the dark spinach). Electra populata (the poplar). The Caterpillar. Electra spinachiata (the spinach). Electra testata (the chevron). - Electra pyraliata (the barred straw). Celma imbutata (the Manchester treble l).->r). Anaitis plagiata (the slender treble bar). Siona dealbata (the black vein). Plant. 27. Galium sp. Insects. 16. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27 PIG. PAOB 3. Euthalia impluviata (the May high-flyer). 4. The Caterpillar. 5. Euthalia elutata (the July high-flyer). 6. A variety. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. A I'emarkable variety of the preceding species (horrid.oi'ia). 9. Phibalapteryx tersata (the Fern). 10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata (the small waved ambiv) 11. Phibalapteryx lignat.a (the oblique carpet). 12. Phibalapteryx lineolata (the oblifiue striped). 13. Phibalapteryx angustata (the narrow bordered cai-pet). 14. Lozogramma petraria (the brown silver lines). 15. Scotosia vetulata (the brown scollop). 16. The Caterpillar. * 17. Scotosia spai-saria (the small scollop). 18. Scotosia rhamnata (the dark umber). PLATE LXVII. 50 PLATE LXV. 44 Insects. 1. Abraxas ulmata (the scarce magpie). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. Abraxas pantaria, (a variety of the pi-eccding). 4. Abraxas grossulariata (the magpie). 5. A variety. C. A variety. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Cocoon. 9. The Chrysalis. 10. Melanippe hastata (the argent and sable). 11. The Caterpillar. 12. Melanippe hastulata. 13. Zerene albicillata (the beautiful carpet). 14. Zerene procellata (the chalk carpet). 15. Zerene adustata (the scorched carpet). IC. Zerene rubiginata (the blue bordered carpet). 1 7. Zerene plumbata (the dark blue bordered cari)et). PLATE LXVI. Insects. 1. Euthalia miata (the autumn green carpet). „ 2. Euthalia psittacata (the red-green carpet). Insects. 1. Triphosa cervinata (the scarce tissue). 2. Triphosa dubitata (the common tissue). 3. Triphosa cinereata (the ashy tissue). 4. Caraptogramraa bilineata (the yellow shell). 5. Eucosmia undulata (the scollop shell). 6. Charissa obscuraria (the dark annulet). 7. The Caterpillar. 8. Charissa dilucidaria (the pale annulet). 9. Charissa puUata (the brown annulet). 10. Charissa serotinaria (the large Mocha). 11. Charissa operaria (the Scotch annulet). 12. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (the chesnut carpet). 13. Chsesias spartiata (the streak). 14. The Caterpillar. 15. Thera obUcjuaria (the chevron). 48 PLATE LXVIII. Insects, I. Thera simulata (the brick carpet). 2. Thera variata (the grey carpet). 3. Thera junipenita (the Juniper carpet). 4. The Caterpillar. 5. Thera coniferata (the Northern carpet). 6. The Caterpillar. 7. Oporabia dilutata (the November moth). 8. A pale variety. 9. Oporabia polata (the pol.ar carpet). 10. Clieimatobia brumata (the Avinter moth). 11. Clieimatobia rupicapraria (the early moth). 12. Lobophora rulyeommata (the spriug cai-pet). 13. The Caterpillar. 17. L. polycommata, from Hiibner's fig. 14. Lobophora lobukita (the early tooth-striped). 15. The Caterpillar. 16. Lobophora rupestrata (the double-lined). 18. Lobophora hexapterata (the prominent). 19. Lobophora sexalisata (the small seraphim). 20. The Caterpillar. Plant. 21. Juniperus communis (the common juniper). 54 b2 LIST OF PLATES. PLATE LXIX. PAGE 58 Insects. 1. Eupithecia Linariata (the beautiful pug). „ 2. The Caterpillar. „ 3. Eupithecia pulcheUata (the pretty pug). „ 4. Eupithecia rectangulata (the green pug). „ 5. Eupithecia nigro-punctata (the little pug). „ 6. Eupithecia nigro-sericeata (the black silk pug). „ 7. Eupithecia coronata (the V pug). „ 8. Eupithecia strobilata (the double-striped pug). „ 9. Eupithecia rufifasciata (the red-barred pug). „ 10. Eupithecia Iserigata (the juniper pug). „ 11. Eupithecia exiguata (the barberry pug). „ 12. Eupithecia abbreviata (the short pug). „ 13. Eupithecia nebulata (the brindled pug). „ 14. Eupithecia albipunctata (the speclded pug). „ 15. Eupithecia subumbrata (the small-brindled pug). „ 16. Eupithecia subfasciata (the subfasciated pug). „ 17. Eupithecia Tulgata (the common pug). „ 18. Eupithecia irriguata (the Welsh pug). Plant. 19. Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax). PLATE LXX. 62 Insects. 1. Eupithecia subfuscata (the brown grey pug). „ 3. Eupithecia innotata (the unspotted pug). „ 3. Eupithecia notata (the dotted pug). „ 4. Eupithecia elongata (the long-ninged pug). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. Eupithecia simpheiata (the plain pug). „ 7. Eupithesia pusillata (the small grey pug). „ 8. Eupithecia absinthiata (the wormwood pug). „ 9. Eupithecia sobrinata (the Scotch pug). „ 10. Eupithecia angustata (the narrow-winged pug). „ 11. Eupithecia plumbeolata (the lead-coloured pug). „ 12. Eupithecia subfulvata (the tawny pug). „ 13. Eupithecia cognata (the allied pug). „ 14. Eupithecia succenturiata (the bordered lime- speck pug). „ 15. Eupithecia piperata (the peppered pug). „ 16. Eupithecia centaureata (the lime-speck pug). „ 17. The Caterpillar. „ 18. Eupithecia rariegata (the marbled pugl. „ 19. Eupithecia consignata (the pinion-spotted pug). „ 20. Eupithecia venosata (the netted pug). „ ' 21. The Caterpillar. Plant. 22. Centaurea nigra (common knapweed). PLATE LXXI 66 Insects. 1. Cleogene niveata. „ 2. Hyria Auroraria (the purple-bordered gold). „ 3. Hyria var. „ 4. Minoa Chserophyllata (the chimney-sweeper). „ 5. Minoa Euphorbiata (the drab looper). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. Bapta bimaculata (the white pinion spotted). „ b. Bapta punctata (the clouded silver). „ 9. The Caterpillar. „ 10. Aplocera Csesiata (the February carpet). „ 11. Aplocera, var. flavicinctata. Insects. 12. Emmelesia decolorata (the sandy carpet). „ 13. Emmelesia affinitata (the rivulet). „ 14. Emmelesia turbaria (the middle rivulet). „ 15. Emmelesia rivulata (the small rivulet). „ 16. Emmelesia ericetata (the heath rivulet) . „ 17. Emmelesia blandiata. „ 18. Emmelesia albulata (the grass rivulet). „ 19. Emmelesia tseniata. „ 20. Emmelesia unifasciata (the single-barred rivulet). „ 21. Emmelesia bifasciata (the double-barred rivulet). „ 22. Emmelesia rusticata, male (the least carpet). „ 23. Ditto, female. „ 24. Emmelesia sylvata (the waved carpet) . „ 25. Emmelesia Blomeri (Captain Blomer's rivulet). „ 26. Emmelesia candidata (the small white wave). „ 27. Emmelesia luteata (the small yellow wave). „ 28. Emmelesia heparata (the dingy shell). PLATE LXXII. 72 Insects. 1. Strenia clathi-ata (the latticed heath). „ 2. Venilia maculata (the speckled yellow). „ 3. Venilia var. quadrimaculata (the pinion spotted yellow). „ 4. Ptychopoda dilutaria (the small fan-footed wave). „ 5. Ptychopoda var. fimbriolata. „ 6. Ptychopoda lividata (the single dotted wave). „ 7. Ptychopoda trigeminata (the treble brown spot). „ 8. Ptychopoda trigeminata var. (bisetata). ,, 9. Ptychopoda ornata (the lace border). „ 10. Ptychopoda incanata (the mullein wave). „ 11. Ptychopoda var. contiguaria (the tooth- striped wave). „ 12. Ptychopoda immutata (the lesser cream wave). „ 13. The Caterpillar. „ 14. Ptychopoda rubricata. PLATE LXXIII. 7G Insects. 1. Acidalia osseata (the dark cream wave). ,, 2. Acidalia — var. margine-punctata (the dotted bordered wave). 3. Acidalia virgularia (the small dusty wave). 4. Acidalia subsericeata (the satin wave). 5. Acidalia aversata (the riband wave). 6. Acidaha remutata (the false riband wave). 7. Acidalia — vai'. inornata (the plain wave). 8. Acidalia fumata (the smoky wave). 9. Acidalia lactata (the pale cream wave). 10. Acidalia — var. flos lactata (the cream wave). 1 1 . PoBcilophasia marginata (the clouded border). 12. Var. 13. The Caterpillar. 14. Chlorissa vu-idata (the small grass emerald). 15. Chlorissa thymiaria (the common emerald). 16. The CaterpUhir. 17. Chlorissa putataria (the little emerald). 18. Timaudra imitai-ia (the small blood vein). 19. Timaudra variegata (the subangled wave). 20. Timandia emutaria (the dusky wave). LIST OF PLATES. pro. PAG Insects. 21. Macaria notata (the peacock). 22. The Caterpillar. 23. Macaria altcrnata (the sharp angled peacock). 24. JIaearia litm-ata (the ta«uy barred angle). 25. The Caterpillar. 26. Aula emarginata (the scolloped double line). 27. Ennomos Hexula (the beautiful hook tip). 28. Macaria limbata (the bordered chetiue). 29. Macaria pr.-eatomata (the dingy angled). .10. Macaria subrufata (the slender-shaped rufous). 31. Macaria unipunctata (the white spot). PLATE LXXIV. 82 I.NSKCis. 1. Platypterjx lacertula (the scallop hook tip). „ 2. The CaterpilK-ir. „ 3. Platypterjx, — var. Cultraria (the pale scallop hook tip). „ 4. Drepana falcataria (the pebble hook tip). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. Drepana hamula (the oak hook tip). „ 7. Drepana unguicula (the barred hook tip). „ 8. Cilix compressa (the Chinese character). „ 9. Hypena prohoscidalis (the snout eggar likeness). „ 10. The Caterpillar. „ 11. Hj-pena obesalis (the pinion snout). „ 12. Hj'pena rostralis (the buttoned snout). ,, 13. The Catei-piUar. „ 14. Hypena palpalis (the dark snout). „ 15. Hypena crassalis (the beautiful snout). „ Ifi. Macrochilia cribralis (the dotted fan-foot). „ 17. Pechipogon barbalis (the common fan-foot). „ IS. The Caterpillar. „ 19. Paracolax derivalis (the clay fan-foot). „ 20. Paracolax tarsicrinalis (the fan-foot). „ 21. Paracolax nemoralis (the small fan-foot). PLATE LXXV. 88 Insects. 1. CEthm emortualis (the olive crescent). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. Colobochylia salicalis (the lesser bell). 4. Synaphe angustalis (the smaU snout). 5. Cledeobia albistrigalis (the white line snout). 6. Cledeobia costa^strigalis (the dark line snout). 7. Camplylochila undulalis (the waved tabby). 8. Caraptylochila bistrigalis (the twin-striped tabby). 9. Aglossa pinguinalis (the large tabby). 10. Aglossa cupreolatus (the small tabbyX 11. Aglossa dimidiatus (the tea tabby). 12. Aglossa Streatfeildii (Streatfeild's tabby). 1 3. Pyralis farinalis (the meal moth). 14. Pyralis glaucinalia (the double striped). 15. Pyrahs pictalis (the painted-meal moth). 16. Hj-psopygia costalis (the gold fringe). 17. Agrotera flammealis (the rosy-flounced). PL.\TE L.XXVI. 92 Insects. 1. Simaethis Fabriciana (the autumn nettle-tap). „ 2. Simaethis pariana (the double barred nettle-tap). Insects. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Cocoon. 5. Simaethis lutosa (the early nettle-tap). G. Simaethis Myller.ana (Myllcr's nettle-tap). * 7. Simai-this punctosa (the narrow silver- dotted) 8. Anania octomaculata (the white spot). 9. Eunychia aoguiualis (the wavy-barred sable). 10. Ennychia cingulata (the silver-barred sable). 11. Ennychia rufo-fascialis (the flounced). 12. Pyrausta purpuralis (the crimson and gold). 13. Pyrausta punicealis (the purple and gold). 1 4. The Caterpillar. 15. Pyrausta ostrmalis (the scarce purple aud gold). 16. Pyrausta porphyrialis (the porphyry). 1 7. Pyrausta cespitalis (the straw-barred). 18. Pyrausta sordidalis (the dingy straw-barred). 19. Diasemia literalis (the lettered China mart). 20. Hydi-ocampa potamogata (the brown China mark). 21. Hydrocampa Nymphieata (the beautiful China maik). 22. The Caterpillar. 23. The Caterpillar in its sheath or case. 24. Cataclysta lemnata (the small China mark). 25. The Female. 26. Paraponyx stratioiata (the ringed China mark). 27. Phlyctoenia sambucalis (the garden China mark). 28. The Caterpillar. 29. Eudioptis lueernalis (the transparent China mark). 30. Nomophila hybridalis (the rush veneer). PLATE LXXVII. 98 Insects. 1. Eurrhypara urticata (the small magpie). „ 2. The Caterpillar. „ 3. Jlesographe forficalis (the garden pebble). „ 4. The Caterpillar. „ 5. Margaritia diversalis (the yellow under-winged pearl). „ 6. Margaritia asinalis (the dingy pearl). „ 7. Margaritia lancealis (the long-winged pearl). „ 8. Margaritia vertiealis (the mother-of-pearl). „ 9. Margaritia centro-strigalis (the central-striped pearl). „ 10. Margaritia cinctalis (the lesser pearl). „ 11. Margaritia palealis (the sulphur). „ 12. Margaritia Iiyalinalis (the scarce pearl). ,, 13. Margaritia angustalis (the narrow-winged pearl). „ 14. Margaritia terminalis (the bordered pearl). „ 15 Margaritia glabralis (the dingy pearl). „ 16. Miirgaritia jiallidalis (the delicate pearl). „ 17. Margaritia flavalis (the gold China mark). „ 18. Margaritia oehrealis (the small straw China mark). „ 19. Nascia cilialis (the orange cloud). „ 20. Margaritia ferrugalis (the rusty dot). PLATE LXXVIII. 102 Insects. 1. Margaritia fulvalis (the fulvous dot). „ 2. Margaritia verbascahs (the rusty China mark). LIST OF PLATES. FIG. PAGI Insects. 3. Margaritia longipedalis (the long-legged pearl). 4. Margaritia pulveralis (the dusted pearl). n. Margaritia fuscalis (the cinereous pearl). 6. Margaritia fimbrialis (the edged pearl). 7. Margaritia institialis (the pale straw). 8. Margaritia stramentalis (the chequered straw). 9. Margaritia margaritalis (the clouded yellow peai'l). 10. The Caterpillar. 11. Jlargariiia serieealis (the straw dot). 12. Margaritia alpinalis (the Alpine pearl). 13. Margaritia sticticalis (the diamond spot). 14. Margaritia olivalis (the white brintJled). - 15. JIargaritia pruualis (the clouded peari). 16. The Caterpillar. 1 7. Cyneda dentalis (the starry brindled). 18. The CaterpUlar. 19. Nola strigiUalis (the least black arches). 20. Nola mouachalis (the small black arches). 21. Nola cucuUatella (the short cloaked). 22. Nola fuliginalis (the dusky cloaked). Plant. 23. Echium vulgare~(common bugloss). Insects. PLATE LXXIX. 108 Hylophila prasinana (green silver lines). The Caterpillar. The Cocoon. Hylophila quercana (scarce silver lines). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysahs. „ 7. Earis chlorana (small green oak). „ 8. The Caterpillar. „ 9. The Cocoon. „ 10. Tortrix viridana (pea-green). •f~ „ 11. TortrLx palleana (plain yellow). „ 12. Tortrix viburnana (viburnian). 13. Tortri.x Pillerana (Filler's). „ 14. The Female. „ 15. Tortrix galiana (the glossy golden brown). „ 16. The Female. „ 17. Lozotoenia Forsterana (Forster's). „ 18. Lozotoenia sorbiana (the hazel tortrix). „ 19. Lozotoenia lieparana (the dark oblique bar). „ 20. Lozotosnia cinnamoneana (the cinnamon). „ 21. Lozotoenia ribeana (the common oblique bar). „ 22. Lozotoenia grossulareana (gooseberry). „ 23. Lozotoenia cerasana (the hollow oblique bar). „ 24. The Caterpillar. „ 25. The Cocoon. „ 26. Lozotoenia corylana (great chequered). „ 27. Lozotoenia croceana (saffron). „ 28. Lozotoenia Itevigana (glossy oblique bar). PLATE LXXX. 110 Insects. 1. Lozotoenia nebuUma (the rose tortrix). „ 2. Lozotoenia subocellana (the ocellated oblique bar). „ 3. Lozotoenia rosana (the great brown). „ 4. Lozotoiuia crata:gaua (the hazel-barred). „ 5. Lozotoenia oporana (the great hook-tip). Insects 6. Lozotoenia xylosteana (the forked red-bar). „ 7. Lozotoenia roborana (the oak red-bar). „ 8. Lozotoenia obliquana (the obhque bar) . „ 9. Lozotoenia costana (the straw obhque bar). „ 10. Lozotoenia biustulana (the double-spotted obhque bar). „ 11. Lozotoenia Modeeriana (Modeer's bar). „ 12. Lozotoenia acerana (the maple). „ 13. Lozotoenia trifasciana (the afternoon tortrix). „ 14. Lozotcenia Grotiana (the Grotian tortrix). „ 15. Lozotoenia ochreana (the saffron). „ 16. Lozotcenia crueiana (the red cross). „ 17. Lozotoenia Holmiana (the Holmian). „ 18— 19. The Caterpillars. „ 20. Lozotoenia Schreberiana (the Schreberian). PLATE LXXXI. 114 Insects. 1. Philedone Gerningiana (the Gerningian). „ 2. Pluledone Wallierana (the Walkerian). „ 3. Pffidisca rotundana (round tipped red-bar). „ 4. Psedisca angustiorana (narrow winged red-bar). „ 5. Piedisca sylvana (the red blotch-back). „ 6. Pfedisea porphyrana (bi'ight oblique barred). „ 7. Pjedisca nebulana (clouded iron). „ a. PsediscaWellensiaua (the barred blotch-back). „ 9. Paedisca ssthiopiana (the Negro). „ 10. Pcedisca scriptana (the short barred white). „ 11. PiEdisca semifasciaua (the short barred grey). „ 12. Anthithesia corticana (the marbled long cloak). „ 13. Anthithesia betulana (the birch long cloak). „ 14. Anthithesia tripunctana (the common long cloak). „ 15. Anthithesia pruniana (the lesser long cloak). „ 16. The Caterpillar. „ 17. Anthithesia puUana (the dingy marbled). „ 18. Anthithesia marginana (the bordered long cloak). ., 19. Antithesia oblongana (the narrow long cloak). 20. Antithesia gentianasana (the Gentian). „ 21. The Caterpillar. ,, 22. Antithesia salicella (the white backed). PLATE LXXXII. 118 Insects. — 1. Spilonota nubiferana (the clouded white). 2. Spilonota cynostabella (the black cloaked). S. The Caterpillar. 4. Spilonota aquana (the browB cloaked). 5. The Caterpillar. C. Spilonota trimaculana (the triple blotched). 7. Spilonota comitana (the cream short-cloaked). 8. Spilonota fcenella (the white foot). 9. Spilonota Pflugiana (the Pflugian). 10. Spilonota Stra^miana (the Stiteraian). 11. Spilonota rusticana (the tawny blotch back). 12. Spilonota trigemiuana (the throe spotted). 13. Spilonota sticticana (the brown bi.tch back). 14. Spilonota Costipunctana (the lesser blotch back). 15. Spilonota argyi'ana (the silver blotched back). LIST OF PLATES. PIG. PAGE Insects. 16. Spilonota quadrana (the Highland blotch back). ., 17. Spilonota tetragonana (the four-angled blotch back). ,, 18. Spilonota nigricostana (the black-edged marble). „ 19. Spilonota ustulana (the scorched blunt wing). „ 20. Heusimene fimbriana (the browTi bordered). PLATE LXXXIII. 122 Insects. 1. Pseudotomia obscurana (the obscure blotch back). „ 2. Pseudotomia frateruana (the ashy silver barred). „ 3. Pseudotomia nigro-punctana ( the black dotted). „ 4. Pseudotomia atromargana (the black bordered). „ 5. Pseudotomia strobilella (the light silver striped). „ ft. Pseudotomia sequana (the silver blotch back). „ 7. Pseudotomia Petiverella (the Petiverian). „ 8. Pseudotomia Lunulana (the crescent). „ 9. Pseudotomia simpliciana (the plain silver fringed). „ 10. Pseudotomia Jacquiniana (the Jacquinian). „ 11. Pseudotomia strigana (the plain gold fringed). „ 12. Pseudotomia atropurpur.Tna (the purple black). „ l.S. Pseudotomia nigricana (the black striped edge). „ 14. Pseudotomia obscurana (the dingy). „ 15. Pseudotomia proximana (the pale brown striped ■edge). „ 16. Pseudotomia puncticostana (the sector spotted). ,, 17. Pseudotomia populana (the pigmy Y). „ 18. Pseudotomia Ephippana (the three angled blotch back). „ 19. Pseudotomia Trauniana (the Traunian). „ 20. Pseudotomia notata (the bkack and white). ,, 21. Pseudotomia Compositella (the triple striped blotch back). ., 22. Pseudotomia Gundiana (the Gundian). „ 24. Pseudotomia Lediana (the Ledean). „ 25. Pseudotomia nitidana (the dark silver striped). „ 26. Pseudotomia aurana (the double orange spot). PlANT. 27. Agrostcmma gittago (common com cockle). PLATE LXXXIV. 126 I.NSECTS. 1. Steganoptycha tetraquetrana (the square barred single dot). 2. Steganoptycha Angulana (the angle striped single dot). ,, 3. Steganoptycha Unipunctana (the marbled single dot). „ 4. Steganoptycha triquetrana (the angle barred single dot). ., 5. Steganoptycha Bccberana (the Bteberian). „ 6. Steganoptycha pavonana (the blotch backed grey). ., 7. Steganoptycha Cospidana (the pointed bar). „ 8. Steganoptycha Rhombifasciana (the square bar). „ 9. Steganoptyclia Cinereana (tlie mottled grey). „ 10. Steganoptycha .Stictana (the spotted red). „ 11. Steganoptycha Ketusana (the variable red). „ 12. Steganoptyclia subuncana (the Red Hook-tip). I'LiKT. 13. Lychnis flos-cuculi (the cuckoo flower or ragged robin). PAGE PLATE LXXXV. 128 PIO. Insects. I. Anchylopera obtusana (the blunt-winged blotch back). „ 2. Anchylopera unculana (the hook-tipped blotch back). 3. Anchylopera Lundiana (the Lundian). 4. Anchylopera Lyellana (Lyell's). 5. Anchylopera fractifasciana (the broken-barred). G. Anchylopera siculana (the hook-tipped streak). 7. The Caterpillar. 8. Tlie Caterpillar in another stage. 9. Anchylopera rtiminutana (the festoon Tortrix). 10. Anchylopera funulana (the dark festoon). 11. Anchylopera uncana (the bridge). 12. Anchylopera ustomaculana (the Loch Ranoch). 13. Anchylopera biarcuana (the double-arched). 14. Anchylopera derasana (the naked winged). 15. Anchylopera cuspidana (the sharp angled). 1 6. Philalcea ramella (the hooked marble). 17. The C.iterpillar. 18. Philalcea nigromaculana (the beautiful marble). 19. Philalcea nevana (the spotted short cloak). 20. Philalcea sociana (the white short cloak). 21. Philalcea amoenana (the marbled short cloak). 22. P ilalcea Paykulliana (the Paykullian). 23. Philalcea fimbriana (the double crescent). 24. A variety. 25. Philalcea bilunana (the hoary double crescent). 26. Philalcea subocellana (the retuse marble). 27. Philalcea asseclana (the obtuse marble). 28. Philalcea Mitterbacheriana . 29 & 30. Varieties, (the Mitterbachian). Plant. 31. Rhamnus Catharticus (Buckthorn). PLATE LXXXVI. 134 Insects. 1. Roxana arcuana (the arched). 2. Carpocapsa pomonelia (the codling moth). 3. The Caterpillar. 4. Carpocapsa splendana (the splendid). 5. Carpocapsa grossana (the smoky marble). G. Carpocapsa aspidiscana (the spotted). 7. Carpocapsa Woeberana (the W'eberiau). 8. The Caterpillar. 9, 10 & 1 1 . Chrysalis. 12. Carpocapsa Rheediella (the Rheedian). 13. Carpocapsa ulicetana (the light-striped edge). 14. Carpocapsa hypericana (the yellow-striped edge). 15. The Caterpillar. 16. Carpocapsa Leplastriana (the Leplastrian). 17. Carpocapsa perlepidana (the beautiful crescent). 18. Carpocapsa Juliana (Bentlcy's marble tortrix). Plant. 19. Hypericum pulchrum (St. John's Wort). PLATE LXXXVI I. 136 Lnsects. 1. Carpocapsa stelliferana (the Starrj' Tortri.\). „ 2. Carpocapsa pupillana (the Wormwood Tortrix). „ 3. Carpocapsa fulvana (the fulvous-sealed). „ 4. Carpocapsa cana (the hoary-sealed). „ 5. Carpocapsa Scopoliana (the Scopolian). LIST OF PLATES Insects. 6. Carpocapaa rufana (the red-sealed). „ 7. Bactra egenana (the dusty drab). „ 8. Bactra pauperana (the spotted drab). ., 9. Bactra egestana (the lesser drab). „ 10. Bactra fuscana (the brown drab). „ 11. Ablabia expallidana (the pale dri,b). „ 12. Bactra Uliginosana (the darklmg drab). „ 13. Ablabia quadripunctana (the dotted drab). Plant. Pyrus domestica (True-service tree). PLATE LXXXVIII. 140 Insects. 1. Cnephasia asinana (the large gray elm). „ 2. Cnephasia longana. „ 3. Pale variety (the long-winged). „ 4. Cnephasia ictericana. „ 5. Variety (the jaundiced drab). „ 6. Cnephasia sinuana (the waved elm). „ 7. Cnephasia Penziana (the Penzian). „ 8. Cnephasia interjectana (the lesser gray elm). „ 9. Cnephasia Logiana (the Logian). „ 10. Cnephasia obsoletana (the obscure-elm). „ 11. Cnephasia rectifasciana (the straight-barred elm). „ 12. Cnephasia curvLfaseiaua (the curve-barred elm). „ 13. Cnephasia littoralis (the mottled coast Tortrix). „ 14. Cnephasia nubilana (the smoky gray). \ „ 15. Cnephasia perfuseana (the deep brown). „ 16. Cnephasia cinerana (the pale ash). Plant. 17. Saxifraga geum (kidney-leaved saxifrage) . PLATE LXXXIX. 144 Insects. ) . Sericoris quadrimaculana (the blotched drab). „ 2. Sericoris striana (the straight-barred). „ 3. Sericoris fasciolana (the small barred). „ 4. Sericoris urticana (the barred nettle). „ 5. Sericoris micana (the sliver dotted) . „ 6. A common variety. „ 7. Sericoris alternana (the alternate barred). „ 8. Sericoris undulana (the silver striped). „ 9. Sericoris gramineana (the great barred). „ 10. Sericoi'is cespitana (the meadow barred). „ 11. Sericoris poHtana (the red barred gray). „ 12. Sericoris pulcheUaua (the dark ban-ed gray). „ 13. Sericoris fuUgana (the smoky barred). „ 14. Sericoris subsequana (the faint silver striped). „ 15. Sericoris myi'tUlana (the bilberry). „ 16. Sericoris aurofasciana (the gold barred). „ 17. Sericoris bifasciana (the double-b.iri-ed orange) . „ 18. Sericoris furfurana (the mottled bran) . „ 19. Sericoris marmorana (the marbled dog's tooth). Plant. 20. Silene inflata (the inflated catchfly). PLATE XC. Insects. 1. Notocelia Udmanniana (the Udmauuian). „ 2. Poecilochroma Solandriana (the Solandrian). „ 3. Poecilochroma trapezana. „ 4. A pale variety. „ 5. A medium var. 146 Insects. 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. PcecUochi'oma Communana, (the marbled dia- mond back) „ 8. Light var. (the cock's head). „ 9. Poecilochroma piceana (the shining pitch). „ 10. Poecilochroma vittana (the Niton Tortrix). „ !1. Poecilochroma semifuscaua (the half brown). „ 12. Poecilochroma maculana (the black double- blotched). „ 13. Poecilochroma maurana (the great double bar). „ 14. Ptycholoma Lecheana (the Lechean). „ 15. Ptycholoma obsoletana (the obsolete). PLATE XCI. 150 Insects. 1. Euchromia purpurana (the purple). 2. Euchromia fulvipunctaua (the tawny-dotted). 3. Euchromia ericetaua (dark var.) 4. Light variety. 5. Lophoderus ministranus (the yellow-barred iron). 6. Lophoderus subfascianus (the pale-barred iron). 7. Sarrothripus degeneranus. 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Cocoon. 10. The Chrysalis, (the Large marbled). 11. Sarrotliripus undulanus (the waved-marbled). 12. Sarrothripus dilutanus (the large brown). 13. Sarrothripus Lathamianus (the Lathamian). 14. Sarrothripus lUcanus (the large Holly). 15. Sarrothripus Afzelianus (the Afzelian). 16. Sarrothripus ramosanus (the twigged bar). 17. Sarrothripus Stonanus (Mr. Stone's bar). PLATE XCII. 152 Insects. 1. Peronea 2. Peronea 3. Peronea 4. Peronea 5. Peronea 6. Peronea 7. Peronea 8. Peronea 9. Peronea 10. Peronea 11. Peronea 12. Peronea 13. Peronea 14. Peronea profanana (the rusty button), semiustana (the half scorched), striana (the brown button), substriana (the striped button). Bentleyana (Bentley's button), vittana (the streaked button), spadiceana (the bay-shouldered button), brunneana (the brown button). Desfoutainana (the Desfontainian). consimilana (the pale bay button), fulvocristana (the tawny-crested button), albovittana (the white-streaked button), fulvovittana (the tawny-streaked button), cristalana (the barred button). PLATE XCIII. 154 Insects. 1. Peronea subcristalana (the dull button). 2. Peronea cristana (the white button). 3. Peronea Albipunctana (the white spotted button). 4. Peronea Chantana (Chant's button). 5. Peronea Subvittana(the obscure streaked button). 6. Peronea insulana (the insulated button) . 7. Peronea divisana (the half. coloured button). 8. Peronea strigana (the streaked buff-edged). LIST OF PLATES. Insects. 9. Peronea radiana (the buff-edged). „ 10. Peronea centrovittana (the ceotre-streaked button). „ H. Peronea ramostriana (the braaclied button). „ 12. Peronea combustana (the flame button). „ 13. Peronea Albistriana (the gray streak). Pl*.nt. H. Lysimachi^ nemorum (Wood Loosestrife). PL.iTE XCIV. 15G In.sects. 1. Peronea autumnana (the autumnal button). „ 2. Peronea ruficostana (the red-edged button). „ 3. Peronea alboflamraana (the white dash). „ 4. Peronea coronana (the marbled chesnut). „ 5. Peronea BjTingerana (the Byringerian). „ 6. Peronea umbrana (the dark-streaked buttun). „ 7. Peronea Leucophtcana (the black dash). „ 8. Peronea subcristana (the half-crested button ). „ 9. Peronea mannorana ( the silver gray). „ 10. Peronea latifasciana (the broad-barred). „ 11. Peronea favillaceana (the ash-coloured). „ 12. Peronea reticulana (the chequered-gray). „ 13. Peronea tristana (the lesser ash.coloured). Plant. 14. Primula farinosa (Bird's-eye Primrose). PLATE XCV. 160 Insects. I. Peronea albicostana (the white-edged button). „ 2. Peronea bistriana (the double-bay-streak). „ 3. Peronea similana (the pale-edged button). „ 4. Peronea plumbana (the lead-coloured). „ 5. Peronea trigouana (the three-dotted), Boscana of Haworth. „ 6. Peronea Logiana (the Logian). „ 7. Peronea SchaUeriana (the Schallerian). „ 8. Peronea rufana (the red triangle). „ 9. Peronea asperana (the white-shouldered). „ 10. A new variety of asperana. „ 11. Peronea borana (the crested buff). „ 12. Peronea variegana. „ 13. A dark variety. (The common rough-wing). „ 14. Peronea obsoletana (the obscure button). „ 15. Peronea Leacliiana (the Leachian). ., 16. Peronea Capueina. „ 17. Peronea albana. Plant. 18. Galeobdolon lutenm (yellow archangel). I.vsECTS. 13. Leptogrammatricolorana(thetricoloured green). „ 14. Leptogramma fulvomixtaoa (the tawny and green). Plant. 15. Lychnis diurna (the red-flowered Lychnis). PLATE XCVI. 162 Insects. 1 . Acleris costimaculana. 2. Acleris aspersana. 3. A small variety. 4. Acleris gnomana. 5. A speckled variety (the dial). 6. Acleris tripunctulana (the rusty treble spot). 7. Acleris bifldana (the forked stripe). 8. Acleris cerusana (the white treble spot). 9. Acleris scabrana (the gray rough wing). 10. Leptogramma literana (the black-spri;;ged green). 11. Leptogramma squamana (the green-tufted). 12. Leptogramma irrorana (the sprinkled green). II. Plant. Insects. Insects. PLATE XCVII. 164 Insects. Plant. 1. Teras emargana (the chequered notch-wing). 2. Teras excavana (the ii-on notch-wing). 3. Teras effractana (the common notch- wing). 4. Tei-as caudana. 5. Caterpillar (the mallow notch-wing). 6. Teras ochracea (the pale ochre notch-wing). 7. Dictyopteryx contamiuana (the chequered pebble). 8. Dictyopteryx ciliana (the white-fringed). 9. Dictyopteryx rhombana (the dark chequered). 10. Dictyopteryx plumbana (the clouded straw). 11. Dictyopteryx Loeflingiana (the Lajflingian) 12. Dictyopteryx Forskaliaua (the Forskalian). l.i. Dark variety. 14. Capua ochraceana (the ochreous). 15. Cynosurus cristatus (crested dog's-tail grass). PLATE XCVIII. 16.1 1, 2. Cheimatophila castaneana (the chestnut). 3. ArgjTotoza Bergmanniana ( the Bergraannian). 4. ArgjTotoza Hoffmanseggiana (the Hofi'manseg- gian). 5. Argjrotoza Conwayana (the Conwayi.au). 6. ArgjTotoza subaurantiana (the gold-varied). 7. ArgjTotoza Daldorfiana (the Daldorfan). 8. Argyrotoza apicalis (the clay-tipped). 9. Argyrolepia Lathoniana (the silver-spotted). 10. Argyrolepia margaritana (the orange-barred pearl). 11. Argyrolepia aeneana (the silver broad bar). 12. Argyrolepia bistrigana (the two-striped). 13. 14. Argyrolepia tesserana (the tessellated). 15. Argyrolepia decimana (the ten-dotted). PLATE XCIX. 170 1. Orthotaenia Turionana (the orange-spotted). 2. The CaterpUlar. 3. Orthotajnia geminana (the scarce orange^potted). 4. The Caterpillar. 5. A disease in the pine caused by the Caterpillar. 6. Moth in repose. 7. Orthofsenia Bentleyana (the Bentleyan). 8. Orthotaenia Ilaworthana (the silver-marbled). 9. Orthotaenia Resinella (the spotted Pine). 10. Orthotsenia Pinetana. 11. Orthotaenia Lepidana. 12. Orthotaenia Comitana (the streaked Pine). 13. Soaall dark variety. 14. Orthotjcnia Piceana. 15. Rhyacionia Hastiana (the Hastian). IG. Rhyacionia fiavofasciana. 17. A branch of Pine showing the manner in which the caterpillars feed and injure the yovmg shoots. XIV LIST OF PLATES. PLATE C. PAGE 172 Insects. 1 . EupoecUia maculosaoa. „ 2. A dark variety (the small black spotted) . „ 3. Euposcilia dubitana (the doubtful). „ 4. EupoecUia augustana (the barred marble). „ 5. Eupoecilia nana (the barred dwarf). „ 6. Eupcecilia pygma;ana (the dingy dnarf). „ 7. Eupa3cilia permixtana (the orange and black). „ 8. Eupoeeilia sodaliana (the brindled marble). „ 9. Phtheochroa rugosana (the rough wing). „ 10. Coehylis roseana (the rosy). „ 1 1. Coehylis subroseana (the dingy rosy). „ 12. Coehylis ruficiliana (the red fringe). „ 13. Coehylis griseana (the oblique barred gray). „ 14. Coehylis rupicola (the chalk cliff Tortrix). „ 15. Coehylis Vectisana (the Isle of Wight Coehylis). Plant. 16. Aira Alpina (smooth alpine hair grass). PLATE CI. 176 Insects. 1. Lozopera altemana (the alternate-barred Tortrix). „ 2. Lozopera Dubrisana (the Dover Straw). „ 3 & 4. Small varieties of ditto. „ 5. Lozopera Marmoratana (the marbled straw). „ 6. Lozopera Straminea (the short-barred straw) . ' „ 7. Lozopera Smeathmanniana (the Smeathman- nian). „ 8. Lozopera Franeillana (the Francillanian). „ 9. Lozopera badiana (the chestnut straw). „ 10. Lozopera Baumanniana (the Baumannian). „ 11. Xanthosetia Zoegana (the Zoegian). „ 12. Xanthosetia ferrugana (the clouded iron). „ 13. Xanthosetia hamana (the hook-marked straw). J, 14. Xanthosetia diversana (the crossed straw). „ 15. Xanthosetia inopiana (the plain drab). „ \ti. Xanthosetia Luteolana. „ 17. Phibalocera Quercaua (the long-homed) . „ 18. Hypercallia Christiernana (the Christiernian). Plant. 19. Cynosurus cristatus (Crested Dog's-tail grass). PLATE CII. 180 Insects. 1. Orthotojha Venosa (the dark-veined long- winged). „ 2. Depressaria Heracleana (the cow-parsnip). „ 3. Depressaria Umbellana (the large-streaked). „ 4. Depressaria Venosa (the wainscot fiat body). „ 5. Depressaria Nervosa (the coarse wainscot). „ 6. Depressaria Apicella (the brindled flat body). „ 7. Depressaria badiella (the brown-brindled flat body). „ 8. Depressaria Characterosa (the lesser flat body). „ 9. Depressaria carduella (the thistle flat body). „ 10. Depressaria Pulverella. „ 11. Depressaria Sparmanniana (the straw-coloured). „ 12. Depressaria imraaculaua (the spotless flat body). „ 13. Depressaria Yeatsiana (the Yeatsian). „ 14. Depressaria ocellana (the red letter). Plant. 1 5. Rosa villosa (the apple-bearing rose). PLATE CIII. PAGB 182 Insects. 1. Depressaria applaua (the common flat-body). „ 2. Depressaria putridella (the brown veined). „ 3. Depressaria atomella (the powdered). J, 4. Depressaria costosa (the dingy sti'aw). „ 5. Depressai'ia Alstroemeriana (the Alstroemerian). „ 6. Depressaria irrorella (the dusted flat-body). „ 7. Depressaria liturella (the purple flat-body). „ 8. Depressaria Bluntii (Blunt's flat-body.) „ 9. Depressaria purpurea (the lesser purple). „ 10. Depressaria albipunctella (the rufous brindled). ,, 11. Depressaria Damella. „ 12. Depressaria gilvella (the brindled straw). ,, 13. Depressaria curvipunctosa (the curve-dotted). „ 14. Depressaria propinquella. ,, 15. Anacampsis Malvclla. „ 16. The Caterpillar. Plant. 17. The larva of Anacampsis Malvella is represented on a species of Mallow ; as figured by Fisher. PLATE CIV. 184 Insects. 1. Anacampsis juniperella (the juniper). „ 2. The Caterpillar. „ 3. Anacampsis laticinctella (the poplar). ,j 4. variety. „ 5. the caterpillar. „ 6. Anacampsis rusticella (the dusted black). „ 7. Anacampsis longicornis (the long-horned). J, 8. Anacampsis Listerella (the Listerian). „ 9. Anacampsis nebulea (the dotted bro«Ti). „ 10. Anacampsis Betulea (the birch). „ 11. Anacampsis rhombella (the black speckled gray). „ 12. Anacampsis cinerella (the cinereous). „ 13. Anacampsis Ericse. „ 14. Anacampsis zephyrella (the powdered gray). „ 15. Anacampsis terrella (the subcinereous). „ 16. The Caterpillar. „ 17. Anacampsis lutarea (the clay-coloured). ,, 18. Anacampsis Annulicornis (the ring-horned). ,j 19. Anacampsis sericornis, „ 20. Anacampsis dodecella (the small black speckled gray). „ 21. Anacampsis MouSetella (the dotted gray). „ 22. Anacampsis aspera (the rough). „ 23. Anacampsis domestica (the domestic). Insects. Pla PLATE CV. 188 1 . Anacampsis affinis (the brindled brown) . 2. Anacampsis diffinis (the greater brindled brown). 3. Anacampsis lactreella (the cream-shouldered). 4. Anacampsis sarcitella (the white-shouldered). 5. Anacampsis laueeolella (theblack-dotted woollen). 6. Anacampsis Hiibueri (the Hiibnerian). 7. Anacampsis contigua (the light-brindled-brown). 8. Anacampsis sequax (the dark-brindled-brown). 9. Anacampsis proxima (the beautiful briudled- brown). 10. Anacampsis tricolorella (the fri-coloured). 1 1. Epimedium Alpiuum (Alpine Barrenwood). LIST OF PLATES. PLATE CVI. PAOB 188 Insects. 1. Anacampsis luctuella (the crescent-shouldered). „ 2. Anacampsis subrosea (the little blossom). „ 3. Anacampsis decorella (the neat). „ 4. Anacampsis marmorea (the beautiful marble). „ 5. Anacampsis guttifera (the white-dotted black). „ 6. Anacampsis aira (the little black). „ 7. Anacampsis subocellea (the ejelet). „ 8. Anacampsis maculella (the short-barred white). „ 9. Anacampsis treraella (the horse-shoe). „ 10. Anacampsis Lvellella. Plji.nt. 11. Anemone ranunculoides (yellow-wood Anemone). PLATE CVIL 190 l.N'SECTS. 1. Anacampsis nivella (the black-dotted white). „ 2. Anacampsis aleella (the black-clouded). „ 3. Anacampsis interruptella (the brown streak). „ 4. Anacampsis fulvescens (the tawnj). „ 5. Anacampsis fuscescens (the faint-dotted brown). „ 6. Anacampsis alternella (the black-spotted white). „ 7. Anacampsis angustella (the black-spotted brim- stone). 8. Anacampsis albimaculea (the white-spotted black) . 9. Anacampsis quadripuncta (the four-spotted). 10. Anacampsis bifasciella (the two-banded). 11. Anacampsis padifohella. 12. Anacampsis fugacella. 13. Anacampsis .^thiops. 14. Anacampsis fuscipeimis. 15. Anacampsis costella. Plant. 16. Chlora perfoUata (jellow wort). PLATE CVIII. 192 l.vsECTS. 1. Lophonotusfascienlellus (the prominent Tinea). „ 2. Acria emarginella (the notch-winged). „ 3. Chelaria rhomboidella (the lobster- clawed). „ 4. Cleodora silacella (the dingy straw). „ 5. Cleodora rufescens (the dwarf wainscot). „ 6. Cleodora nebulea (the clouded wainscot). „ 7. CTeodora ochroleucella (the pale ochreous wainscot). „ 8. Cleodora lucidella (the Incid wainscot). „ 9. Cleodora falciformis (the hook-tipped). „ 10. Acompsis unitella (the brown gold). „ 11. Acompsis cinerella (the ash-coloured). „ 12. Acompsis tinctella (the tinted). „ 13. Macrochila fasciella (the long-winged). „ 14. Macrochila parenthesella (the parenthesis). „ IS. Macrochila marginella (the white-bordered). 10. Macrochila bicostella (the light streak). Plant. 17. Gentiana amarella (bitter Gentian). PLATE CIX. 194 Insects. 1. Aplota palpella (the dingy streak). „ 2. Jlacrochila Robertsonella (the Robertsonian). „ 3. Enicostoma Thunbergana (the Thunbergian). „ 4. Alabonia GeoffroyeUa (the Geoffrojian). FIG. PAGE Insects. 5. (Ecophora Oliviella (the OliTierian). „ 6. (Ecophora sulphureUa (the yellow underwing). „ /. Adela Latreillella (the Latreillian). „ 8. Adela Sultzella (the Sultzian). „ 9. Adela Degeerella (the Degeerian). „ 10. Adela fasciella (the copper japan). „ 11. Adela cuprella (the scabious long-horn). „ 12. Adela viridella (the green long-horn). „ 13. Adela Frischella (the Frischian). „ 14. Adela Swammerdamella (the Sw.ammerdamian). „ 13. Adela Panzerella (the Pauzerian). „ 16. Adela Robertella (the pale brown long-horn). Pla.st. 17. The Rock Cress. PLATE ex. 198 Insects. 1. Cochleophasia tessellea (the pale tesselated brown). 2. The Female. 3. Cochleophasia pubicornis (the pale dovray- horned). 4. Oporinia tortrieella (the pale chequered). 5. Oporinia nubilea (the clouded brown). 6. O.xypate gelatella (the autumnal dagger). 7. Dasystoma salicella (the rosy-day). 8. Cheimophila Phryganella (the drab-day). 9. Diurnea Fagella (the March dagger). 10. A large vai'iety. 11. Female. 12. Diurnea Novembris (the November dagger). 13. Semioscopis Avellanella (the hazel). 14. Semioscopis Steinkelnerana (the Steinkelnerlan). 15. Anesychia Echiella (the bordered Ermine). 16. Anesychia pusiella (the beautiful Ermine). 17. Anesychia dodecea (the scarce Ermine). 18. Anesychia funerella (the Funereal). 19. Anesychia cristella. 20. Yponomeuta Evonymella (the full-spotted Ermine). 21. Yponomeuta irrorella (the Surrey Ermine). 22. Yponomeuta coguatella (the allied Ermine). 23. Yponomeuta rosella (the few. spotted Ermine). 24. Yponomeuta padella (the common Ermine). 25. Yponomeuta plumbella (the Kent Ermine). PLATE CXI. 202 Insects. 1. Telea Curtisella (the Curtisian). 2. Telea Ambiguella (the small brown bar). 3. Telea Cratiegella (the whitethorn bar). 4. Telea Leucatella (the small white bar). .5. Telea Coraptella (the peacock's feather). 6. Telea Lutarella (the muddy ermine). 7. Telea Subfasciella (the slight barred). 8. Telea Cffisiella (the purple-edged). 9. Ederesa Semifusca (the long-winged white-back). 10. Ederesa Mendicella (the purple white-back). 11. Ederesa Albistria (the purple white-streak). 12. Ederesa pruuiella (the white-back). 13. Ederesa tetrapodella (the blotched white-back). c2 LIST OF PLATES. Insects. 14. Ederesa semipurpurella (the balf-purple). „ 15. Ederesa Curvella (the briadled white-back ermine). „ 16. Ederesa Clematella (the barred-white"). „ 17. Ederesa Ossea (the cream-coloured). „ 18. Ederesa Oceilea (the eyed wliite-back). „ 19. Argyrosetia Goedartella (the Goedartian). „ 20. Argyrosetia semifasciella (the short gold-bar). „ 21. Argyrosetia Brockella (the gold IW.) „ 22. Argyrosetia literella (the Greek-lettered gold). „ 23. Argyrosetia Aurivitella (the golden riband). „ 24. Argyrosetia Aurifaseiella (the gold-banded). „ 25. Argyrosetia I. V. ella (the gold IV.) PLATE CXII. 205 Insects. ]. Argyromiges Blancardella (the Blancardian). „ 2. Argyromiges Schreberella (the Schreberian). „ 3. ArgjTomiges Cydonidla (the bright speckled gold). 5, 4. Argyromiges Klemannella (the Klemannian). „ 5. Argyromiges Mespilella (the silver spotted gold). „ 6. Argyromiges Raiella (the RayianV „ 7. ArgjTomiges tristrigella (the treble spotted gold). „ 8. Argyromiges trifasciella (the tawny treble bar). „ 9. Argyromiges Han-isella (the Harrisian). „ 10. Argyromiges Cramerella (the Cramerian). „ 11. Argyromiges hortella (the porcelain). „ 12. Argyromiges sylvella (the dark porcelain). „ 13. Argyromiges cneulipenella (the cuckoo's feather). „ 14. Argyromiges Corylifoliella (the hazel red). „ 15. Argyromiges Ulmifoliella (the elm red). „ 16. Argyromiges Alnifoliella (the alder red) . „ 17. Argyromiges Obscurella (the dull red). „ 18. Argyromiges rufipuuctella (the red and white barred). „ 19. ArgjTomiges Autumnell.\ (the autumnal). „ 20. Argyromiges Nivella (the snowy). „ 21. Argyromiges semiaurella (the pale gold dot). „ 22. Argyromiges unipunctella (the simple dot). „ 23. Argyromiges Spartifoliella (the golden dot). „ 24. ArgjTomiges Clerckella (the Clerckian). „ 25. Heribeia Haworthana (the Haworthian). „ 26. Heribeia humerella (the shoulder stripe). „ 27. Heribeia Forsterella (the Fosterian). „ 28. Heribeia simpliciella (the simple shoulder stripe). „ 29. Heribeia Cognatella (the allied shoulder stripe). „ 30. Microsetia Sub-bistrigella (the double silver bar). „ 31. Microsetia Obsoletella (the obscure dot). „ 32. Microsetia exiguella (the small dot). „ 33. Microsetia Cinereo-punctella (the grey dotted brown). „ 34. Microsetia stipella (the triple gold spotted). „ 35. Microsetia guttella (the white spotted sable). „ 36. Microsetia quadrella (the silver spotted sable). FIG. PAI Insects. 37. Microsetia sequella (the silver blotched). 38. Microsetia pulchella (the small argent ai:d sable). 39. Microsetia bella (the beautiful argent and sable). 40. Microsetia nigrella (the small double silver bar). 41. Microsetia trimaculella (the cream spotted sable). 42. Microsetia sub-bimaculella (the brown spotttd sable). 43. Microsetia nigrociliella (the black edged sable). 44. Microsetia unifasciella (the silver barred brown). 45. Microsetia mediofasciella (the central silver bar). 46. Microsetia posticella (the pigmy silver bar). 47. Microsetia aurella (the diamond barred pigmy ). 48. Microsetia floslactella (the creamy pigmy). 49. Microsetia atricapitella (the black-headed pigmy). 50. Microsetia ruficapitella (the red-beaded piguiy). 51. Microsetia violacella (the violet pigmy). 52. Microsetia pygmjeella (the least pigmy). 53. Microsetia sericiella (the satin pigmy). 54. Microsetia aurofasciella (the gold banded). 55. Microsetia Gliechella (the Gleichian). 55. Microsetia Pfeifferella (the four spotted gold). PLATE C.XIII. 2i4 Insects. 1. Glyphipteryx Linnseella (the Linnsean). „ 2. Glyphiptery,\ Roesella (the Roeselian). „ 3. Glyphipteryx Zinckeila (the Zinckian). „ 4. Glyphipteryx SchEefferella (the SchEefferiau). „ 5. Glyphipteryx bimaculella (the orange blotched black). „ 6. Glyphipteryx eximia (the nonpareil). „ 7. Glyphipteryx metallella (the metallic) . „ 8. Glyphipteryx subcuprella (the coppery). „ 9. Gh'phipteryx auroguttella (the gold dotted). „ 10. Glyphipteryx variella (the variable). „ 11. Gh'phipteryx termiuella (Z)a/e). „ 12. Pancalia Leuwenhoekella (the Leuwenhoekian). „ 13. Pancalia Latreillella (the LatreUlian). „ 14. Pancaha Woodiella (the Woodian). „ 15. Pancalia fusco-senea (the brown brassy). „ 1 6. PancaUa fusco-cuprea (the brown copper). „ 17. Pancalia Meri.anella (the Merianian). „ 18. Callisto guttea (the white spotted brown). „ 19. Callisto Fyeslella (the Fuessliau). „ 20. Callisto fusco-cuprella (the browB copper). „ 21. Callisto fusco-viridella (the brown green). „ 22. Harfagus cinctella (the silver-barred sable). „ 23. Harfagus aJbistrigella (the white striped sable). „ 24. Astyages grandipenuis (the great raven feather). „ 25. Astyages cylindrella (the buff-blotched slender). „ 26. Astyages coracipennella (the small raven feather). „ 27. Astyages serratella, (the notched horn). „ 28. Astyages obscurella (the brown feather). I.IST OF PLATES. Fie. PACK Insects. 29. Astyages Grj-phipennella (the vulture feather^. „ 30. Astyages Intarea (the shining clay). „ 31. Astyages ochroleucella (the pale shining clay). „ 32. Astyages nigricella (the black fringed clay). „ 33. Astyages fiavicaput (the yellow-headed black). „ 34. Chrysocory sangustipeunella(thenarrow-wiiiged). „ 35. Metallosetia Spissicornis (the thick-horned green). „ 36. Metallosetia Trifolii (tlie Trefoil). „ 37. Jletallosetia brevicornis (the short-horned). ., 38. Porrectaria Anitipennella (the goose feather). „ 39. Porrectaria Otidipennella i the bustard featlier). „ 40. Porrectaria Anseripennella (the duck feather). „ 41. Porrectaria SiruthioDipennella (the ostrich feather). „ 42. Porrectaria oruatipennella (the silver-streaked liook tip). „ 43. Porrectaria Ochrea (the silver-streaked). PL.\TE CXIV. 222 Insects. 1. Porrectaria gailipennella (the cock's feather). „ 2. Porrectaria lineolea (the red-specked). „ 3. Porrectaria albicosta (the white-edged). „ 4. Porrectaria leucapennella (the lead-coloured). „ 5. Porrectaria argentula (the silvered) . „ 6. Aphelosetia aui-itella (the eared). „ 7. Aphelosetia cygnipennella (the swan's feather). „ 8. Aphelosetia semialbella (tlie half white). „ 9. Aphelosetia triatomea (the treble-atomed white). „ 10. Aphelosetia floslactis (the cream-coloured). „ 11. Aphelosetia nifocinerea (the red brindled). „ 12. Aphelosetia olaeella (the small shining brown). „ 1.3. Aphelosetia luci lelia (the lucid). ., 14. Aphelosetia rufipennella (the red feather). ,, 15. Aphelosetia fulvescens (the tawny). „ 16. Aphelosetia marginea (the bordered straw). „ 17. Batia lambdella (the tawny crescent). „ 18. Batia lunaris (the lesser tawny crescent). „ 19. Batia formosella. „ 20. Batia lutarella (the clay). „ 21. Batia saturatella (the dark clay). „ 22. Batia Panzerella (the Panzerian). „ 23. Batia flavifrontclla (the yellow head). „ 24. Acbroia alvearia (the honey). „ 25. Galleria cereana (the honeycomb). „ 26. The Caterpillar. „ 27. Ilythia sociella (the pale-shouldered). „ 28. Ilythia anella (the twin-spot). „ 28. Senta flammea (the flame). „ 30. Senta sericea (the silken). n 31. The Caterpillar. „ 32. Eudorea Portlandica. „ 33. Eudorea cembrella (the large gray). „ 34. Eudorea subfusca (the drab gray). „ 35. Eudorea dubitalis (the hoary gray). „ 36. Eudorea pjTalella (the yellow stigmaed gray). „ 37. Eudorea tristrigella (the three-streaked gray). „ 38. Eudorea pallida (the pale gray). „ 39. Eudorea lineola (the striped gray). „ 40. Eudorea mnrana (the wall-gray). „ 41. Eudorea resinea (the resin gray). PLATE CXV. PAGE 228 PIG. Insects. 1. Eudorea Angustea (the narrow-winged gray). „ 2. Eudorea pusilla. „ 3. Eudorea Mercurella (the small gray). „ 4. Phycita uebulella (tlie ermine knot horn). „ 5. Phycita biusevella (the double-blotched). „ 6. Phycita dilutella (the powdered knot horn). „ 7. Phycita elutella (the cinereous knot horn). „ 8. Phycita rufa (the rufous kuot horn) . „ 9. Phycita angustella (the small ermine knot horn). „ 10. Pliycita semirufa (the reJ-streaked knot horn). „ U. Phycita bistriga (the double stripped red knot horn). „ 12. Phycita tumidana (the warted knot liorn). „ 13. Phycita fascia (the broad barred knot horn). „ 14. Phycita advenella (the marbled broad barred knot horn). „ 15. Phycita marmorea (the marbled knot horn). „ 16. Phycita porphyrea (the porphyry kuot horn). „ 17. Phycita consociella (the allied knot horu). „ IS. Phycita Rhenella (the dove-coloured kuot horn). „ 19. Phycita Pinguis (the tabby kuot horn). „ 20. Phycita hostilis (the varied knot horn). „ 21. Phycita formosa (the beautiful kuot horn). „ 22. Phycita stigmatella. ,, 23. Phycita obtusa (the blunt-winged knot horn). „ 24. Phycita obscura (the obscure knot horu). „ 25. Phycita ornatella (the speckled knot horn). „ 26. Phycita Abietella (the pine knot horn). „ 27. Phycito Roborella (the doited knot horn). „ 28. Phycita Legatella (the plain knot horn). „ 29. Phycita fusca (the brown knot horn). ., 30. Phycita tristrigella (the three-streaked knot horn). „ 31. Phycita palumbella (the mealy knot horn). „ 32. Homceosoma gemma (the twin barred kuot horn) . „ 3.3. Homoeosoma cinerea. „ 34. Nemophila Hybridalis (the rush veneer). „ 35. Oncocera Cardui (the thistle ermine). „ 36. Oncocera Caruella (the rosy veneer). „ 37. Oncocerasanguinella (the buff-edged rosy veneer). „ 38. Ara.ves Sliniosella (the Hame veneer). „ 39. Araxes Lotella (the pale-edged flame veneer). „ 40. Araxes Ocellea (the necklace veneer) . „ 41. Araxes Alienella (the mouse-coloured veneer). „ 42. Prionapteryx nebulifera (the clouded veneer). PLATE CXVI. 234 Insects. 1. Crambus Lythargyrellus (the dark streaked satin veneer). „ 2. Crambus Argyreus (the streaked satin veneer). „ 3. Crambus Arbustorum (the yellow satin veneer). „ 4. Crambus Argeutellus (the white satin veneer). „ 5. Crambus dealbellus (the ivory veueer). „ 6. Crambus tentaculelius (ihe Portland veneer). „ 7. Crambus hamellus (the pearl streak veneer). „ 8. Crambus pascuellus (the inlaid veneer). „ 9. Crambus scoticus. 10. Crambus ericellus (the heath veneer). XV III LIST OP PLATES. FIG. rA Insects, 11. Crambus pratellus (the dark inlaid veneer). „ 12. Crarabas angustellus (the narrow winged veneer). „ 13. Crambus hortuellus (the garden veneer). „ 14. Crambus cespitellus (the straw coloured veneer). „ 15. Crambus montanellus (the dark mountain veneer). „ 16. Crambus marginellus (the bordered veneer). „ 17. Crambus Latistrius (the broad streaked veneer). „ 18. Crambus pinetellus (the pearl veneer). „ 19. Crambus Chrysonuehellus (the powdered veneer). „ 20. Crambus rorellus (the chalk hill veneer). „ 21. Crambus falsellus (the chequered veneer). „ 22. Crambus lutfeellus (the barred veneer). „ 23. Crambus tristis (the dingy veneer). „ 24. Crambus inquinatellus (the elbow striped veneer). „ 25. Crambus aridellus (the chalk veneer). „ 26. Crambus selasellus (the dark edged veneer). „ 27. Crambus Obtusellus (the blunt winged veneer). „ 28. Crambus petrificellus (the common veneer). ,, 29. Crambus aquilellus (the dusky yellow veneer). „ 30. Crambus palseellus (the large yellow veneer) . „ 31. Crambus culmorum (the brown edged veneer) , „ 32. Crambus fuscelinellus (the brown veneer). „ 33. Crambus nigristriellus (the black streaked veneer). „ 34. Crambus culmellus (the small straw-coloured). „ 35. Crambus cerusellus (the dark dwarf veneer). „ 36. Crambus pygm8eus. „ 37. A dark variety (the pigmy veneer). „ 38. Crambus radiellus (the streaked mountain veneer). J, 39. Crambus margaritellus (the pearl streaked veneer) . PLATE CXVII. 240 Insects — 1. Chilo forficeUus (the aquatic veneer). „ 2. Chilo fumeus (the smoky veneer). „ 3. Chilo punctigerellus (the dark wainscot veneer). „ 4. Chilo phragmitellus (the wainscot veneer). „ 5. Chilo gigantellus (the gigantic veneer) . „ 6. Theristis Acinacidella (the narrow-winged veneer). „ 7. Theristis nemorella (the pale hook-tip veneer). „ 8. Harpipteryx dentella (the tooth-streaked hook-tip). „ 9. Harpipteryx falcella (the dark hook-tip) . „ 10. Harpipteryx Scabrella (the wainscot hook-tip). „ 11. Hj-psolopha Asperella (the chequered hook-tip) . „ 12. Hypsolopha Antennella (the netted hook-tip). „ 13. Hypsolopha Persicella (the double-barred). „ 14, Choetochilus costellus (the white shouldered). „ 15. Choetochilus fissellus (the broad streak). „ 16. Choetochilus radiatellus (the radiated). „ 17. Choetochilus Variellus (the variable autumn). „ 18. A variety. „ 19. Choetochilus sylvellus (the wood autumn). „ 20. Choetochilus rufimitrellus (the red headed autumn). „ 21. Choetochilus maurellus (the dingy autumn). „ 22. Choetochilus vittelius (the black back). FIG. piGK Insect. 23. Choetochilus seqnellus (the small merveille du jour). Plant — 24. Silene Quinqnevulnera (variegated catchfly). PLATE CXVIII. 244 Insects. 1. Cerostoma porrectella (the gray streak). „ 2. Cerostoma annulatella (the annulated). „ 3. Cerostoma maeulipennis (the spotted winged). „ 4. Cerostoma Xylostella (the honeysuckle). „ 5. Tinea tapetzella (the black-cloaked woollen). „ 6. Tinea semifulvella (the fulvous-tip). „ 7. Tinea ustella (the white-backed black). „ 8. Tinea flavieostella. „ 9. Tinea fuscipuncteUa (the brown-dotted woollen). „ 10. Tinea pellionella (the single-spotted woollen). „ 11. Tinea nigripunctella (the many-spotted yellow). „ 12. Tinea albipunctella (the white-speckled black). „ 13. Tinea fiavescentella (the triple-spotted buff). „ 14. Tinea lappella (the triple-spotted yellow). „ 15. Tinea sulphurella (the sulphur). „ 16. Tinea destructor (the destructive). „ 1 7. Tinea cloaeella (the dark-mottled woollen). „ 18. Tinea granella (the mottled woollen). „ 19. Tinea parasitella (the light-brindled woollen). „ 20. Tinea corticella (the bark). „ 21. Euplocamus mediellus (the agaric). Plant. 22. Cucubalus Baecifer (Berry-bearing Campion). PLATE CXIX. 248 Insects. 1. Lepidocera Birdella (Mr. Bu-d's). 2. Lepidocera mediopectinella (the middle feathered). 3. Lepidocera taurella (the little bull). 4. Lepidocera cheuopodiella (the spotted bull). 5. Incurvaria masculella (the feathered diamond- back). 6. Incurvaria pectinella (the feathered twin spot), 7. Incurvaria Oehlmanniella (Oehlmann's). 8. Incurvaria spuria (the spurious treble-spot). 9. Incurvaria tripunetella (the trebled-spotted). 10. Incurvaria rufimitrella. 1 1 . Amaurosetia oppositella (the two-spotted brown) . 12. Amaurosetia quadripunctella (the double-spotted brown). 13. Amaurosetia minutella (the double gold-spotted), 14. Amaurosetia cerusella (the triple-spotted white). 15. Amaurosetia Albinella (Albin's). 16. Amaurosetia Megerlella (Megerle's). 1 7. Amaurosetta albifrontella (the white fronted). Plant. 18. Fumaria officinalis (common Fumitory). PLATE CXX, 250 Insects. 1. Lampronia Capitella, (the triple-spotted black). 2. Lampronia prselatella (the spotted violet). 3. Lampronia flavipunctella (the 4-spotted brown). 4. Lampronia formosella. 5. Lampronia Margiue-punetella (the dotted border). 6. Lampronia Melanella (the white-spotted black). LIST OF PLATES. Insects. 7. Lampronia Atrella (the dingy black speckled). „ 8. Lampronia Corticella (the golden-speckled black). „ 9. Lampronia rupella (the four-spotted black). „ 10. Eriocephalasubpurpurella(thepurpleunderwing). „ 11. Eriocephala serai-purpui'ella (the half-purplish undcrwing). „ 12. Eriocephala purpurella (the purple upperwiug). „ 1 3. Eriocephala auropurpurella (the gold-brindled purple). „ 14. Eriocephala rubroaurella (the red-gold). „ 15. Eriocephala Hellwigella (the red-barred gold). „ 16. Eriocephala sanguiuella (the scirlet-barred gold). „ 17. Eriocephala Calthella (the small-gold). ,, 18. Eriocephala Concinnella (the neat). „ 19. Eriocephala Seppella (.Sepp's). „ 20. Eriocephala Ammanella (the single-spotted gold). „ 21. Eriocephala bistrigella (the silver-striped gold). Plant. 22. Corydalis lutea (the Yellow Fumitoi-j). PLATE CXXI. 254 Insects, 1. Euspilaptery.x auroguttella (the gold dotted). „ 2. Gracillaria nebulea (the nebulous slender). „ 3. Gracillaria meleagripennella (the turkey's fea- ther). „ 4. Gracillaria syringella (the confluent bai'red). „ 5. Gi-acillaria einerea (the double-barred slender). „ 6. Gracillaria V-flava (the yellow V). „ 7. Gracillaria versicolor (the changeable). „ 8. Gracillaria substriga (the obscure streaked). „ 9. Gracillaria semifascia (the semi-white bar). „ 10. Gracillaria purpurea (the triangle-marked purple). Plant. 11. Verbascumpulverulentum(thepowderedmullein). PLATE CXXII. 256 Insects. Plant. 1. Gracillaria stigmatella (the triangle-marked red). 2. Gracillaria ochracea (the triangle-marked ochre). 3. Gracillaria Thunbergella (Thunberg's). 4. Gracillaria hemidactylella (the mottled red). 5. Gracillaria rufipennella (the dull red). 6. Gracillaria elongella (the plain red>. 7. Gracillaria violacea (the slender violaceous). 8. Gracillaria roscipennella (the livid slender). 9. Gracillaria leucapcnnella (the pale slender). 10. Gracillaria sulphurella (the sulphur). 11. Gracillaria pra^angusta (the poplar slender). 12. Geranium Robertianum (Herb-Robert). PLATE CXXIII. 258 Insects. 1. Agdistes Bennetii (the plumeless plume). „ 2. Pterophorus Pentadactj lus (the large white plume). Insects. 3. Pterophorus Spilodactylus (the worm-wood plume). 4. Pterophorus Galactodactylus (the spotted white plume). .■>. Pterophorus Bipunctidactylus (the grey-wood plume). fi. Pterophorus Fuscodactylus (the brown wood plume). 7. Pterophorus Pterodactylus (the common plume). 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Chrysalis. 10. Pterophorus Monodactylus (the hoary plume). 11. Pterophorus Tephradactylus (the plain plume). 12. Pterophorus Tridactylus (the dotted-bordered plume). 13. Pterophorus Niveidactylus (the snowy plume). 14. Pterophorus Tetradactylus (the white-shafted plume). 15. Pterophorus Carphodactylus (the citron plume). 16. Pterophorus Ochrodactylus (the ochreous plume). 17. Pterophorus Leucodactylus (the lemon plume). 18. Pterophorus Lunredactylus (the crescent plume). 19. The caterpillar of Porrectaria Anatipenella, figured in Plate 113, fig. 38. Plant. 20. Convolvulus Arvensis (common Bindweed). PLATE CXXIV. 260 Insects. 1. Pterophorus pallidaetylus (the pale-plume). ., 2. Pterophorus migadactylus (the chalk-pit plume). „ 3. Pterophorus similidactylus (the du.sky-plume). „ 4. Pterophorus trigonodactylus (the triangle plume). „ 5. Pterophorus rhododactylus (the rose-plume). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. The Chrysalis. „ 8. Pterophorus calodactylus (the beautiful plume) . 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. „ 11. Pterophorus tesserad,actylus (the marbled- plume). ., '12. Pterophorus punctidactylus (the brindled-plume). 13. Pterophorus eosmodactylus (the dark-brindled plume). „ 14. Pterophorus didaetylus (the spotted rusty plume). ., 1 5. Pterophorus heterodactylus (the spotted black plume). „ Hi. Pterophorus microdactylus (the small plume). „ 17. The CaterpiUar. „ 18. Pterophorus microdactylus (the Chrysalis) . „ 19. Alucita hexadactyla (the six-cleft plume). „ 20. Alucita polydactyla (the many-cleft plume). „ 21. Alucita paicilodactyla (the dark six-cleft plume). Plants. 22. Gentiana acaulis (Dwarf Gentian). „ 23. Ononis procurrens (trailing Rest-Harrow). BRITISH MOTHS THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. FAJIILY X. GEOMETRID^. This family is of scarcely less extent than the Noctuidse, from which, as well as from the Linnaean Bombyces, its species are distinguished by the general weakness of structure and slenderness of body, but more particu- larly by the remarkable peculiarities and geometric mode of progression of the caterpillars ; whence has been derived the family name, derived from the Greek, and meaning " measurers of the ground." The head is of moderate size ; the maxillae short and weak, being nearly membranous ; the labial palpi small and cylindrical • the antennce variable, being strongly bipectinated in the males of some species, but simple in otliers ; the wings are of large size and of various outline, being often extended horizontally, although in a few species they are carried vertically. We here find no traces of the curious characteristic markings of the Noctuidse : the thorax is never crested ; the legs are slender ; the anterior tibife being armed internally with a spur, and the posterior with two pairs of those appendages. The caterpillars are called loopers, or geometricians, and have generally three pairs of pectoral, and only one (the hindmost) pair of ventral prolegs, with a pair of anal feet ; and hence, in walking, they first fix themselves firmly by means of their anal and ventral feet ; they tlien extend the body to its greatest length, fixing themselves by their fore feet, and then drawing the hind part of tlie body as close after them as possible, so as to form an arch, like a pair of compasses, fixing their hind feet, and proceeding again as before. Their muscular power is very great, and hence their positions during repose are very striking. Fixing themselves by their anal feet alone, they extend their bodies in a straight line, directed upwards, and holding themselves at an angle in this position for a great length of time. This, together v^'ith their obscure colours and the warts which their bodies exhibit, renders it often quite difficult to distinguish them from the twigs of the trees on which they feed. Mr. Stephens describes the larvae of some genera as possessing twelve, and others fourteen feet ; and in a species figured by De Geer (Mem. torn. i. pi. 25, fig. 1 — 7), the larva has three pairs of ventral feet, the first and second of which are very minute. These caterpillars vary in their outward appearance, as will be seen by comparing our different plates. They feed on the leaves of various trees and plants, and have the instinct, when alarmed, of dropping from the leaves and suspending themselves by a thread, which enables them to remount when the danger is past. The chrysalides are of a conical form, with the head rounded. They are either naked or suspended by the tail, or inclosed in a very slender cocoon, which is rarely subterranean, and ofttimes placed amongst dry leaves, &c. In the perfect state, these insects offer very little variation in their habits, fl3nng sluggishly in the twilight or when disturbed during the day, and quickly settling again amongst the foliage of woods and hedges. la VOL. II. B 2 BRITISH MOTHS their colours they are much more beautifully ornamented than the Noctuidae, and many species have a broad wavy band across the fore wings, whence they have obtained the name of carpet-moths ; they never exceed a moderate size. In a few species, the females are almost or entirely destitute of wings, and some of these, as Cheimatobia brumata, are exceedingly injurious to fruit-trees, devouring the tender shoots and leaves in the sprincr (see Kollar's work on Noxious Insects) ; whilst Bupalus piniarius is sometimes equally destructive in the pine-forests of Germany. (See Silbermann, Eev. Ent. No. 9.) Of the relations of these insects but little can be said. The larger species with feathered male antenns, as Latreille long ago remarked, exhibit so strong a relation to some of the Bombycidse, that it would be rash, looking at the imagines alone, to assert that the relation was not one of affinity. The terminal Noctuida, as we have already shown, are, in several respects, very much allied to this family, whilst some of our fanciful entomologists have imagined a relation between the swallow-tailed butterfly and the swallow-tailed moth, because each of their hind wings happens to terminate in an elongated appendage. llr. Curtis proposes to divide these insects into two families, characterised by the structure of the male antenna, but such a step would imnaturally break many strong relations, as pointed out by Mr. Stephens in his " Illustrations," (vol. iii. p. 143). Platypteryx constitutes an anomalous group, which, in the imago state, seems to be one of the types of form of this family ; but its larva is altogether distinct, and more nearly resembles that of Cerura. But this relation is so slight, that Latreille has evidently confounded analogy with affinity, in uniting them into one tribe, which he named Aposura, the larvee being destitute of anal feet. The comparatively little which is known of the transformations of this family, and our ignorance of the exotic groups, arising from the neglect with which the smaller exotic Nocturnal Lepidoptera liave been treated, render the classifications hitherto proposed of these, and indeed of all the subsequent families of moths, very unsatisfactory. An elaborate examination of their characters, as exhibited in their different states, and extended over the exotic as well as native species, will alone determine the propriety of the establishment of many of the genera which have already been proposed, and which are adopted in the following pages. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LVII. Insrcts. — Fig, 1. Psodos trepidaria (the black mountain-moth). ,, Fig. 2. Psodos alpinata (the gold four-spot). ,, Fig. 3. Speranza brunneata (the Rannoch Looper). ,. Fig. 4. Speranza Limbaria (the frosted yellow). 5. The Caterpillar, ,, Fig. 6. Bupalus piniarius (the bordered white). 7. The Female. ,, Fig, 8. Fidonia atomaria (the common heath). 9, Another variety. 10. A Female, ,, Fig, 11, Fidonia fuliginaria (the waved black). 12, The Caterpillar, ,, Fig, 13. Fidonia ericetaria (the bordered gray). 14. The Female, ,, Fig, 15, Ma;sia Favillacearia (the gray scalloped bar), ,, Fig, IG, Hybernia leucophearia (the spring usher). 17. A variety. ,, Fig. 18. Anisopteryx jEscularia (the March moth). 19, The Female, ,, Fig. 20. Hybernia Capreolaria (the dotted border). 21. The Female. 22. The Caterpillar. T, Fig. 23. Hybernia prosapiaria (the ecarce umber). 24. The Female. Insects. — Fig. 25. Hybernia defoliaria (the mottled umbre). 2C. A variety. 27. A variety. 28. The Female. 29, The Caterpillar, Plants — Fig. 30, Cytisus scoparius (common broom). The whole of the insects figured in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, who has, on this and numerous other occasions, most liberally allowed me to talte all the insects I required to my own house, for the purpose of copying even unique specimens of great value. I have only given three varieties of Atomaria, but they are three of the most striking; for to give every intermediate gradation connecting the three distinctly-marked varieties figured, would have filled the plate. The females vary as much as the males. The same remark will apply to Defoliaria, with the exception of the female, which is apterous. The female of Capreolaria from a specimen sent me by Mr. H. Doubleday, is, he informs me, usually placed in cabinets as the female of Leucophearia; but he has had abundant opportunities this spring of proving that such is not the case. The female of Leucophearia, Mr. E, Doubleday informs me, is perfectly apterous. The caterpillars are from Hiibner and Freyer. H. N. H. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 3 PSODOS, Treitschke. The wings are broad and rounded ; the antennae simple in both sexes ; the spiral tongue long and slender ; the palpi small, porreeted, and densely clothed with long hairs, the terminal joint being very minute. Mr. Curtis considers this genus as forming the connecting link between this family and the Noctuidae, by means of the genus Brepha ; but Boisduval places it at the end of the Gcometridaj, regarding it as forming the passage to the Pyralidse by means of tlie genus Ilercyna. The transformations are, unfortunately, unknown. The species are Alpine. Boisduval separates Equestrata, under the generic name of Torula, on account of the difference in the markings and habit of the wings. Species 1. — Psodos thepidaria''. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 1.) — Expanse, J. inch. Blackish brown ; fore wings rather narrow, sooty black at base, with a very short, almost obsolete black line ; a nearly central, oblique, dark fascia, with crenated edges ; dilated towards the costa, inclosing a black dot ; beyond this, in certain lights, is to be seen a broad, nearly obsolete striga, of a pale blackish hue, terminating in a black costal spot : hind wings nearly concolorous, blackish brown, but with indications of spots and strigaa, as in the fore ones ; apical margin of all the vrings spotted with black. Very rare. Found, at the end of June and beginning of July, on the summit of the mountains of Scotland. ■ SvNoNTME. — Geametra trcpidaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, Ind. Eat. fig. 449. Species 2. — Psodos alpinata''. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 2.) — Expanse one inch. All the wings brown black, with a large, irregularly oval patch of orange beyond the middle of each wing. Probably not truly British. Two specimens in Mr. Curtis's collection are stated by Haworth to have been taken at Hoi wood, (Holywell,) near Bromley, in Kent, by Mr. Plastead. It is found on the Alps in July. '■ Synonymes.— GeoTTie/ro alpinata, Wien. Vera.; Treitschke ; Geome<ro eyues/ra/a, Fabricius; Curtis, Brit. Eut. pi. 42'1 ; Ha- Hiibner; Stephens; Wood, fijr. 450. worth. Geometra equesiraria, Esper; Boisduval. SPERANZA, Curtis. The antenna are bipectinated in the males ; the pectinations rather short, and scarcely extending to the apex ; the spiral tongue long and slender ; the palpi porreeted, thickly clothed with scales, not concealing the terminal joint, which is distinct, small, and oval. The body is slender ; the wings somewhat triangular ; the fore ones with a tubercle on the upper side, near the base. The caterpillars are slender, lineated, and smooth ; resting, extended at full length along the branches ; the perfect insects fly by day, and when at rest carry their wings erect. Species 1.— Spebanza britnneatac.— (Plate LVII., Fig. 3.)— Expanse, 10 or 11 Unes. Fore wings in the male dirty orange, with four very indistinct, dusky, sinuated, transverse strigse, and a small duskyspot in the middle; hind wings paler, with two very obscure dusky strigBB, and a central spot. The female dull orange, with the -/.s'. strigffi broader and more distinct. Found, about the middle of July, "flying in the beat of the day over high heath which covers the hiUocks amongst the pine-trees in Blackwood, near the shores of Loch iiannoch." — (Curtis, loc. cit.) ' Syhosymes.— Geomrtroir«nnea(a,Thuiiberg.; Stephens; Wood, , Speranza syharia, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pL 225. Eg. 451. 1 ? £«pis(er)a (Bdv.) quinqimriii, Hiib. (pinetaiia HDb. $ ). b2 4 BRITISH MOTHS Species 2. — Speranza limbaria''. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 4, 5.) — Expanse, If inch. Wings clay-colonred ; fore wings with the fore margin thickly irrorated with brown specks, and a brown apical border ; hind wings also J'id<rrt-<Lt^ thickly covered with brown scales, especially in the females. The caterpillar very slender, smooth, and green-brown, /rru/t-i' with yellov^ longitudinal stripes. It feeds on the broom, and the perfect insect flies by day, frequenting broom- ed, 3, fields in the beginning of May and end of July, (Boisduval says in June). Mr. Haworth appears to have made some strange mistake in his description of this well-known insect. ** Synonvmes. — J*Aa/iEfta /imjaria, Fabiicius ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 452. Geometra co?ispicuata, Wien. Yeiz. ; Hiibner; 117, 118. afcHiO BUPALUS, Leach. FIDONIA, p. Boisduval. The fore wings are elongate triangular, varied with yellow and dusky markings ; the body slender, and the antennae strongly bipectinated to tlie tips in the males ; the palpi are very short and concealed by the hairs of the front of the head ; the females are larger than the males, with simple antennse ; as in tlie foregoing genus, the males have a tubercle at the base of the wings, and they carry them erect wlien at rest ; the caterpillars are also longitudinally streaked, and they repose at full length on the branches. Species 1. — Bupalus piniarius^ — (Plate LVII., Figs. 6, 7.) — Expanse of the fore vnngs, H-l| inch. Fore wings in the male dark brown, with an elongate triangular pale buff patch in the discoidal area, and a 0 larger irregular one occupying the greater part of the vvdngs towards the anal angle ; its edges irrorated with brown; hind wings brown, with a large buff thickly irrorated patch, extending from the anal margin beyond the middle of the wing, and with its apical margin scalloped and preceded by a slender irregular fascia : female, with the ground-colour dirty reddish brown, with the dark markings much less distinct. Caterpillar green, with five white and yellowish lines ; it feeds on fir-trees ; the perfect insect flying in fir plantations, especially in the north of England, in June. e Synonyme. — PhaltBna Geometra Piniariaj Linnaeus; Donovan, 10, pi. 336; HUbner ; Haworth; Stephens; "Wood, Ind. Ent. fig. 453, bis. FIDONIA, Teeitschke. The wings are rather short, broad, and rounded ; thickly irrorated with dark atoms, forming more or less distinct striga; ; the anteunse strongly bipectinated in the males, the pectinations extending almost to the tip ; the palpi very short and hairy, and the body slender. The females are winged, and of equal size with the males, having the antennae very slender. The larv» are described as having ten legs and smooth, that of F. fuliginaria, however, appears to be setose. Species 1. — Fidonia ATOMARiAf. — (Plate LVII., figs. 8, 9, 10.) — This species measures from 1^!^ to 1|^ inch in the exjianse of the fore wings, which are extremely variable, botli in their white or buff ground-colouring, and in the strength of the dark irrorations with which they are so strongly covered, and which unite in forming four very irregular bars across the wings ; of these, the second and third converge together towards the hind margin ; the third striga is interrupted in the middle, and the apical margin is often dark. A very common species, found on heaths in June. The caterpillar is at first green, but afterwards yellowish brown, spotted with red or brown, and with a longitudinal streak It feeds on various species of Scabiosa. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. J Geohetra carbonaria, Haworth, is possibly a small suflfused variety, measuring only 1 1 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pitchy brown colour, slightly irrorated with pale atoms. 'Synonvmes. — Fhal. Geom. AtomariOj Liunxus; Hubuer; Dono- [ Phaltena Isoscelata, Scopuli, (female). Tan, 7, pi. 248, fig, 1, 2 ; Wood, fig. 454. ! Geonutra glarcaria^ iiti\\oii\i \ llubncr? Phaltena aceraria, Hufu-igle. Geomeira roseidaria, Uubner ; Haworth. Phaltena pennala, Scopoli. (Variety?) Geomeira carbonaria, Haworth, (but not of Fabricius). Species 2. — Fidonia fuliginaria'. — (Plate LVII., figs, 11, 12.) — This species measures 11 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a blackish colour, with three undulated subinterrupted whitish strigse : the first being towards the base of the wing ; the second beyond the middle, running also acro-ss the hind wing, and very much arched on the outside ; the third is subniarginal and rather indistinct, and be3-ond this a rather indistinct row of yellowish spots. Very rare ; a few specimens, only taken at wide intervals in the neighbour- hood of London, being all which have hitherto been noticed. The caterpillar is obscure, with fulvous and black dots, and a longitudinal streak on each side. t Sysonvmes. — Ph. Geom. fuliginaria, Linnxus ; Haworth ; Ste- Ph. carbonai ia, Fabricius ; Hubner, (but not of Haworth). phcns ; Wood, Iiid. Ent. pi. 18, fig. 456. | Ph. lunulata, Fabricius, (female). Species 3. — Fidonia ericetaria''. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 13, 14.) — Varies from IJ- to 1 j- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of an ashy colour, with a slight purplish tinge and much irrorated ; the costa with three dusky dots, the central one produced within into a slender dusky striga, the third also extended into a much less distinct undulated stricja, followed by a narrow pale streak : the apical marwin itself bein^ brown, ' / which is found also in the hind winss ; the female is smaller than the male and more irrorated — a rare species, .J. , , ,; but found in fir plantations in Kent, Surrey, .and Hampshire, in August, and occasionally in considerable numbers. JfJi Weybridge, June, 1842.— -J. F. Stephens, Esq. *> Synonvmf.s. — Phol. Geom. ericetaria, Villers; Haworth; | Geomeira plumistraria, Huhncr. .Stephens ; Wood, fig. 457. I Geomeira subfimbriala, Haworth, in Ent. Trans., O. S. 1, 330. M.ESIA, STEPHE.N-S. BUPALUS, Curtis. The palpi are not concealed in the hairs of the front of the head ; they are squamosa, with the terminal joint small and globose ; the antennae are less strongly bipectinated in the males than in the preceding genus ; the wings are deflexed during repose, the hind ones covered by the fore ones, and irrorated with a dark central dot and strigae of dusky markings ; the female is smaller than the male. Species 1. — M^esia favillaceauia'. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 15.) — This variable species measures about H inch „ in the expanse of the fore wings, which in the males are of a pale ashy white, the middle with a pale butF tinge, and ''' finely powdered with dusky atoms ; a dark spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell in all the wings, preceded ,^ in the fore wings by a slender dark scalloped striga, and followed by a much curved row of dusky arches, (extending also across the hind wings,) and which are more or less suflfused towards the apical and anal angles ; the margins of the wings with small dusky dots. Tiie female is considerably smaller aud darker coloured, being more thickly irrorated with dusky scales. Originally taken in Yorkshire, but more recently found in some plenty settling in the heathy places where the turf has been pared off in the New Forest, from the middle of May to the middle of July, and, unlike several of the preceding species, " nothing apparently will induce it to fly during the day." — Curtis. ' Sykonyhes. — Geomeira favillacearia, HUbner; Haworth ; Cur- i Geomeira mediopunclaria, Donovan, 13, pi. 461, Cg. 1. ti>, Brit. Ent. pi. 33 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 458; Harris, Aurclian, | Geomeira Belgiaria, Hubner. pi. 33, fig. m. -ft 6 BRITISH MOTHS ANISOPTERYX, Stephens, Boisduval. HYBERNIA, p. Coetis. The fore wings in the males of this genus are long, entire, and of a very delicate structure ; the antennas of the males very slender and finely bipectinated ; the palpi short ; the spiral tongue scarcely distinct ; the thorax weak and villose ; the abdomen slender ; the female with very short rudiments of wings ; the larva smooth, slightly elongated, and twelve-footed ; it feeds on the leaves of trees. Species 1. — Anisoptbrtx iEscinARiA''. — (Plate LVII,, Figs. 18, 19.) — This species measures from H to 1|- inch in the expanse of the fore wings of the males, which are of a pale glossy ashy-brown colour, with a central, broad, slightly dusky fascia, outwardly edged with a white dentated line, and an oblique brown line, which extends to the tip of the wing from the outer angle of the preceding striga ; the hind wings with a dusky central dot and an indistinct fascia ; the caterpillar is green, with pale longitudinal lines ; it feeds on the horse- chestnut and other trees, and the imago appears in March. '' Synontme. — Geometra ^scularia, Wien. Verz ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 460, a and n. Geometra murinaHa, Esper. HYBERNIA Latreille, (LAMPETIA, Stephens, glim.) These insects have the sexes also very dissimilar, the females being entirely or nearly destitute of wings ; the palpi very minute and the spiral tongue almost obsolete, being formed of two short lanceolate lobes, to which are attached a pair of minute 3-jointed maxUlary palpi ; the antennae are slender and bipectinated in the males ; the wings in the males are large but weak. The caterpillars are smooth, slender, elongated, and ten-footed ; they feed on the leaves of trees and the perfect insects appear in the winter and spring. Species 1. — Htbernia leucophearia '. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 16, 17.) — The males of this species vary from 1^ to If- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are variable in their colour, being of a pale ashy tint, more or less saturated, und clouded with dark scales ; an incurved slender fascia before, and another deeply waved beyond the middle, followed by a dark cloud-like fascia, considerably mottled. The hind wings mottled, and with dusky clouds near the anal angle. Our English Entomologists appear to have regarded as the female of this species, that of H. capreolaria (our figure 21) and vice versa. The observations of Captain Chawner and Mr. H. Doubleday have, however, satisfactorily proved the incorrectness of this supposition ; the true female of Leucophearia being entirely wingless. A common species, which flies in woods round London and other parts of the country, in February and March, preferring places where oaks abound, and flitting about with an undulating motion by day, between the hours of eleven and two, p.m., and rarely ascending higher than the tops of the underwood. ' Synonvmes Geometra leucophearia, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; "Wood, fig. 459 a. (male), 461 n. (female); Harris, Aurelian, pi. 43, figs, m, n, o, q. Species 2. — Hybeknia capreolaria". — (Plate LVII., Figs. 20, 21, 22.) — This species measures from 1^ to rather more than 1-j't; inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a brownish or reddish buff colour, thickly irrorated with dark atoms, and with a nearly straight, slender, dark striga before the middle of the wing, and another much bent towards the costa beyond the middle, beyond which is a broad darker bar, with a row of .c • pale spots ; the apical margin with a row of dark dots ; hind wings with a central dark dot and evanescent Hsffi^jM . ' fascia ; the female with riidiments of wings, the anterior ones being obliquely truncate, of an ashy brown colour, "f' ''■ . with three transverse strigre on the fore wings, and two on the hind ones. The caterpillar is light fulvous ; tUt Geometra nigricaria, Haworth ; Hiibner. Geometra marmorinaria, Esper. ri.58. « 8 BRITISH MOTHS PHIGALIA, D0PONCHBL. (HIBERNIA, pars. Boisduval.) This genus is closely allied to the preceding, but the body is very much more robust; the antennae more strongly bipectinated ; the wings are large, broad, triangular, and villose ; the palpi very short, and concealed by the hairs of the face ; the larvte are ten-footed, cylindrical, and smooth, very slightly setose, and with a bifid tubercle on the eleventh segment of the body. Species 1. — PhigaliapilosariaP. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 1, 2.) — Varies from 1^ to If inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a greenish mouse colour, with four dusky spots on the costa, equidistant ; the first being near the base and the last near the tip of the ■^jjng ; from each of these proceeds a more or less distinct, curved, dusky striga, which is often almost evanescent ; the hind wings are nearly similar in colour, but rather paler, with only one striga ; the cilia with an interrupted striga at the base. The female is dusky-coloured, with a pale line down the back ; it has very small rudiments of wings. The caterpillar is varied with yellow, brown, ferruginous, and black ; the head, legs, and tail being rusty red. It feeds on the oak, whitethorn, &c., in the summer, and the moth appears in March, and is a rather abundant and widely dispersed species. P Synonymes. — Geometra pilosaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Hiibner; Albin, pi. 91, fig. e — i ; Wilkes, pi. 87 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 465 a and n ; Geometra plumaria, Esper. PhaI(EJia pedaria^ Fabricius ; Haworth. Geometra hyemaria, Boikhausen. NYSSIA, DupoNCHEL. (AMPHIDASIS, pars. Treitschke.) The wings in this group are much smaller than in Phigalia, to which it is, however, very closely related ; the antenucE of the males are strongly bipectinated, the pectinations not extending quite to the tip ; the palpi are very small, and densely pilose, being concealed by the hairs of the front of the head. The female has short rudiments of wings, or is entirely apterous, and the caterpillars are naked, cylindrical, and ten-footed. Species 1. — Nyssia hispidaria 'i. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 3, 4.) — The male measures li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy-gray, and powdered with dusky atoms, with an incurved striga near the base, another much curved beyond the middle, with a spot or indistinct striga between them, and a strongly dentated subapical one, the space beyond being paler ; the cilia of all the wings spotted with large dusky dots, and the hind wings with an indistinct striga. The female is dark gray-brown. The caterpillar is brown, with dark spots j it feeds on the elm, and the perfect insect appears from the end of January to April. Mr. Matthews has also taken it in September. It is not a rare species, and is taken on the trunks of oaks and other trees. Nyssia tauaria, Newman (Ent. Mag. 1, 413), has been regarded as a variety of this species. — " Brown gray ; mesothorax, with its anterior margin and a longitudinal central line, forming together the letter T, black : fore wings tawny-gray, transversely and irregularly waved with dark brown ; exterior margin with a wide irregular band of pale brown ; cilise of the same colour, having a row of black dots internally ; hind wings pale brown, with a black spot at the anal angle." Expansion of the fore wings 1^ inch. Taken at Leominster, in June. 1 Synonymes. — Geometra hispidaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 466, a and n. Phalaena ursularia, Donovan, vol. ,-siii., pi. 447. Species 2. — Nyssiazonaria''. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 5, 6, 70 — This pretty species measures 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings of the male, which are grayish-black, varied with white markings ; a bar of the latter colour extending from the base to beyond the middle, intersected by the black veins and followed by two slender white striga, nearly parallel with tlie apical margin ; hind wings white at the base ; apical portion grayish-black, with a broadish white bar, succeeded by a narrow and occasionally obsolete one. The head and thorax are AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 9 loncitudinally striped witli black and white, and the abdomen has slender orange edges to the segments. Tlie female is black, clothed with whitish hairs, and the abdominal segments are margined with orange ; the wings appear in the shape of four small hairy scales. The caterpillar is green, the middle part of the segments being palest above, with a yellow longitudinal stripe on each side, and with a small and black ocellus on each side of the abdominal segments. The larvw vary however, as some, which were hatched from eggs sent me by Mr. Gregson, were darker than in lliibner's figure, copied in our plate. It feeds on Acliillea millefolia, and other low herbaceous plants, and the perfect insect is found in the months of February, March and April, and again in June and July, in various situations on the banks of the river Mersey, especially near Black Rock, where it has occasionally appeared in considerable numbers, and where it was first discovered in 1829. The chrysalides are buried at 2 or 3 inches' depth below the surface of the sand, as I am informed by 5Ir. Gregson of Liverpool. ' Stnonymes. — Phalana zonaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Hijbncr ; Treitschkc; Duponchel ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 615 ; Wood, fig. 1674, a — n. BISTON, Leach. AMPHIDASIS, Boisduval. These insects are the most robust of all the Geometridae, having much the appearance of some of tiie Bombycidae ; the antennre of the males are strongly bipectinatcd, the pectinations not extended quite to the tip, except in B. prodromarius ; the palpi very short and hirsute ; the spiral tongue almost obsolete ; the head not very prominent ; the wings strong ; the abdomen thick and conical ; and the female furnished with fully- developed wings. The caterpillars are long, cylindrical, slightly tubercled, with the head more or less bifid. They feed on the leaves of trees, and the pupa is buried beneath the surface of the ground. Species 1. — Biston prodromarius.* (Plate LVIII., Figs. 8, 9, 10). — This handsome insect varies from l^to rather more than 2 inches (the female exceeding the male in size), in the expanse of the fore wings, which have the ground thickly irrorated with black scales, and a black transverse striga, much waved, near the base of the fore w^ing, preceded by a reddish-brown bar ; a second red-brown broad fascia crosses the wings obliquely beyond the middle, edged on each side with an irregular, dentate, black striga ; a dusky fascia crossing the hind wings beyond the middle. The female is large, with the markings more strongly indicated. The antennae of the males are pectinated to the tip, and of a reddish-gray colour ; the central bar alternately black and white. The caterpillar is ashy or brown coloured, with darker markings, and with white dots and tubercles, varying in size. It feeds on the oak, birch, &c., in the summer, and the moth appears in the following March and April, frequenting oak woods, and occurring in various places, but by no means abundantly. ' Synonvmes — Phaliena prodromaria^ Wicn. Vcrz. ; Fabricius ; I Geometra marmoraria, Esper. Harris, Exp. pi. xiii. f. 4 ; Ponoran, 7, pi. 219 ; Haworth; Stephens; Plialiena sirataria, Hufimgie. Wood, fig. 467. I Species 2. — Biston betularius.' — (Plate LVIII., Figs. II, 12, 13). — This species measures from H to 2i- inches in the expanse of the fore win"s, which, as well as the body and hind wings, are of a white colour, thickly sprinkled with black dots, forming clouds, and sometimes also two angulated streaks, one before and the other behind the middle, and irregular blotches running from the costa ; there is also a submarginal series of dark patches, which also extend along the margin of the hind wings, the latter having a central lunule and a slender flexuous streak ; the extent of these irroratiors is very variable, causing the wings to have a paler or darker appearance ; the antennae of the males are not pectinated quite to the tips. The female is larger than the male. The caterpillar is cylindrical, greenish, hazel, ochraceous brown, or very deep brown, with paler stripes, and tlie VOL. II. c 10 BRITISH MOTHS eighth and eleventh segments often bearing a pair of tubercles tipped with black or brown. It feeds on the elm, oak, &c., at the beginning of September, and the moth appears in June, frequenting woods in various parts of the kingdom. ^Synonymes. — Phalcena Geom. betularia, hiuTiscMS ; A\hin,^\. 40. I Wilkes, pi. 77; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 18, fig. a — f; Haworth ; fig. 64^ a— d, pi. 41, fig. 66, and pi. 91, fig. a— d, pi. 92, fig. a— d ; | Donovan, 7, pi. 237 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 468. Geometra Ulmaria, Borkhausen. Species 3. — Biston hirtarius." — (Plate LIX., Figs. 14, 15.) — This species measures from li to nearly 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dark luteous gray, or brown colour, thickly irrorated with fine dusky atoms, and three or four dark strigse, which are more or less conspicuous, and generally equidistant, but sometimes more or less confluent on the hind margin ; of these, one beyond the middle is the broadest and most curved ; the hind wings are similarly coloured, having generally three nearly obsolete, dusky, equidistant, slender strigse. The female differs, in having the wings less thickly clothed with scales, which renders them more transparent, and the fascias less distinct ; the antennae in the males are not quite feathered to the tips. The caterpillars vary considerably in colour, being generally of a greenish brown, with grayish markings and pale stripes, and with numerous small tubercles ; they feed on various fruit-trees, as well as on privet, lime, and elm, and undergo the change to the chrysalis state about the beginning of July; and the moths appear in the following April. It is a very common species. « Synonymes. — PhaliBna Geometra hirtariaj Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 39, fig. 62, a — d ; "Wilkes, pi. 70 ; Hanis, Aurelian, pi. 9, fig. a — f ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 469. Geometra congeneraria^ Hiibner ; Haworth (variety). Geometra contiguaria, Borkhausen. Geometra fumaria, Haworth (variety). DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LIX. Insects, — Fig. 1. Himera peunaria (the October moth). 2. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 3. Crocallis elinguaria (the scolloped oak). 4. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 5. Odontopera bidentata (the scalloped hazel). 6. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 7. Geometra Tiltaria (the canary-shouldered thorn). 8. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 9. Geometra erosaria (the September thorn). 10. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 11. Geometra angularia (the clouded August thorn). 12. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 13. Geometra illunaria (the early thorn). 14. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 15, Geometra lunarta (the lunar thorn). 16. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 17. Geometra delunaria. „ Fig. 18. Geometra illustraria (the purple thorn). ,, Fig. 19. Geometra sublunaria, a variety of illustraria. ,, Fig. 20. Geometra fuscantaria. ., Fig. 21. Pericallia Syringaria (the lilac beauty). Caterpillar and Chrysalis without number in Plate 60. ,, Fig. 22. Angerona prunaria (the orange moth). 23. The female. 24. A variety of the female. 25, The Caterpillar. Insects. — Fig. 26, Rumia cratsegata (the brimstone moth). 27. The Caterpillar. 28. A variety of the Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 29. Ourapterynsambucaria (sfhe swallow-tailed moth). 30, The Caterpillar. 31. The Cocoon, mis- numbered as 13, ,, Fig. 32. Campaea margaritaria (the light emerald), ,, Fig, 33. EUopia fasciaria (the barred red). The whole of the insects figured in this plate, with the exception of Cratsegata, Prunaria, and Sambucaria, from Mr. H. Doubleday, are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley. Geometra angularia is from a female specimen, as that sex exhibits more strongly the angulated irregularity of the edge of the wings. Its varieties, Quercinaria, Quercaria, &c., &c., I have not thought suffi- ciently characteristic to require a figure. Nor have I thought it neces- sary to figure the small variety of Illunaria, called Juliaria, I selected the bordered variety of A. Prunaria as that most commonly taken ; but Mr, E. Doubleday assures me that it is unusual in some places, and on the Continent (in some parts) extremely rare. The female variety without any markings, is from a specimen taken by myself at Birch "Wood. All the caterpillars are from Huboer. H. N. H. HIMERA, DupoNCHEL. METRA, Stephens' Cat. The antennse of the males are very strongly bipectinated ; the palpi villose and shorter than the clypens, the thorax moderately robust, and very densely clothed with long hairs ; the wings are slightly notched, and marked with a central broad bar, inclosing a discoidal spot ; the female is winged, but generally smaller than ri -59 AND THEIR TRANSFORM ATIONS. H the male. The caterpillar is thick and smooth, with ten feet, the thoracic segments scutellated, and the penultimate one bimucronate. Species 1. — Himera pennaria*. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 1, 2.) — Varies from H to 2i inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a reddish buflf colour, slightly freckled with dusky atoms, and marked with two oblique bars of purplish brown (sometimes confluent behind, which is the G. bifidaria of Haworth) between which is a small spot of the same colour, and a white dot near the apex of the wing ; the hind wings paler at the base, with a single striga behind the middle, which is almost obsolete in the females. It is a variable species in the depth of the ground colour of the wings, and the intensity of the irrorations. The caterpillar is grayish brown, varied with irregular white markings, especially down the middle of the back and sides ; the penultimate segments with two short spines, and the thoracic ones with red dorsal patches. It feeds on oak and other forest trees, and the moth appears at the end of the autumn, and is a common and widely-dispersed species. * SrnofrvMrs. — Phal<Btia G?ome(ro pennaria, Linnaeus ; Dono- I pi. 43, fig. g — i; Stephens; Wood, fig. 470. ■na, 8, pi. 287, fig. 2 ; Haworth, Wilkes, pi. 79 ; Harris, Aurelian, j Geometra bifidaria, Haworth (variety). CROCALLIS, Treitschke. This genus has the male antennas much less strongly pectinated than in the last, and the palpi longer, with the terminal joint slender ; the spiral tongue obsolete. The thorax is robust and woolly ; the fore wings are subdentated on the apical margin, and are marked by a broad bar inclosing a dark discoidal spot. Tiie larvas are ten-footed, cylindric, rugose, and very slightly hairy, with the head large. Species 1. — Crocallis elinguaria l'. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 3, 4.) — Varies from ll to 1} inch in the expansion of the fore wings, which are of a bright pale buff colour ; the fore ones with a very broad, darker, central bar, edged with slender brown lines, and inclosing a black discoidal spot ; the margins of all the wings with a row of small dark dots ; hind wings with a dark central spot, and a very slight subcentral striga, which are, however, occasionally more or less obsolete. The caterpillar is light brown, much variegated witli small darker markings : it feeds on various fruit trees, oak, elm, &c., and the moth, which is a commsn and widely-dispersed species, appears in August. The eggs in this species are oblong, and depressed, not unlike a thick 8vo. volimie. I" Syhonyme. — Phal. Geom. elinguaria, Linnaeus ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 39, fig. 63, e — h, pi. 42, f. 67, e — h ; Wood, fig. 471. ODONTOPERA, Stephens. ENNOMOS. Mr. Stephens separates the type of this genus from the preceding and following genera, with which latter it is associated by the Continental Lepidopterists, in consequence of its possessing an elongated spiral tongue, and strongly bidenticulated fore wings, which are deflexed when at rest. The antenna are less strongly bipectinated and the hind wings entire. The caterpillar, however, has much more the habit of that of Crocallis than of Geometra. Species 1. — Odontopera bidentata «■. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 5, 6.) — This species measures rather more than 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty buff colour, or reddish brown, and thickly irrorated with dark scales, with two undulated strigte ; the basal one almost obsolete, and between them a dark brown ring ; the hind wings also with a discoidal brown annulus, behind which is a slender obscure fascia. The caterpillar is very variable in colour, being chiefly green or grayish brown, thickly varied with dark markings, those on the back being arranged somewhat diamond-wise. It feeds on willow, alder, and other trees, and the moth appears in April and June, being double-brooded. It is not a rare species. •= Synonymes. — PhttltBna Geom. bidentata, Linn. ; Albin, pi. 96, I Geometra bidentaria, Fabricius ; Haworth. fig. a — c; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 10, fig. s — x ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 472. I Geometra dentaria,lin\>neT; Esper ; Boisduval. c 2 12 BRITISH MOTHS GEOMETRA, Leach, Stephens. ENNOMOS, Duponch., Boisduval. I have followed Leach and Stephens in giving to the Thorn Moths the name applied by Linnaeus to the entire group of Looper Jloths, in preference to that of Ennomos, the type of which, as first proposed by Treitschke, was the Phalsena flexula ; for which Mr. Stephens has retained the name of Ennomos. These Thorn Moths, however, can scarcely be conceived to have been regarded by Linnaeus as typical of the group ; for neither do they occur at the head of his section, nor will their larvee agree with his observation, " Harum pectinicornium larva inprimis referunt ita ramulum ultimum, cui, insident, ut difficile ab eo distinguantur." (Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 2, p. 858, note.) The French Lepidopterists, indeed, give the name of Geometra to G. papilionaria, which species was placed by Linnaeus in the middle of his second section of the group. The species of the present genus are distinguished by their elongated palpi ; male antennae bipectinated to the tips ; strongly denticulated wings, which are elevated in repose, semewhat like those of butterflies ; the larvae are variable, but often singularly nodose ; and their third pair of feet are larger than the preceding pairs. The synonymy of the species is very much involved. SECTION I. — Autumnal Species. Hind wings distinctly angulated ; pectinations of antenna elongated. Species 1. — Geometra Tiliaria''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 7) 8.) — This species varies from lA to H inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a fulvous colour, irrorated with brown, and with two subincurved brown strigae, and a slight line at the extremity of the discoidal cell ; the hind wings less strongly atomose, with a somewhat obsolete striga in the middle ; the thorax is robust and sulphur-coloured. The caterpillar is furnished on the back with several pairs of acute tubercles ; it is of a brown colour, varied with dark brown and gray markings, and pale buff irregular streaks. It feeds on the lime, alder, and other trees, and the moth appears in August, and is very common. Geometra canaria, Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 474, is a probable variety, with paler vsings, destitute of dusky irrorations. '' S-iNONYMES. — Geometra Tiliaria, Stephens ; Wood, fig. 473 (not Tiliaria, Haworth, which is prohably a variety of Angularia). Geometra alniaria, Haworth, but not of Liungeus nor of Donovan. Species 2. — Geometra erosaria ^. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 9, 10.) — This species varies from 16 to 19 lines in expanse ; it has the wings angulated, truncated, and of a luteous colour ; the fore ones with two oblique, straight or nearly straight strigae ; the hind wings angulato-dentated, immaculate, or occasionally with a central, occasionally geminated, but very obsolete striga ; the thorax robust, fulvous in front and luteous behind. Geometra ochraria, Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 475, is rather smaller, with the angles of the hind wings less produced ; the wings are pale ochre, with two obsolete, fulvescent striga ; the caterpillar is brown, varied with fulvous patches and dark markings, and with obtuse tubercles on some of the terminal segments. The perfect insect is found in August and September, and is not uncommon. * Synonyme. — Geometra erosaria, V^\^n. Verz. ; Hiibner; Treitschke; Haworth*, Stephens; Wood, fig. 476 ; but not of Esper. . . , Species 3. — Geometra quercinaria^ — This species varies from li to 14 inch in the expanse of its fore ■2'*t. wings, which are grayish-bufi", very much freckled with brown atoms, or fulvous and but slightly atomose, and with two brown strigee ; from the last species it differs in having the fore wings less distinctly truncate at the apex ; the thorax is grayish-buff or fulvous. The perfect insect is found in August in the neighbourhood of lime-trees, and is not uncommon. 'Synonvmes. — Geometra ^Jiercinaria, Hiibner ; Haworlh ; Bork- Geometra alniaria, Hiibner (female); Donovan, 8, pi. 275, hausen ; Treitschke; Boisduval; Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 477 bis. fig. 1. Ennomos erosaria, variety, Curtis. Geometra Tiliaria, Haworth. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 13 Species 4. — Geometra angularia^. — (Plate LIX., Fig. 11, 12.) — This species measures from 1^ to l^- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are fulvous ; the middle of the wing in the males with a broad paler bar, curved towards the costa, and edged with a dark line on each side, the second of which is followed by a dark brown fascia gradually shaded o£f ; the hind wings with a slender striga before the middle ; the female has the wings more uniformly coloured, and much freckled with brown and with the strigae of the male. This is a variable species, but Lepidopterists are divided in their opinion as to whether the two following insects are distinct species or merely varieties ; Duponchel, followed by Curtis, giving them as varieties, and Stephens as distinct. Geometra Quercaria, Hiibner, Stephens, Boisduval, Wood, fig. 478 bis, which differs from the type in not having the base and fascia beyond the second striga dark brown. Mr. Stephens describes the sexes as perfectly resembling each other ; but Wood's two figures are quite unlike each other, both in form and colour, the female differing, as is the case in other allied species, in having the teeth of the wings more developed. Fonnd near London, but rare. Geometra carpixiaria, Hiibner, Stephens, Wood, fig. 480 (G. angularia, var., Boisduval), has the wings pale fulvous, with two slight transverse strigiB, the second of which extends across the liind wings, and is followed by a dark shade ; the hind wings are brownish. Near London, but rare. The caterpillar is red-brown, with a luteous-coloured head and grayish beneath, with black spots and tubercles tipped with white ; it feeds on lime, oak, and other trees, and the moth appears in August and September, and is very common. I Synokymes. — Geometra angularia, "Wieji. Vera.: Hubner; Esper ; Treitsclike ; Duponchel; Boisduval; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 667; Stephens ; '\\'ood, 6g. 478 bis. Species 5. — Geometra fuscantaria'' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 20) — measures 1-J- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are straightly truncate at the tips, and of a fulvous ashy tint, with two strigae, beyond which the wing is dusky ; the hind wings in the males are brown from the base to the middle, and fulvous at the extremity ; those of the females are entirely brown. This is an uncommon species. Near London, Cambridge- shire, and Stourton Caundle. ^ Synonymes. — Geometra fuscantaria, Haworlh, Prod. ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 485. Geometra carpiniariay Haworth, Lep. Brit. SECTION II. — Versal and yEstivai, Species. Wings much dentated ; pectination's of antennj; short. Species 6. — Geometra illunaria'. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 13, 14.) — This species measures between 1| and li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are very much irrorated, and of a reddish ashy colour, with three nearly equidistant, reddish-brown strigae towards the middle of the fore wings, the first incurved before the middle of the wing, the second broad, central, and extending across the hind wings, on which, towards the costa, there is a whitish limule, almost obsolete ; the third striga is more oblique, and placed beyond the middle of the wing ; the apex itself red-brown ; the hind wings, with a lunule in the striga, almost obliterated. The female resembles the male, but is rather darker-coloured. Very variable. The caterpillar is gray at the sides of the body, with the back and sides of the terminal segments reddish-brown, and marked irregularly with black, the eighth and ninth segments armed with acute dorsal tubercles ; in young specimens the brown is much more brilliant. It feeds on oak, willow, &c., and the moth appears in March and April. Geometra juliaria, Haworth, Stephens, Curtis, Wood, fig. 482, is now proved to be the summer brood of the preceding species. (See E. Doubleday, in Ent. Mag., t. 3, p. 287). It i.s, however, generally considerably smaller than the spring brood. ' Synonymes. — Geometra illunaria, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Geometra iinilunaria, EsfCT. Trcitschke ; Duponchel; Boisdural ; Stephens; Wood, 6g. 481. ' Phalara Geom. Uilularia, Donovan, 3, pi. 82 .» Wilkes, fig. 81. Geometra bilt/naria. Esper. 14 BRITISH MOTHS Species 7- — Geometra lunaria''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 15, 16.) — This species varies from \-i^ to If iDch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of an ashy-red colour, but slightly atomose, with two rather slightly marked strigee (between which is a white lunule) the first incurved before the middle of the wing, the second straight a little beyond the middle, but slightly beyond the white lunule ; the apex with a semi-lunule of red- brown ; the hind wings with a white lunule, edged with brown, beyond which is a slender brown striwa. The female is paler and more atomose. The caterpillar is brown, varied with dark markings and patches of reddish- brown, and with conical tubercles on the back. It feeds on the whitethorn, and the moth appears in June, and is widely dispersed, but rather rare. ^ SvNONYMEs. — Geometra lunaria, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; Hiibner ; Donovan, 4, pi. 132 ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 15, fig. a — d; Wilkes, pi. 83 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 483. Species 8. — Geometra delunaria ' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 17) — -measures 1^ inch in the expansion of the fore wings, which are grayish-white, scarcely atomose, and with an oblique striga towards the middle of the wing, of a brown colour, and extending across the hind wings ; the fore wings, moreover, with another incurved striga in the middle, and the hind wings with two adjoining, to the outer of which, is a diaphanous but ; rather obsolete lunule. The hind wings are less denticulated than in the last species, although Mr. Stephens suspects it may prove to be but a variety of it. Boisduval, however, affirms its distinction. " Taken at Birch Wood, in July," according to Mr. Stephens. ' Synonymes. — Geom. delunaria, Hiibner; Stephens; Boisduval ; Wood, fi|r.'484. Species 9. — Geometra illustraria". — (Plate LIX., fig. 18). — This species measures from If to 2 inches in expanse, all the wings being varied with dark brown and ashy from the base to the middle, with a white lunule, an incurved dark striga near the base, the apical portion purplish-buff, with a bright red apical lunar mark, and a brown apical cloud behind ; hind wings similar, but rounded, and with a brown dot towards the apical margin, the middle of the wing marked also with a white lunule. The Caterpillar is reddish or brown, with white and dark brown spots and stripes. It feeds on oak and other trees, and the moth appears in May and June, but is a rare species ; found in the woods of Kent, the New Forest, Devonshire, &c. ™ Synonymes. — Geometra illustraria, Hiibner; Treitschke ; Du- ponchel ; Stephens, III. H. 3, pi. 28, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. 487 ; Albin, pi. 42, fig. 69, e— h. Geometra quadrilunaria, Esper. Phalana trilunaria, Hufnagle. Species 10. — Geometra sublunaria". — This species is closely allied to the last, but is smaller (measuring from li to If inch in expanse) with the fascia beyond the central limule slightly flexuous, and extending nearly to the anal angle ; the hind wings reddish, with a brown fascia extending from the anal margin, and enclosing the central whitish lunule : these wings are very much more strongly scalloped along the margin than in the last species. Rare. Derbyshire. ° Syhohyxf..— Geometra sublunaria, Stephens; 111. H. 3, pi. 28, fig. 1 ; Wood, fig. 486. PERICALLIA, Stephens. ENNOMOS, p. Treitschke. The type of this genus is closely allied to the last, but the antennae are bipectinated in both sexes, although less strongly in the females than in the males ; the fore wings are not elevated in repose, and are not strongly lobed as in Geometra ; the palpi are rather short, the larva 10-footed, slender in front, with the fourth segment tuberculated, and two long recurved hooks on the eighth segment ; the chrysalis is short and thick, and supported by a light web amongst leaves. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 15 Species 1. — Pericallia syringaria". — (Plate LIX., Fig. 21, and Plate LX., Fig. supr. fig. 29.) — This elegant insect measures about H inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a yellowish-gray, varied with large paler patches on the costa, and an angulated violaceous striga towards the base, and two others, which extend across the hind wings, suddenly angulated next the costa, where they are more approximate than behind ; the first of these is brown, and the outer one pale violaceous, varied with brown beneath its subcostal angle, there is also a violaceous patch near the tip ; hind wings more griseous, with some black spots on the anal margin. The caterpillar is pale brown, with darker shades. It feeds on lilac, privet, jasmine, &c., and the moth frequents gardens and woods, and is widely dispersed, although nowhere common. • SvjioNVME. — Geometra Syringaria, Linnteus; Hanortb; Donovan, pi. 18); Wilkes, pi. 82 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 488. ANGERONA, Duponchel. ENNOMOS, p. Boisduval. Distinguished from the preceding by its weak body and very large wings, the anterior of which have the margins entire and rounded, and the posterior slightly notched, the antennae slender and short, those of the females being simple, and the palpi very short. The caterpillars are elongated, with two short conical tubercles on the fifth and ninth segments, and the chrysalis is inclosed in a web amongst the leaves. Species 1. — Angerona prunariaP. — (Plate LIX., figs. 22 — 25.) — This common, variable, and conspicuous species measures rather more or less than 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a fulvous or orange colour, being brightest in the males, freckled with brown, and with a brown lunule in the middle of each wing ; the base and extremity often also saturated with brown, varying greatly in its extent. The caterpillar is also variable, being ferruginous, brown, or buflf, varied with paler markings, and the ead hand tubercle reddish. It feeds on various trees, and the moth appears at the end of June, frequenting woods. A singular hermaphro- dite specimen of this species is figured in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of France. 'SvsoNVMEs. — Phul. Oeom. prunaria, Lianxus ; Hubner ; Do- Geome/ra cory/aria, Esper (variety). novan 1, pi. 27 and 9, pi. 293, fig. 3 ; Haworth ; Curtis ; (Hipparchus, Geometra dimidiata, Ribriciua (variety), p.) ; Albin, pi. 43, fig. 70, a— c ; Id. pi. 100, fig. a— d ; Wilkes, pi. 84 ; Phalmna sordiatu, Schrank. Stephens ; Wood, fig. 480 bis. RUMIA, DopoNCHEL. ENNOMOS, p. Treitschke. This species has the antennae of the males simply ciliated ; the palpi short, scarcely extending beyond the front of the head ; the body slender ; the wings with the margins entire, except in the middle of the hind ones, which are slightly angulated. The caterpillars have three pairs of abdominal prolegs, of which the two anterior pairs are short and apparently useless (see fig. 27) ; the seventh segment with two elevated tubercles. Species 1. — Rumia crat.scata''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 26 — 28.) — This species varies from IJ to 1| inch in the expanse of the wings, which are of a bright brimstone colour ; the costa of the fore ones marked at the base, before and beyond the middle, and at the tip, with ferruginous patches; from the second and fourth of these patches arise two slight dusky strigje of lunules (variable in intensity), and the third is connected with an oval patch of gray scales, bordered with rusty red ; the hind wings slightly marked with dusky. The caterpillars vary from fawn to gray, varied with white ; or brownish varied with deep brown ; the head orange, as well as the two anterior pairs of central prolegs. It feeds on whitethorn, sloe, &c. ; and the moth ajjpears in April, June, and August, and is very abundant. ■> Synonvme — Phal. Geom. cralagata, Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; AlWn, pi. 40, fig. 65, c— h ; pi. 4G, fig. "G, 77, a — e : pi. 95, fig. e— Ij ; Wilkes, pi. 80 ; Harris Aureliau, pi. 20, fig. g— 1 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 490. 16 BRITISH MOTHS OUR AFTER YX, Leach. AC^NA, Teeitschke. This very distinct form is at once characterised by the acute tips of the fore wings, and the tailed hind ones ; the head small ; palpi short ; spiral tongue long ; antennae simple in both sexes ; the caterpillar long, slender, 10-footed, and with a bifid tail ; and the chrysalis inclosed in a cocoon of leaves, held together with silken threads. Species 1. — Ourapteryx sambucaria'' — (Plate LIX., Figs. 29, 30, and 13, at foot of plate) — varies from 2i to 2i inch in the expanse of the wings, which, as well as the body, are pale yellow ; the fore wings with two straight darker strigae, the inner one extending also across the hind wings, which are marked with a dark spot on each side of the tail. The caterpillar dark brown, with darker lines speckled with white : it feeds on various trees; and the moth, which is very common, appears about the end of June. ■■ Synonyme Ph. Geom. sambucaria, Linnosus; Donovan, 5, pi. 170 ; Albin, pi. 94, fig, a — d ; Wilkes, pi. 78 ; Curtis, pi. 508 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 491. CAMP^A, Lamarck. METROCAMPA, Latreille, Boisduval. This genus is closely allied to the last, but the male antennae are pectinated, and the hind wings much less strongly tailed ; the fore wings are also slightly angulated in the middle, and the larvae are twelve-footed and depressed, somewhat resembling those of the genus Catocala, the sides being fimbriated. Species 1. — Campjea margaritaria ^ — (Plate LIX., Fig. 32, and Plate LX., Fig. 42.) — This pretty species measures from If to 2 inches in expanse of the wings, which are of a pale, pearly, greenish white ; the fore wings with two pale strigse, each edged towards the middle with brownish, and the outer one extending across the middle of the hind wings. The caterpillar is greenish and brown at the sides, with white spots and black streaks, and an orange-coloured head. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears about the beginning of August, and is common in woods. • Synonymes Phal. Geom. Margaritana, Linn. ; Fabricius ; Donovan, vol. xvi. pi. 343. Bombyx sesquUHata, Borkhauseu, Esper. Geometra bipleuraHa, Villars. Geom. vernariay Hufnagle. ELLOPIA, Stephens. METROCAMPA, pars. Boisduval. This genus is very closely allied to the last, but has the wings rounded and entire ; the palpi very short ; the antennm bipectinated in the males. The caterpillar twelve-footed, and flattened beneath, and the chrysalis is enclosed in a web amongst the leaves. Species 1. — Ellopia fasciaria' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 33) — measures about li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are grayish red, with a broad, darker, central bar angulated towards the costa behind, and edged with a paler shade ; the outer striga extending across the hind wings. The caterpillar reddish, varied with white and brown, with a red head. It feeds on fir ; and the moth occurs in fir plantations, towards the end of June, and is not common. . ' Synonyme. — Phal. Geom. fasciaria, Linnseus ; HUbner ; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig, 493. Ph. Neustraria, Hufnagle. PICO. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 17 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LX. Insects. — Fig. 1 . Fig. 3. ,. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 8. Fig. 10. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 21. Fig. 23. Fig. 25. Ilipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald). 2. The Caterpillar. Hcmithea vcniaria (the small emerald). 4. Caterpillar. Hcmithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald). HcDiithea cythisaria (the grass emerald). 7. Caterpillar. Cleora bajularia (the blotched emerald). 9. The Caterpillar. Cleora lichcnaria (the lime moss). 11. The Caterpillar. Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty). Cleora tencraria (the dotted carpet). Cleora cinctaria (the ringed carpet). Cleora pictaria (the grey carpet), Alois rcpandaria (the mottled beauty). 19. The variety called muraria. 20. The variety called conversaria. 18. The Caterpillar. Alcis sericearia (the satin carpet). Alcis roboraria (the great oak beauty). 24. The Caterpillar. Alcis rhomboidaria (the willow beauty). -0. A The I Insects, Th< dark variety. 2". The Caterpillar. 27. The variety called consobrinaria. Fig. 28. Alcis consortaria (the pale oak beauty). 29. The Caterpillar, „ Fig. 30. Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty). ,, Fig. 42 is the Caterpillar of Campoea niargaritaria, figured in plate 9. M Fig. 22 is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured in plate fil. All the insects figured in tliis plate arc from the collection of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of H, smaragdaria, from a Continental specimen in the British iMuscum, and A. fimnriftria, from the figure in Mr. Stephens's " British Entomology." Tlie caterpillar of C. lichcnaria is from one taken at Weybridge by Mr. E. Doublcday. The others are from Iliibner. Several caterpillars arc represented in this plate upon the plant, Clematis vitalba, although the food only of one of them ; but the necessity of figuring so many insects on each plate, in order to keep the work within a small compasp, prevents the possibility of introducing a separate plant for each caterpillar. This explanation will also apply to very many of the ensuing plates. H. N. 11. HIPPARCHUS, Le.\ch. GEOxMETRA, Boisduval. The large size, slightly denticulated hind wings, elevated palpi, with the last joint naked, pectinated male antennae, short spiral tongue, Notodontiform tuberculated larva, and folliculated chrysalis, distinguish this genus from the other green Geometridse. Species 1. — Hipparchus papilionabius". — (Plate LX., Figs. 1, 2.) — This large species measures from 2i to 2^ inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which, as well as the hind ones, are of a deep grass green (which soon fades), with a slight dusky lunula at the extremity of the discoidal cell, followed on all the wings by two wavy pale strigae. The caterpillar is pale green, with rusty tubercles on the back ; it feeds on the birch and other forest trees, and the moth appears towards the end of July in woods. " SvNONVME Ph. Geom. papilionaria, Linneeus; Donovan 8, pi. "287, fig. 1 ; Harris, Expos., pi. 13, fig. I ; Wood, fig. 494. HEMITHEA, Duponchel. HIPPARCHUS, pars. Curtis. The singular form of the linear striated larvae, with a bifid head, and the feet when at rest applied close to the body, the first segment of which is armed with two deflexed spines ; the chrysalis speckled ; the antennae of the males slightly pectinated, the green colour of the wings and the slender palpi, are the chief characters of this group. Species 1. — Hemithea vernaria^'. — (Plate LX., Figs. 3, 4.) — This pretty species measures about 1 '. incli in expanse; its wings are of a delicate whitish green, the anterior with two and the posterior with one slender white strigae, the latter slightly angulated in the middle of the apical margin. The caterpillar green, with pale stripes on the back and sides ; it feeds on the oak, clematis, and other trees ; and the moth appears at the end of July, in chalky places, but is uncommon. 'Sykosymes. — Phal. Geom. vernaria, Linnaeus; Hiibncr; Harris, Geom. teruginaria, Borkliausen. Expos., pi. 8, f. 8 ; Stephens; WooJ, f. 49S. Ph. Geom. fo/«/a/a, Villers ; Haworth. Geom. chrytoprasaria, Espcr. Ph. Geom. luciJala, Donovan 3, pi. 97. VOL. II. 18 BRITISH MOTHS Species 2. — Hemithea smaragdabia'^. — (Plate LX., Fig. 5). — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse. The wings are rich green, the fore ones with the costa ochreous, and two slender white strigse, between which is a whitish spot ; the hind wings pale at the base. Very rare. Reared from a larva by ]\Ir. C. Parsons ; found near South Church, Essex, on the 30th June, 1826. Note — Boisduval unites this species and Bajularia into his genus Phorodesma. " Synon\51e. — Phal. Geom. smaragdaria, Fabricius; Esper; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 300 ; Wood, fig. 496. Species 3. — Hemithea cythisaria ^. — (Plate LX., Figs. 6, 7-) — This species measures about 1^ inch in the expanse, its wings being of a pale dull green colour (subject to fade), with two darker green flexuous strigse, between which is a dark lunule, and a submarginal, paler, undulated striga, often obsolete, which also extends across the hind wings, behind a rather darker striga. The caterpillar is green, with pale lines. It feeds on the common broom, and the moth appears in July, and is common on heaths and warrens. ' Synonymes. — Geometra cythisaria, Wien. Vera. ; Esper ; Hiib- ner ; AVilkes, pi. 57 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 497. PhaltBna prasinaria, Fabricius ; Haworth. PhalcBna pruinata, Hufnagle. Phalcena genistaria, Villars. CLEORA, Curtis*. PHORODESMA, TEPHROSIA, BOARMIA, pars. Boisdoval. The antennas are bipectinated in the males, but slender and setaceous in the females ; the spiral tongue long ; palpi short, and wings slightly dentated, and extended horizontally in repose ; the abdomen tufted at the extremity in the males, but acute at the tip in the females ; the larva are ten-footed, and somewhat tuberculated. They feed for the most part on lichens, and the chrysalis is enclosed in a cocoon amongst leaves. Species 1. — Cleora bajularia b. — (Plate LX., Figs. 8,9.) — This species measures li inch in expanse; the wings are of a delicate pale green, with the costa of the fore wings pale ; a slender, curved, pale, whitish striga near the base, and another submarginal arising from a large pale blotch at the anal angle, with a fulvous centre ; the hind wings vdth the margin irregularly pale, with a dark undulating line, and each angle with a patch of the same colour ; cilia white, spotted with brown. The caterpillar is grayish brovyn, and tubercular ; it feeds on the oak, and the moth appears in oak woods in July, but is not abundant. ** Synonymes. — Geometra bajularia^ Wiener Yerz. ; Harris Aure- lian, pi. 41, fig. r; Hiibner; Esper; Treitschke ; Boisduval; Ste- phens ; Wood, fig. 498. PhalcBiia ditaria,¥a\>Tmni ; Donovan, vol. 6, pi. 202, f. 1; Haworth. PhaliBna pustulata, Huftiagle. Phorodesma bajularia, Boisduval. Species 2. — Cleora Lichenaria <". — (Plate LX., Figs. 10, 11.) — This species measures 14- inch in expanse ; the wings are of a greenish gray, and much freckled ; the fore wings with an incurved striga, towards the base a central spot and a deeply curved and dentated black submarginal striga, which also extends across the hind wings ; the margins spotted with black. The caterpillar is green or ashy, varied with blackish marks, and tubercular; it feeds on lichens, and the moth appears about the end of July in woods, especially where oak abounds. ' Synonymes. — Geometra Lichenaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; i Geometra cineraria, Borkhausen. Haworth ; Donovan, 10, pi. 342, fig. 1 ; Wood, fig. 499. I Boarmia L., Boisduval. Species 3. — Cleora viduaria ^. — (Plate LX., Fig. 12.) — This species varies from 14 to 14- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, thickly irrorated with black atoms, forming an incurved striga near the base ; a broad, ill-defined fascia in the middle, open towards the costa, and followed by several * Mr. Curtis appears from his enumeration of the species which he regarded as referable to this genus, to have intended a group with simple antennse, but he unfortunately drew his characters from a species which possesses pectinated antennae, and does not associate with the others. AND THEIR TRANSFORJIATIONS. 19 black spots, a submarginal row of dark lunules, and the margin with a row of black dots ; the hind wings with a row of dusky dots across the middle. Taken in the New Forest in June. '' Synohvmes. — Geomelra viduaria, Wiener Vera. ; Hubner ; Stephens, 111. H. 3, pi. 30, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. .500. Geomelra angularia, TImnbei-g. Species 4. — Cleora teneraria *". — (Plate LX., Fig. 13.) — This species measures about li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, whicli arc ashy white, irrorated with dusky atoms, and four dark dots on the costa, from which arise the same number of nearly obsolete striga; ; a dark spot in the middle of all the wings, and a patch near the apex of the fore wings, the margin being sometimes dusky, with an undulated pale striga ; the S/ai" ft^tiAi hind wings with an indistinct striga beyond the middle. Rare. New Forest, and near Edinburgh, about the beginning of July. e Synonymes. — Geomelra teneraria, Hubner ; Stephens ; Wood, fijr. 501. Geometra glabraria^Hnhxicr ; Treitschkc ; Duponchcl ; Boisduval. Species 5. — Cleora cinctaria f.. — (Plate LX., Fig. 14.) — This variable species measures rather more than \\ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are whitish, varied with ochreous, gray and brown, darker at the base and apical margin, the former with two incurved black strigse, an oval ocellus in the middle, followed by two curved and waved pale strigie, edged with dark lines ; the margin spotted with black ; the hind wings with several slender dark strigae, and a central ocellus. Taken in the New Forest, in May and June. ' SYNONvaEs Geomelra cinctaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Treitschkc ; Boisduval ; Hubner ; Stephens; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 88 ; Wood, fig. 502. Geomelra pascuaria, Esper. Species 6 — Cleora pictaria S. — (Plate LX., Fig. 15.) — Measures about 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy brown, with two waved strigse of dusky colour, between which is a dark spot ; the hind wings paler, irrorated vyith dark scales along the anal margin ; all the wings with a row of small black dots at the base of the cilice. Found in April and beginning of May near Dartford, Charing, and other parts of Kent ; but very rare. f Synonyme. — Geometra pictaria, Thunberg; Stephens (Cleora p.) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 447 (Ephjra p.); Wood, fig. 503. ALOIS, Curtis. BORMIA, p. Treitschke, Boisduval. This genus has the body long and slender ; the wings large, and varied with gray or brown colours ; tlie fore ones entire, and the hind ones sub-dentated : the palpi short, and the antenna of the males not feathered quite to the tip j the hind tibiae dilated, and furnished with a tuft of silken hairs. The caterpillars are generally smooth and cylindrical, with the fourth segment swollen, and the head often concealed within the following segment. The perfect insects are sestival in the time of their appearance. Species 1. — Alcis repandaria •'. — (Plate LX., Figs. 16, 18, 19, 20.) — This species measures from li to 2 inches in expanse. All the wings are clouded with gray, brown and ashy, an incurved ill-defined striga near the base of the wing, a large dark patch at the extremity of the discoidal cell, beyond which is a dark striga deeply bidentate, followed by a submarginal, pale, denticulated striga, edged vyithin with brown, extending also across the hind wings near the margin ; they have also a slender striga across the middle. This is a very variable species, the Geom. destrigaria being much paler but more thickly atomose, and destitute of the middle striga. Geometra conversaria — (Hiibner ; Haworth ; Donovan, pi. 514 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 507 ; and our fig. 20) — is given as another variety by Boisduval ; this has the fore wings ashy-gray, with a broad, dark -brown, or blackish bar across the middle of all the wings, externally biangulate on the outside in the fore wings. D 2 20 BRITISH MOTHS Alcis murakia- — -(Curtis ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 506) — is another probable variety, which has the fore wings of a more uniform, ashy-brown, or gray colour, with the strigae towards the base of the wings nearly obsolete, and those of the posterior margin darker coloured ; the hind wings also, with two strigas, more distinct towards the anal margin. The caterpillar is bufi", or ashy-gray, with darker shades and dusky dots down the back, and a pale line on each side : it feeds on birch and other forest trees ; and the moth appears in July, and is very common in woods. The supposed variety A. muraria, is found on walls in the North of England, and is rather smaller than the southern specimens. ^ Synonvmes. — Phal. Geom. repandaia, Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; Donovan ; 10 pi. 333, fig. 1 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 504. Geometra destrigaria, Haworth ; Wood, fig. 505 ; (variety.) Species 2. — Alois sericearia '. — (Plate LX., Fig. 21.) — This species measures nearly 2 inches in the expanse ^i^^umc^ of the fore wings, which are silky brown, with " a space at the base very dark, a transverse spot near the middle, 2^,3 . black ; an indented transverse line beyond the spot, and an obscure, interrupted waved line near the posterior margin ; nervures black. Inferior wings fuscous at the base ; a transverse obscure spot towards the centre ; beyond which is a waved transverse line, dark on the internal, light on the external edge ; limb speckled with longish ochraceous spots." Curtis, loc. cit. Taken in the New Forest near Lyndhurst, in July, where it appears to be attached to the oak. ' Synonvme. — Alcis sericearia, Curtis; Brit. Ent., pi. 113 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 508. Species 3. — Alcis Roborarta''. — (Plate LX., Figs. 23, 24.) — This fine species varies from 2^ to 2-^ inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are pale, grayish-ash, varied with luteous, and pulverose, with four very much interrupted, nearly equidistant, somewhat interrupted, brown strigse : the basal one much incurved ; the two middle ones nearly united on the hind margin, forming a dark patch, and the fourth followed by a pale waved line ; the hind wings, with three brown strigte ; the middle one much dentated and with a central lunule ; along the apical margin of all the wings are some dark dots. Varieties occur with the strigae nearly obsolete. The caterpillar is ashy-brown, with brown-arched lines and pale dots : it feeds on the oak and beech, and the moth appears at the end of June, frequenting the woods in the south of England, but far from common. ■^ Synonymes. — Phaldina Roboraria, Fabricius ; HUbner ; Ha- worth ; Donovan, 15, pi. 527; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 510. Phalcena leucophearia, Villers. Geometra grandaria^ Haworth olim. Geometra piperitaria^ Haworth ; Stephens* Cat.; (variety). Species 4. — Alcis rhomboidaria '. — (Plate LX., Figs. 25, 26, and 27.) — This very common insect measures about \f inch in expanse, the wings being of a shining mouse-gray not much irrorated, and with four dentated strigas much interrupted, the second (carried across the hind wings) bearing a dark lunule ; the third very close to the second at the hinder margin, and the fourth almost obsolete : beyond the middle of the hind wings is a slender dentated striga, and another submarginal one darkest next the anal margin. The insect is very variable, not only in the ground colour of the wings as represented in our two figures, but also in the strength of the strigaj. Geometra consobrinaria, of Haworth (but not of Hiibner); Stephens; and AVood's fig. 512, may possibly be another variety, from which it is described by the first-named author as scarcely difioring, except in the gray wings with ferruginous atoms, and the pale subapical striga of all the wings obsolete. Alck australaria, Curtis, has " a deep ochraceous tinge with powerful markings." AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 21 The caterpillar is greenish, with a red head ; the first three segments darker-coloured ; the sides of the body- yellowish, and with two slender dark lines. The perfect insect is very common in woods, hedges, and gardens, in July. ' Synonym Fs. — Geometra Rhomhoidaria^ Wicn. S'crz. ; Hiibncr ; Haworth ; Stepbeos ; Wood, fig. 511. Geometra gemmariay Borklniusun. Species 5. — Alois consortaria '^. — (Plate LX., Figs. 28, 29.) — This species measures about 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are pale, grayish ashy, and pulverose, with four somewhat indistinct, dentated, darker strigae, of which the second and third closely approximate behind, and tlie fourth is considerably dentate. The hind wings are marked by a central, brown, annular spot, and three strigae, the middle one of which is occasionally dilated into a brown fascia ; the margin of all the wings with some dark spots. The cater- pillar is pale grayish brown, varied with small dark dots and lead-coloured marks. It feeds on the poplar, willow, &c., and the moth appears in June, frequenting woods in the south of England. ■" Synonyme. — PhalcBTin consortariOf Fabricius ; Hiibncr ; Donovan, 10, pi. 333, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. 609. Species t). — Alcis fimbriaria". — (Plate LX,, Fig. 30.) — This species measures 1^ inch in expanse, all the wings being of a dull ashy buff from the base to beyond the middle ; the fore ones with a central black dot, and various small black markings at the base and along the costa ; in the middle of the hind margin is a furcate black mark, being the evident rudimental base of two obliterated strigiie, which may also be traced in several -.^^o^lfn'^^^u bkkck dots on the veins above ; the hind wings have a central dark lunule, followed by a dentated brown striga ; J-^n- • the apex of all the wings dark brown, in which are the rudiments of a pale striga. IMr. Stephens' imique specimen is believed to be from Suffolk. ° Synonvme. — Aicisjimbriaria, Sttiplens, 111. Haust. pi. 30. fig. 1; Wood. fig. 513. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXI. Insects. — Fig. 1. Hcmcrophila abruptaria (the waved umbre). Fig. 2. Ttphrosia tetragonaria (the square spot). Fig. 3. Tephrosia abictaria (the ingrailcd). 22 in Plate 60 is the Caterpillar. Fig. 4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed). 5. The Caterpillar. Fig^. 26 and 27. Small Torieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consooaria and Strgularia, probably late broods. Fig. 6. Tephrosia exlensaria (the brindled white spot). Fig. 7. Tephrosia punctularia (the gray birch). 8. The Caterpillar. Fig. 9. Ualia vauaria (the common V moth). 10. The Caterpillar. Fig. 11. Xumeria pulveraria (the barred umber). 12. The Caterpillar. Fig. 13. Cabera pusana (the common white wave). 14. Caterpillar. 15. A variety called roluudaria. Insects. — Fig. 16, Cabera ezanthemaria (the common wave). ,, Fig. 17. Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha). ,, Fig. 18. Ephyria pendularia (the birch mocha). 19. A variety. 24 and 25, The Caterpillar and Chrysalis. ,f Fig. 20, Eph} ra orbicularia (the dingy moclia). ,, Fig. 21. Ephyra porata (the false mocliu). 22. The Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied species. t, Fig. 23. Ephyra trilincaria (the clay triplc.liues). With the exception H. Abruptaria, and B. Abictaria and Crepuscu- laria from Mr. H. Doubleday, the whole of the insects in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, The caterpillars are from Hubner and Freyer, I have not figured Ephyra Punctaria, as my specimen so closely resembled Porata that I scarcely thought them distinct. On examining others, however, I find that a dark line traversing both wings, is much mure defioed and regular than in Porata, where it is only represented by a wavy cloud. Punctaria will be figured in the supplemental plate, at the end of the work. H. X. H. HEMEROPHILA, Stephens. BOARMIA, pars. Boisduval. The antcniicB of the males are bipectinated nearly to the tip ; the palpi are short but distinctly visible, with the tip obtuse, and the terminal joint scarcely visible ; the wings are large, with the apical margins dentated, of 22 BRITISH MOTHS a pale ochre colour, with slender undulated but very oblique strigaa, and the hind wings with numerous slender black striolfe. Species 1. — Hemerophila abruptaria'. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 1.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are of a luteous bufif colour ; the costa and apical margin of the fore ones varied with brown, and with a slender black waved, very oblique line beyond a central dot, followed by a dark cloud ; the hind wings much more strigose and dark in the middle, through which runs a black waved line. This is not a very common species ; occurring in gardens and woods at the beginning of June. ' Synonymes. — Phal. abruptaria, Thunberg ; Stephens ; "Wood, I Geometra petrificata, Hiibner ; Duponchel ; Boisduval. Ind. Ent., fig. 514. | Phal. Geom. suberaria, Donovan,?, pi. 251, fig. 1 ; Haworth, TEPHROSIA, Boisduval. BOARMIA, Treitschke (ex parte). The antennse of the males in this genus, as restricted by our English authors, are pilose beneath, instead of pectinated, as in the last genus ; the palpi short and horizontal, with the terminal joint minute ; the hind wings with the margin dentated, and the disc of all the wings pale and much freckled ; the fore tibia are furnished with a broad spur in the middle. l^fy^^^ca' Species 1. — Tephrosia tetragon aria". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 2.) — This species measures rather more than ^■^ 11 inch in expanse; the wings are pale ashy white varied with brown, a duplicated brown bar towards the base, followed by an indistinct central line, and beyond the middle are two curved pale lines, the first generally edged with black, and the second dentated, and between these is a dark quadrate patch in the middle; the hind wings less varied with brown, but with two dark strigse towards the anal margin, and a dark central lunular spot. Birch Wood, Kent, beginning of May, but rare. "Synonyme. — Boarmia tetragonaria, Curtis; Stephens; Wood, fig. 515 ; Brit. Ent. pi. 280. Species 2. — Tephrosia abietaria". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 3, and Plate LX., fig. 22, larva.) — This species measures rather more than 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are gray and atomose, with denticulated more or less distinct dusky, or occasionally ferruginous striga running across all the wings ; the chief vein of the fore wings dotted with black, and a dusky shade in the place of the quadrate patch near the apical margin of the fore wings, the basal strigse of the fore wings also often obsolete. Found in woods in March and April, but not common. The caterpillar of Hiibner's Abietaria (which may possibly not be congenerous with our insect) is rusty brown, with the front of the body darkest, the hinder segments more straw-coloured, and varied with slender dark lines and marks. " Synonyme. — Geometra abietaria, yi'KTi.'Vm.; Treitschlse ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 516. Species 3. — Tephrosia crepuscularia °. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 4, 5) — measures rather more than 1^ inch in expanse, with the ground colour of the wings almost white and atomose, and with denticulated brown strigas running across the wings, variable in intensity and in number in difiPerent specimens ; the costa with several dark dots, from which originate the strigaj ; the apical margin of all the wings marked with dark triangular dots. Found in May, June, and July in woods, and not rare. The caterpillar is of a buff colour, with white longitu- dinal streaks and dusky lateral patches, the underside darker. It feeds on the columbine. ° Synonymes. — Geometra crepuscularia, Hiibner; Haworth; j Geometra bixindularia,'E.i'^cr. Treitschke ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 517. | Phalcena similaria, Hufnagle. Species ? 4. — Tephrosia consonariaP. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 26.) — This species (if, indeed, it be not a small variety of the last insect), measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings being ashy and atomose, with very much ■^ 3 interrupted scarcely undulated strigae running across all the wings ; the fore ones brown, and a striga near the <w n.>u. ' J AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 23 apical margin, white, bnt ashy within the apical margin, with black dots. Taken in the middle of May, and also in July, in the woods of Kent and Surrey, but rare. ' Synonyme. — Geometra consonaria, Hiibncr ; Ilaworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 518. HA LI A, DUPONCHEL. This genus has the antennae bipectinated nearly to the tips in the males ; the pectinations rather short, tlie palpi short, with the basal joint elongated ; the fore wings triangular, and the hind ones rounded and entire. The caterpillars elongated and slightly hairy, and the pupa enclosed in a slight cucuon. Species 1. — Halia Vauaria'. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 9, 10.) — This common insect measures about li inch in expanse. The wings are ashy-white, or pale ashy-brown, with four generally equidistant chocolate-coloured patches on the costa, the third of which is slender and oblique, and the fourth larger and rather square ; adjoining the second is a dark mark like the letter <, thus placed ; this in the female is detached from the second costal spot, which is closer to the first than in the males : beyond this is a row of minute dark dots placed on the veins : the hind wings are nearly immaculate, but with a small dusky spot in the middle. The ground colour of the wings is variable. The caterpillar is brownish or greenish, spotted with black and slightly hairy, and with a pale dorsal line and yellowish lateral ones. It feeds on the garden species of Ribes ; and tiie moth appears in -June and July, and is extremely common in gardens. 'Synonymes. — PAa/ceno Georaeira Fauaria, Linnaeus ; Donovan ; I Geometra Viduaria, MiiUer. Stephens; Wood, fig. 522; Albin, pi. 47, fig. 78, a — d ; Wilkes; Halia Wavaria, Boisduval. pi. 86, Harris ; -Vurelian ; pi. 34, f, g — i. Geometra Vau nigraria, Hatchctt, in Ent. Trans.. Old Series. 1. Geometra Wauaria, Haworlh ; Hiibner. I pi. 7, f. 3 ; Haworth — (variety.) Species? 5. — Tephrosia strigclakia''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 27.) — This species measures rather less than ^^ li inch in expanse ; the wings are " ashy white clouded with gray, and finely sprinkled with fuscous, with several very obsolete common slightly denticulated fuscescent strigoe, varying in number in diflcrent specimens ; the hinder margin of all the wings with black spots." Taken in the Kent woods in July, but rare. This may possibly also be a variety of T. crepuscularia. I Synonyme. — Boarmia strigularia, Stephens; Wood, fig. 519. Species 6. — Tephrosia extersaria"" — (Plate LXI., Fig. 6) — measures 1]- inch in expan.se; the wings are grayish ashy, much irroratod and atomose, but not distinctly strigose as the preceding species, especially in the hind wings ; the fore wings vinth a subapical whitish denticulated striga, in the middle of which is a large pale whitish patch ; the hind wings are very obscurely strigose ; a pale striga is, however, generally present near the margin. Taken in woods in the metropolitan district in June and July, but very rare. ^Synonyme. — Geometra ej:tfrsaria, Unhncv \ Haworth; Treitschke ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 520. Species 7. — Tephrosia punctolaria'. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 7, 8.) — This species measures from 1 to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a hoary white colour, very thickly atomose, and with three or four equi- distant undulated arched strigee of brown, considerably interrupted and running across all the wings, (the fourth striga pale, and very much dentated), but often obsolete upon the hind ones ; the cilia in all the wings are white dotted with brown. The ground colour of the wings varies from ashy white to gray and deep ashy brown. The caterpillar feeds on the birch, and is of a deep brownish colour, the segments after the third marked witli a white patch on the back, at the union of the segments, striated with brown, and with a pale line above the feet. The perfect insect is common in woods in May. 'SysoNYME. — Geometra punctularia, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens, Wood, fig. 521. 24 BRITISH MOTHS NUMERIA, DupONCHEL. This genus has the wings large, rounded, and entire ; the disc very strongly atomose, and with a broad central dark bar. The antennte of the males are bipectinated ; the palpi are short and obtuse : the spiral tongue short ; the caterpillars are long, slender, and attenuated in front, with the head notched and the hinder segments tubercled. Species 1. — Ncmeria pulvebaria". — (Plate LXI., Figs. 11, 12.) — This species measures from l^to rather more than 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are of a buff-red colour, very thickly powdered with dusky atoms, and with a broad central dark-brown bar of variable form and extent, of which the basal edge is straight and transverse, and the outer one very irregular ; the hind wings with an obsolete dusky striga running from the anal margin. The caterpillar is reddish-brown with straw-coloured streaks ; the terminal segments more varied ■with the latter colour and dark tubercles. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears at the beginning of June, and is rather common in woods. "SvNONYME. — Phalcsna Geometra pulveraria, Linnjeus ; Hiibner; Boisduval ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 523; Albin, pi. 96, figs, d — f ; Harris ; Aurelian, pi. 42, fig. o. CABERA, Treitschke (ex parte). This genus has the antennas bipectinated nearly to the tip : the palpi are short, scarcely extended above the clypeus ; the wings are delicate, entire, pale, thickly pulverose, and with simple strigse. The caterpillars are long, slender, and smooth, with two minute spines on the anal segment. Several of the species appear to be double-brooded. Species 1. — Cabera pusaeia ^ — (Plate LXI., Figs. 13, 14.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are white, freckled with minute dusky atoms, and with three equidistant, very slightly waved dusky striga, of which the second and third extend across the hind wings : these strigse are however more or less obsolete, and vary slightly in their juxtaposition. The caterpillar is green, with the anterior segments and a dorsal spot on each of the following of red-brown, the latter edged with white. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears in May and again in July or August, and is very abundant in woods. ' SvNON-vMES. — PhaliBna Geometra pusaria, Linnxus ; Hiibner ; Haworlh ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 524 ; Albin, pi. 118, fig. e — h ; Harris ; Aurelian, pi. 44, fig. h. PhaliBna striffata, Scopoli. Species 2. — Cabera eotundaria ^' — (Plate LXI., Fig. 15.) — measures li inch in expanse; the wings are rounded and white, slightly irrorated with dusky atoms and with two slightly undulated dusky strigse extending across the wings, the first of which is geminated in the fore wings. Probably a variety of the preceding, as that differs in the juxtaposition of the strigas, on which the present species seems chiefly to rest for its claim to be considered as distinct from the preceding. " Synonyme. — Geometra rotundaria, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 525. Species 3. — Cabera exanthemata ''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 16.) — This species varies from 1 to 1;^ inch in expanse. The wings are of a dirty white colour, with a buff tinge much sprinkled with pale brown atoms, and with two slender strigse of the same colour, which cross all the wings, the anterior pair having also a third striga nearer the base, which is, however, sometimes obsolete or more or less confluent with the middle one (G. approxiraaria, Haw.) ; when more thickly atomose, they form the G. arenosaria, Haw., which has sometimes the AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 25 strigse entirely obsolete. The caterpillar is reddish above, with a pale line on the sides, and a white mark on each segment. It feeds on birch ; and the moth, which is very common, appears in May, June, and August. * SvNoNYMEs. — Phalana exanthemata, Scopoli, Esper ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 526. Geometra striaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 92, fig. e-h ; 99, fig. a-d. Geometra arenosaria, Haworth (variety). Geometra approximaria, Haworth (variety). EPHYRA, DupoNCHEL. The species of this genus are very delicate in their general structure : the males have the antennae bipectinated to some distance from the tip ; the palpi are rather porrected, slender, and with the terminal joint long. The fore-wings are elongate-trigonate, and with the tips slightly hooked ; the disc generally marked with a small white dot ; the hind wings often angulated in the middle ; the hind tlbicB in the males have two, and those of the females four spurs. The caterpillars are long slender loopers, with the head depressed, and the body lineated. The chrysalides are of a curious form, being broad and truncated in front. This I find to be produced by the dilatation of the case of the wings and prothorax, which forms a kind of truncated hood over the head-case. They are attached by a thread at the tail, and girthed across the body, like those of the family of white butterflies. Species 1. — Ephyra omicronaria ''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 17.) — This pretty species measures about 1 inch in expanse. The wings are very pale yellowish-buflF with blackish markings, a slender deeply scalloped streak near the base is followed by a large circular 0-like mark, and beyond this a brown striga, followed by another deeply dentated ; a narrow dusky subapical cloud, and a row of marginal dark dots. These strig» and marks vary in intensity. The caterpillar is green, and slightly mottled : it feeds on the maple ; and the moth, which is common in woods, appears at the beginning of June, and again in August. y Synonvme. — Gfomc<ra omicrOJiarJa, Wien. Verz; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 427. Phalana annularia, Fabricius. Species 2. — Ephyra pendularia^. — ^(Plate LXI., Figs. 18, 19, 24, 25.) — This delicate insect measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings hoary white, with slight flesh-coloured freckles ; two strigse formed of brown or chocolate dots, one before and the other beyond the middle of the wings, which are marked with a ring of the same colour, which in some specimens joins a fascia of a purplish brown, also with a subapical dusky striga. The caterpillar is green, with a red head, and yellow lines on the sides, and some white patches on the back ; it feeds on the birch and alder ; and the moth appears at the beginning of June and in August ; and is common in woods. Phattsna circtilaria, Fabricius (variety). Phaltjena albipunctata^ Hufnagle. ' SvNoNVMEs. — Phalana Geometra pendularia, Linnaus ; Hiib- ner; Haworth ; Godart; Stephens; Wood, fig. 528; Albin, pi. 49, fig. 82, fig. a — d ; Willies, pi. 74, fig. sup. Species 3. — Ephyra orbicularia\ — (Plate LXI., Fig. 20.) — This species measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings ashy brown and much freckled, with minute brown lines, with a small purple ring in the centre of each, surrounding a white dot, beyond which is a row of dark dots forming an indistinct somewhat dentated striga, the base of the wings also often with a similar but smaller series ; the apical margin and also the centre of the wings occasionally with a brown or purplish fascia ; the apical margin dotted with black. Found in woods in the South of England, but rare. Ols. — Wood's figure represents the hind wings rounded along the margin. • SvNONYME. — Geometra orhicularia, Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Godart; Wood, fig. S29. Species 4. — Ephyra porata'\ — (Plate LXI., Fig. 21.) — This species measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings of a pale yellowish-bufF colour, much freckled with reddish and brown atoms, the base of the 26 BRITISH MOTHS wings with a striga of dark dots followed by a wliite central speck, circled with dusky and followed by a curved brown or purplish bar, beyond which is another distant much curved row of dark dots, the apical portion of the wing often shaded with purplish clouds. The ground colour, irrorations, and strigae are very variable. The caterpillar also varies very greatly from brown to greenish yellow, mottled with paler colours. It feeds on various forest trees ; and the moth, which is very common in woods, appears at the end of May and August. ** Stnonymes. — Ph, Geometra porata, LinDsus; Stephens, 111. ; Wood, fig. 530 ; Albin, pi. 1, fig. 85, a— d. Geometra punctaria, Hiibner, but not of Linnaeus. Geometra ocellaria, Haworth ; Stephens' Cat. Geometr.\ ocellaria, Hiibner, Wood, Plate LIV., Fig. 60, was incorrectly introduced into the British lists by Mr. Haworth in mistake for this species, but although Mr. Stephens corrected this error in his Illus- trations, Mr. Curtis, two years afterwards, disingenuously accused the latter author of this inaccurate citation. Species 5. — Ephyra punctaria'". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 22. Caterpillar.) — This species measures rather more than I inch in expanse, and has the wings of a reddish buff-colour, thickly irrorated with reddish brown and dusky atoms, with an indistinct series of dots near the base, followed by a nearly straight central reddish- brown striga, beyond which is a much curved row of dark dots, and some subapical more or less obsolete purplish clouds. The ground colour and markings are very variable. The caterpillar is greenish or reddish brown, with pale streaks on the sides ; it feeds on the oak j and the moth appears at the end of May, and in August in woods, and is very abundant. ^ SvNoNYMES. — Pha^cBna Geometra punctaria^ Linnaeus ; Ha- worth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 531. PhaliBiia Geometra communifasciata, Donovan, 13, pi. 456. Phalana amataria, Wilkes, pi. 74, fig. inf. Geometra snbangularia, Haworth, (variety). Species 6. — Ephyra trilinearia"*. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 23.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings of an orange clay colour, traversed by three dark fasciae, the middle one being the broadest, and nearer to the third or subapical one ; the first and third strigee are sometimes almost obsolete, and in fine specimens the ordinary central ocellus of the genus is also slightly visible. Found in woods in the south of England, but not common. ^ Synonvmes Geometra trilinearia, Borkhausen ; Stephens ; Treitschke ; Duponchcl ; Wood, fig. 532. Geometra linearia, Hiibner ; Haworth. Species ? 7. — Ephyra albicinctata. — Haworth (p. 344) gives the following description of an insect, which has remained unique to the present time, and which has been referred to this genus. " Wings black, each with a central white dot, and a white striga across all the wings near the apical margin." Formerly taken neai Peckham, by Mr. Pickersgill. In the collection of J. Hatchett, and of the size and form of G. AlchemiUata. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXII. Insects. — Fig. 1. Bradyepetes amaLiria (the blood vein). 2. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 3. Epione apiciaria (the bordered beauty). ,, Fig. 4. Epione vespertaria (the dai'k-bordered beauty). 5. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 6. Epione advenaria (the little thorn). ,, Fig. 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing). 8. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 9. Aspilates citraria (the yellow belle). 10. A . variety. ,, Fig. 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle). ,, Fig. 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave). 14. Tlie Caterpillar. Insects. — Fig. 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle). ,, Fig. 16. Larentia cervinaria (the mallow). 12. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 17. Larentia chenopodiaria (the small mallow). 2"2, The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 18. Larentia bipunctaria (the chalk carpet). ,, Fig. 20. Larentia muUistrigaria (the mottled grey). Plant. — Fig. 21. Althaea officinalis (the marshmallow). The whole of the insects in this plate are from the collection of Mr. Bcntley ; the caterpillars are from Hiibner. H. N. H. H (52 AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 27 BRADYEPETES, Stephens. TIMANDRA, Duponchel, Bdv. This genus has the antennas rather strongly bipectinated nearly to the tip ; the palpi slender and short ; the fore wings acute and hooked at the tip, and the hind wings strongly angulated in the middle of the hind margin^ traversed by a straight, dark, oblique striga. The caterpillar is short and thick, dilated in front towards the head, which is contractile. It feeds on low herbs. Species 1. — Bradyepetes amataria'^. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 1 and 2.) — -This species measures about Ix inch in expanse. The wings are of a dull buff-colour, traversed by a reddish, nearly straight fascia, from the apical angle of the fore wings to the middle of the inner margin of the hind ones ; the fore wings have also a slight, and often nearly obsolete, dusky, curved line near the base, and a brown subcentral dot ; and all the vsings have a subapical, slender, dusky line, the apical margin itself pink. The caterpillar is grayish, varied with black and white streaks before and behind, and with diamond-shaped patches on the back, formed of black and white lines. It feeds on the sorrel and other low herbs, and the moth appears at the end of June, and is not uncommon. ' Synonymes. — Phalasna Geometra amataria, Linnaeus ; HUbner; Haworth ; Donovan, 2, pi. 33, fig. 2 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 533. Phalcsna vibicaria, Hufnagle. EPIONE, Duponchel, Stephens. This genus has the antennse bipectinated to the tips in the males ; the palpi very short ; the fore wings acute at the tips, vsdth the apical margin dilated, and rounded in the middle, and the hind wings deeply sinuated on the apical margin. The caterpillars are very long and slender, attenuated in front, and slightly hairy, and without tubercles ; they feed on diiferent trees ; and the moths appear at the end of the summer. Species 1. — Epione apiciaria^ — (Plate LXII., Fig. 3.) — This species varies from 1 to 1-J inch in expanse, and has the wings of a light yellow orange-colour, freckled with red-brown, transverse, minute lines ; a black dot on the middle of each, followed by a slightly-waved, slender, black striga, running to the apex of the fore wings, and followed by a purplish bar ; the fore wings with a slender, deeply-angled, dark line, near the base. The caterpillar is gray, varied with white and black streaks and dots. It feeds on the willow, and the moth appears at the end of July, in damp lanes and woods. Synonymfs. — Gecnnetra apiciariajWien. Verz. ; HUbner ; Ha- worth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 534. Phalcsna Geom. vespertaria, Donovan, 7, pi. 233, fig. 3, but not of Linnaeus. Geometra apicaria, Esper. Geometra apriciaria, Samouelle. Geometra margiiiaria, Villers. Species 2. — Epione vespertaria =. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 4, 5.) — This species measures about I J- inch in expanse. It differs from the preceding in having the subapical striga much curved, and running nearly parallel with tlie apical margin of the wing, arising at some distance from the apex, and followed by a broad purphsh or ashy-red bar. The female has the base of the fore wings also ashy-red. The caterpillar is ashy-brown, the anterior segments with straight, white, lateral stripes ; the middle and hind part of the body mottled, with paler and dark markings, and white dots. It feeds on the hazel, and the moth appears in July. It has occurred in Yorkshire and the adjoining counties, but is very rare. 8 Synonymes. — Phal. Geom. vespertaria, Linnrcus ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 535, but not of Donovan. Geometra parallelaria) Wien. Verz. ; HUbner. Geometra armaria, Borkhausen. Geometra repandaria, Hufuagle. E 2 28 BRITISH MOTHS Species 3. — Epione ? advenaria ''. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 6.) — This dull-coloured insect measures rather more tlian 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings pale ashy-coloured, with a slight, dusky, curved striga near the base of the fore wings ; a broader dusky striga runs across the middle of all the wings, preceded by a dark, central dot on the hind wings, and followed by a still less distinct subapical striga, the apical portion of the wings being also slightly dusky, bearing a paler patch on the middle in the fore wings. The caterpillar is gray-brown, varied with black ; the fifth segment with two white dots on the back, and the following mottled with gray and whitish. It feeds on Vaccinium Myrtillus ; and the moth appears in June, and is found in woods, but is not common. ^ SyNONYME. — Geometra advenaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 536. Epione dilectaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Wood, pi. 54, fig. 59 ; having the wings pale yellow, the fore ones with ferruginous spots and two strig», and the hind wings with one striga, has apparently been introduced into the English lists without sufficient authority, as no British specimen is known to exist. EURYMENE, Ddponchel. This genus is distinguished by its narrow wings, which have the appearance of having been scorched ; the apex of the fore ones being rather acute, and all being emarginate at the anal angle. They are destitute of strigse, but are singularly marked with transverse dark lines. The antennae are bipectinated nearly to the tip in the males, and the caterpillars are tubercled on the second and eighth segments. They feed on the oak and other forest trees, and the moth is sestival in its appearance in the perfect state. Species 1. — Eurymee dolabraria '. — (Plate LXXII., Figs. 7, 8.) — This species measure about 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a reddish or yellowish-buflf; the anal angle of all the wings, and the base of the costa of the fore wings, suffused vyith purple. Beyond the middle of the fore wings is a darker shade, terminating in a brown patch on the hind margin ; and the whole wing is covered with fine short brown lines. The hind wings paler, and not strigose. The caterpillar is reddish or greenish brown, varied with black spots and transverse lines, and with white dots. It feeds on the oak, lime, &c., and the moth appears at the end of June, in damp places in woods. It is a widely dispersed, and rather uncommon species. ^ Synonymes — PhalcEna Geometra dolabraria^ I.innseus; Hubner ; Donovan, vol. x. pi, 349, f. 1 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 537. PhaltBna ustularia, Hufnagle. ASPILATES, Treitschke. The antenna are bipectinated to the tips in the males ; the palpi horizontal, and moderately long, with the tip acute ; the wings, when closed, form a triangle, and they have the apical margins entire, and of pale colours, crossed by transverse strigas ; the apex of the anterior ones being acute, especially in the females ; and the hind wings are narrower in the female than in the male. The legs are very long and slender ; the caterpillars are herbivorous, smooth, slender, and much elongated, and have the habit of twisting about in a serpentine manner ; the chrysalides are enclosed in a loose web. Species 1. — Aspilates citrariaJ. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 9, 10.) — This species varies from 1^ to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a pale yellow straw colour, and with numerous dusky freckles ; the fore ones generally crossed by two strigse, of which the first is incurved near the base, and the second is towards the apical margin ; between these striga; is a dark dot ; the hind wings have also a central dot, and beyond this AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 29 an irregular dusky or purplish striga ; but these strigje and dots are very variable, and sometimes, as in our fig. 10, entirely obliterated. Taken in clover-fields and waste places in various parts of the south of England, especially on the coast, and in the Isle of Wiglit, where I have taken it in abundance in August. One of my specimens presents the singular case of having the two wings on one side of the body confluent. J SvNoNYME. — Geo^netra citrariaf Huhnev ; Haworth ; Treitschke ; Duponchel; Stephens; Wood, fig. 540. Species 2. — Aspilates gilvaria''. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 11.) — This species measures from li- to nearly 1-J inch in expanse ; the wings are of a pale ochre or straw colour ; the fore ones freckled with brown, with a central dusky dot, beyond which is a straight dark bar, which extends nearly from the middle of the inner margin to the tips ; the hind wings whitish ochre, slightly pulverose, and with a central dot and fascia, more or less distinct. The caterpillar is brownish, with pale stripes, and a dull green line down the back : it feeds on Achillea millefolium. The perfect insect appears in August, and is found in difi"erent parts of Kent, especially behind the Castle at Dover, in profusion. ■^ Synonvme. — Geometra gilvaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Treitscbke ; nuponchel ; Stephens ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 467 ; Wood, fig. 541^, and 539 ?. Species 3. — Aspilates respersaria '. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 13.) — This dingy-coloured species measures rather less than li inch in expanse ; the wings are of a pale dull grayish colour, thickly sprinkled with brown atoms ; the anterior with four or more commonly only three, parallel, darker, yellowish brown, nearly equidistant, straight strigse ; the two or three outermost of which are also represented in the hind wings. There is, however, considerable diversity in the depth of colour, position, and clearness of these striga, some of which are occasionally entirely obsolete. Specimens with four nearly equidistant striga;, form the Ph. G. strigellaria, jyr;/^ , Hiib. Haw. Those with three equidistant strigse'are the G. respersaria of those authors ; and those with three, fi,J>. but placed at imequal distances apart, the first and second being more approximated, form the Ph. G. injequaria. Haw. The caterpillar is long, slender, and attenuated ; the back black, varied with whitish markings, and the underside reddish brown : it feeds on the broom, and the moth appears in June, frequenting heaths where broom abounds. It is a common species. ^ Synonymes. — Geometra respersaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Ste- i Geometra strigillaria, Haworth ; Hubner (variety), phens; Wood, fig. 542. | Geometra incequaria, Hnworih [vAiiety). Aspilates purpuraria, LinnaBus ; Stewart ; Haworth ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, pi. 54, fig. 64, has the wings pale yellow, with two fascife, and the apical margin purple. Specimens are recorded to have been in Mr. Swainson's cabinet, but without any notice of their locality. PHASIANE, Duponchel. This genus has the palpi long, porrected into a short pointed beak ; the antennse of the males very slightly bipectinated ; the wings, with the apical margins, entire ; the fore ones with the tip acute, and marked with two dark, slender strigse near the base, and another beyond the middle, where there is a single dark spot ; the hind wings nearly destitute of markings. Species 1. — Phasiane plumbaria". — (Plate LXII., Fig. 15.) — This species measures from I^ to nearly lA p j . inch in expanse, and has the wings of a leaden-ashy hue, the anterior with two slender straight red-brown strigae, /?i^„/«.<»iij placed rather obliquely towards the base of the wings, and a third much more strongly marked beyond the middle, having a darker shade within ; the centre being marked with a small dot of the same colour : there is -.' i) 30 BRITISH MOTHS also a slender dash of the same colour running from the apex, and extending into a pale slightly distinct and dentated subapical striga ; and the hind wings are paler, with a slender dusky central striga. The ground colour of the wings, distinctness and position of the strigse, are very variable, the latter sometimes approximating ; the middle ones occasionally united into a broad dark central bar. This is a common and widely dispersed species, frequenting heaths near woods, and appearing in May, and again in August. " Synonymes. — PhaliBna plumbaria, Fabricius ; Stewart ; Ha- I Phaliena Geometra palumbaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner. worth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 543. I Phalana mucronata, Scopoli. LARENTIA, Stephens. EUBOLIA, pars. Duponchel, Bdv. As restricted by Mr. Stephens, this genus seems too closely allied to the preceding, having like it the palpi long and forming an acute beak, but with the terminal joint very minute, and the fore wings acute at the tip ; but these are marked with a central transverse dark bar, formed of several parallel lines more or less undulated, and generally vyith a dark streak at the apex. The antennae of the males are slightly bipectinated. Tlie caterpOlars are naked, and rather thickened behind, having ten feet. Species 1. — Larentia cervinaria". — (Plate LXII., Figs. 16 and 12.) — This species measm-es from If to nearly two inches, and has the fore wings reddish'brown ; the space from the base to the first striga, and the broad bar between the second and third strigas dilated at the costa and dark brown, the edges of which are waved and bordered with a slender whitish line ; within this bar are inclosed several dark lines ; the apical margin is dark, but has a very slender undulated whitish line, and at the apex is a dark oblique dash ; the cilia have a whitish line at the base. The hind wings are pale brownish, the basal portion lighter, with a slight dusky fascia beyond the middle, and the apical margin reddish brown, wjth a slightly defined whitish undulated line. The caterpillar is dull green, with darker longitudinal lines, and transverse rows of white dots ; it feeds on the common mallow ; and the moth appears in the middle of October, and is a widely dispersed though not common species. " Synonymes. — Geometra cervinaria, Wien. Vera. ; Trcitschke ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 707 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 544. Geometra clavariaj Haworth. Species 2. — Larentia chenopodiata °. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 17 and 22.) — This species measures from lA to 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore vdngs, which are of a dark, tawny yellow, or brown colour, the base, middle, and apical portion of the vnng being darker brown ; towards the base are several incurved, slender strigae ; beyond this is a narrow, red-brown fascia, with the edges nearly straight, followed by a small black dot in the middle towards the costa ; beyond the middle of the wing is a broader red-brown striga, waved on the edges, and dilated towards the costa ; and beyond this a slender, dark striga, the apical portion of the wing being darker, and with a slender, oblique dash at the apex. The hind wings are pale brown, with tvvo slender strig® running across them beyond the middle. The caterpillar is yellowish green, with dark lateral spots, and the under side of the body and feet flesh-coloured ; it feeds upon grasses of different kinds, and the moth appears in July and August. It is a very common and vvidely-dispersed species. From its abundance, it was named by the old collectors the " Aurelian's Plague." Geometra mensitraria, Wien. Vera. : Hiibner. Phalcena limitata, Scopoli. ° Synonymes — Phalce/ia Geometra chenopodiata, Linnaius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 545 ; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 33, fig. n. Species 3. — Larentia bipunctariaP. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 18.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of an ashy white colour, traversed by very numerous, slender, wavy, darker strigae, AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 31 and by four brownish-gray, nearly equidistant fasciae, one near the base, but slightly distinct and incurved, the second broader before, and the third still broader beyond the middle of the wing, which is marked towards the costa with two small black dots ; the outer fascia has its edge cut into scalloped waves, and the fourth fascia is very irregular, and often indistinct ; from the apex of the wing runs a short, oblique, abbreviated dash of black. The hind wings are marked with very slight, rudimental, waved fasciae. The caterpillar is ashy-gray, and slightly pilose, with longitudinal, dorsal, and lateral streaks ; it feeds on trefoil and other low plants, and the moth appears in July and August, frequenting chalky districts, where it is not uncommon. P SvNoNTME. — Phalana bipunctaria, Wien. Vera. ; Fabricius ; Hubner ; Treitschke ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 547. Species 4. — Larentia (?) multistrigaria °'. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 20.) — This species varies from ] to 1^^ inch in expanse. The wings are pale ashy-gray, the fore ones with numerous strigse and waved fasciolffi of a dusky colour, as though composed of clouds and dark dots placed in transverse series upon the veins ; several of these constitute four equidistant, incurved, and waved strigae, darker than the rest, the space between the second and , , third being also somewhat darker, forming a central bar; the hind wings are paler coloured, with several" ^i«(^^t^a«.'o rudimental dusky fascia; beyond the middle. Taken on heaths, especially near London and in Norfolk, in '^ ■'.' March, but not a common insect. Its larva is, unfortunately, unknown. This species recedes very greatly from the general character of the other species described above in the present genus. I, however, retain it in this situation on account of the pectinated structure of the male antennae, which will prevent it from being associated with Oporabia dilatata, which possesses simple antennae in that sex. How- far the relation with Venusia cambrica and Oporabia may be considered to extend, must be left until a precise acquaintance with their preparatory states is obtained. I will only, however, observe, that if the aifinity of these species be admitted, Lobophora rupestrata must also be associated with them. The species more particularly under consideration is interesting as forming one of the links between the Geometridae with feathered antennse, and the great group of Carpet-moths (which it resembles in its markings,) with simple male antennae. 1 Sysonyme. — Geomelra multistrigaria, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 5-18. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXIIL Insects. — Fig. 1, Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet). '' Fig. 2. Cidaria munitata (the rufous carpet). " Fig. 3. Cidaria femigata (the red twin spot") " Fig. 4. Cidaria unidentaria (the darli-barred twin spot). *' Fig. 5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot). 6. The Caterpillar. '• Fig. 7. Cidaiia latentaria ( the northern twin spot). " Fig. 8. Cidaria salicaria (the striped twin spot). " Fig. 9. Cidaria miuria (the green carpet). " Fig. 10. Cidaria olivata (the beech green carpet). " Fig. 11. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground). " Fig. 1 2. Cidaria fluctuata (the garden carpet). 1 3. The Caterpillar. " Fig. 14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet). " Fig. 15. "Venusia cambrica (the Welch wave). " Fig. 16. Harpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow). 17. The Caterpillar. 18. The Chrysalis. Insects. — Fig. 19. Harpalyce ocellata (the purple bar). 20. The Caterpillar. " Fig. 21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet). " Fig. 22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable"). 23. The Caterpillar. " Fig. 24. Harpalyce subtristata (the common carpet). " Fig. 25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet). " Fig. 26. Harpalyce unangulata (the sharp-angled carpet). " Fig. 27. Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). " Fig. 28. Harpalyce silaceata (the small phojnix). " Fig. 29. Harpalyce corylata (the broken barred carpet). 30. The Caterpillar. 31. The Chrysalis. " Fig. 32. Harpalyce unilobata (the single-lobed). The whole of the moths figured in this Plate, are from the ricli cabinet of Mr. Bentley ; the caterpillars and chrysalids are from H'ubner and Freyer. H. N. H. 32 BRITISH MOTHS I CIDARIA, Treitschke. ZERYNTHIA, Curtis. MELANTHA, Boisduval. As the generic name proposed by Mr. Curtis for the genus of which the common garden Carpet-moth may be regarded as the type had been already employed in Lepidoptera by Ochsenheimer for a genus of butterflies, I have reverted to the name of Cidaria employed for the former by Mr. Stephens. They have the antennas of the males bipectinated ; the pectinations short and pubescent, and not extending to the tip ; the palpi are rather short ; the wings rather short and broad, with the apical margins rather rounded and entire, the tips of the fore ones not very acute. The caterpillars are slender, smooth, naked, and varied with spots : they are 10-footed loopers, and the chrysalis is inclosed in a cocoon amongst the leaves. Some of the species appear in the perfect state in June and July, but others are double-brooded, appearing in May and again in August. Species 1. — ^Cidaria didy.mata ■■. — (Plate LXIIL, Fig. 1.) — Measures about 13 lines in expanse. Fore wings dull ashy-brown, with interrupted brown and white strigse and fasciae, so as to appear clouded ; beyond oft^ttry^iit^ the middle of the wing is a series of dark dots placed on the veins, followed by a darker space, in which is a _~y conspicuous still darker blotch towards the apex, obtusely bilobed on the outside, and with a submarginal whitish series of slender waved lines. Hind wings with all the ciliae brown, with two paler strigs running across the middle. The female is much paler than the male, with much less brown. The ground colour of tlie wing is variable in intensity. A widely dispersed, but rather local species. Taken at the eud of -July. •■ Synonyme. — Phal. Geom. didymata^ Linnaeus ; Haworth ; Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 549. Species 2. — Cidaria munitata^ — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 2.) — This species measures about 14 lines in expanse. Fore wings pale mouse-colour or ashy, the base and a central fascia of fulvous red, edged with a dark /^^^ line on each side, the hind margin being sinuated but not angulated, and the centre with a few darker wavy %....niZaZZ' lines ; the remainder of the vsdng marked with indistinct striolse, and a pale submarginal waved striga almost obliterated, several darker marks on the costa, and a dark oblique dash at the apex ; hind wings almost destitute of markings ; the strigEe very pale and indistinct. Taken in various parts of Scotland, but rarer in the South of England. * Synonymes. — Geometra munitata, Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 550. Phal. Geom. tristriffaria, Donovan, 13, pi. 461, fig. 2.(?) Species 3. — Cidaria ferrugata'. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 3.) — This very variable species measures about Aicrttieo '^ lines in expanse; it has the wings pale brown, with a huffish tinge, the base and a broad central bar of a /(t>»i.«^«^t, reddish purple colour, marked with numerous undulating darker lines ; the central bar is very irregular and "• variable in its extent and distinctness, but less attenuated behind than in the allied species, and is preceded and followed by a paler space, through wliich undulate several dark lines ; a chestnut-coloured patch is placed at the tip of the wings, and a brown one, sometimes divided into two, immediately behind a paler oblique one, and through it runs a pale subapical striga ; the hind wings pale at the base, and much undulated, with slight strigae ; the abdomen with a double row of dark dots down the back. A very abundant species in hedges and lanes, at the end of May and in August. 'Synonymes. — PhalanaGeomelr a ferrugata, Linnaius ; Hiibner ; I fieonif (ra corcu/a(a, Hufnagle. Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 553. Geometra spadieearia, Wien. Verz. Geometra alchemillaria, Esper. | Geometra Hnararia, Borkhausen. i!cttf"<'"-' Species 4. — Cidaria unidentaria ". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 4.) — This variable species measures about ^o/iiuja:r^ \ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, and is very closely allied to the last, but is distinguished not only by AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION'S. 33 the brown colour of tlie base and central bar of the fore wings, which is much attenuated behind, and with the outer margin lobed in the middle ; near the apex are two dark dots immediately behind a pale space, which extends to the tip, and the pale parts of the wings are traversed by several slender undulating waves, and with a pale subapical waved striga. The liind wings paler and more uniformly coloured, but traversed by numerous slender waved stritrse. The abdomen with two rows of dark dots down the back. The caterpillar is obscure greenish, with a dark and light longitudinal stripe down the side, and the hind segments spotted with darker colour. Tliis is also a very common species, which appears in June and again in August. " Synonymes. — Cirfaria anWen^oria, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 551 ; Albin, pi. 97, fig. e — b. Geometra Quadrifusciaria, Hubner (ncc Linn.) Species 5. — Cidaria qfadkifasciaria^ — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 5 & 6.) — Measures about li inch in expanse, with the fore wings brownish, with a fulvous reddish tinge, a smail basal fascia, and another nearly solid oblique central one of dark colour, slightly incurved near the costa, and the middle of the outer margin deeplv but obtusely lobed ; the centre, towards the costa, with a black spot ; beyond the fascia is a slight whitish striga, on whicli is placed a small dark, but often almost obsolete, duplicated spot toward the apex ; and near this is a square darker spot upon the apical margin, which distinguishes this from the two preceding species. The caterpillar is light brown, with faint streaks and some black spots : it feeds on dandelion and other low plants ; and the moth appears at the end of -June and July, and is frequent in various parts of the country. *■ Synonymes. — Phaltsnia Geometra guadrifasciaria, Linnscus ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 552. Geometra badiata, Boikhausen. Geometra ligustrata, Hubner (variety). Geometra uiidutataria, Villers (variety). Species 6. — Cidaria latentaria". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 7-) — Varies from 12 to 15 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy, varied with an ochreous tinge, and having seven or eight irregular waved strigae, darkest at the costa, the space between two forming a broad, more or less decided, central fascia, with the outer margin crenated and edged with a whitish line, and with a central black dot ; the apical margin with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings with irregular and rather indistinct waved strigse, and a central dot. Taken abundantly on walls and rocks near Ambleside, at the beginning of June, by Messrs. Dale, Curtis, and others. " Synonvme.— Zfry;/Mi'a lalentaria, Curtis, Biit. Ent., pi. 296 ; Stephens; Wood, Ind. Ent., fig. 554. Species 7- — Cidaria Salicaria*^. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 8.) — Measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings ashy brown, with numerous undulated strigee, alternate!)' dusky and paler-coloured, with a double or bilobed brown spot, and two squarish ones on the costa, close together, of a dirty red colour near the tip of the wings ; hind wings pale ashy, scarcely freckled, with paler waved striga. Also found in the north of England and Scotland, but rare, in June. ^Synonyms. — Geome<ra so/icaria, Hubner ; Haworth; Stephens; Curtis; Wood, fig. 555. Species 8. — Cidaria miaria-^'. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 9.) — This elegant species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a delicate green, with three patches of black on the costa, from whence originate the same number of slender white waved streaks, the space between the second and third of which is darker green, and terminates behind in a dark patch ; there is also a black lunate spot near the apex, and an irregular interrupted whitish submarginal striga ; the extreme margin pale, with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings pale gray, with two or three paler strigae across them beyond the middle ; the margin dotted. Common in woods and lanes in June. ' Synony-mes. — Geometra miaria, Wien. Verz. ; Treitschkc; Hiib- Phalcena lectangulatu, Hufnagle. ner; Esper ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 556. Geometra pectinaria, Fuessly ; Donovan, Vol. l-l. pi. 479, fig 1. PhaliEua viridata, Fabricius ; Haworth ; Tillers. VOL. II. *3. 34 BRITISH MOTHS A.2). Species 9 z. — Cidaria olivata. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 10.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of an olive-green colour (liable to fade) ; the base with a darker striga, and a broad central darker fascia, much narrower behind, and inclosing the small central dark dot ; beyond this is a white wavy irregular line, and with the apical portion clouded and marked with several dark dots, edged externally with white ; the margin with a row of dark dots ; the hind wings scarcely strigose. Found in birch woods in various parts of the country, at the end of August, but rather rare. ' Synonyme. — Geome^J-a o/ii>a<ffl, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner ; Treitschke ; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 557. Species 10. — Cidaria montaxata ". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 11.) — This, handsome species measures rather more than 1 j- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, with a broad irregular luteous brown bar across the middle, varied with gray scales, and having a central black spot ; the base of the wing also luteous-brown, which also extends in slight patches along the costa, and on the principal veins of the wing ; the apical portion clouded with indistinct gray and whitish strigce, marked especially by dots on the veins; the hind wings with slightly marked fascise, more distinct towards the anal margin. The caterpillar is brown, with white lines on the side. It feeds on the primrose, in the open parts of woods, where the moth occurs abundantly in June. ^ Synonymes. — Geometra montanata^ M'ien. Yerz.; Hiibner ; Treitschke ; Stephens; 111,; Wood. fig. 558, Geometra impUcata^ Villers ; Haworth ; Stephens' Cat. ; Curtis. ^,2>. Species II. — Cidaria fluctuata t". — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 12, 13.) — This extremely abundant species measures from 1 to 1^^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty white, very much undulated on the pale parts, with fine ashy strigK ; the base of the wing dark brown ; the centre with a large dark patch extending from the costa about half way across the wing, where it terminates in a much narrower and paler bar, which extends to the hind margin ; another dark smaller patch on the costa, near the apex, beneath which is a double-toothed dusky small spot, forming part of the subapical striga ; the margin with black dots in pairs ; the hind wings much waved with dirty white and pale gray strigas, and a central dot. There is much difference in the intensity of the colour of the fore wings and their markings. The caterpillar is pale luteous or greenish, with dark dots on the back ; it feeds on various garden plants, and the moth appears throughout the summer, frequenting gardens, settling on walls, palings, &c., and entering houses. *■ Synonymes. — PhalcBna Geometra Jluctuala,Ijmii!eua; Hubner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 559 ; Albin, p]. 99, fig. e — h. Phalcena costovata, Haworth (Variety). •y,». Species 12. — Cidaria propugnata ''. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 14.) — This pretty species measures from 10 to 12 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty grayish white, marked at the base and across the middle with a broad clear reddish fascia, the inner margin of which is edged with a dark curved bar, and the outer margin is irregularly sinuated and black, preceded by two slender waved black lines ; the apical portion of the wing is more or less clouded, with whitish and grayish undulated strigse, and often with a darker patch on the costa ; the hind wings pale gray, with slight strigjB visible chiefly towards the anal margin. The antennae of the males are but slightly pectinated, whence Boisduval unites it with Munitata into a distinct section in this genus, from which Mr. Curtis has removed it. Found not uncommonly in woods, in various parts of tlie country, in July. » Synonymes — Geometra propuffnala, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner; 1 Phalana designata, }iu(n!ig]e. Fabricius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 5G0. I Phaltena lyiiceala, Donovan, 10, pi. 349, fig. 3. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 35 VENUSIA, CuKTis. The antennEB in the males are bipectiiiated, the pectinations increasing in length to the tips ; the palpi are very short and horizontal, not forming a beak in front of the head ; and the fore wings are triangular-ovate, marked with numerous slender, undulated, entire strigse. The relations of this genus with Larentia ? multi- strigaria has already been noticed (p. 31). Species 1. — Venusia cambrica''. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 15.) — This species measures IJ- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are " light bright gray, with numerous sinuated strigas, forming patches on the costa ; basal striga a black thin line ; a pale brown pair next, anotlier fine dark pair before the middle, and a pair beyond it ; the inner one blauk, as well as the nervures where they intersect it ; the other is broader and yellowish brown, and there is a pair of crenated brown strigas towards the posterior margin ; a line of seven sublunate brown spots at the base of the cilia" of all the wings ; hind wings very slightly strigose. Taken near the Devil's Bridge, Cardigan. In the collections of J. C. Dale, Esq. and Mr. Bentley. •* Synonvme. — Venu^i'a cambrica^ Curtis, Biit. Eiit. pi. 759. HARPALYCE, Stephens ; CIDARIA, Treitschke ; ZERENE & ELECTRA, Curtis; MELANTHIA, Bdv. The carpet-moths composing this genus are closely allied to the Cidarife, from which they differ in having the male antennae not bipectinated ; the fore wings are short and triangular, with the apical margins entire, and when at rest thev are carried horizontally, forming a broad triangle. Like the Cidarice, also, they have two of the teeth of the subapical striga near the costa darker than the rest. It is proper to observe, that there is great diversity in the arrangements proposed by recent lepidopterists, as to the generic distribution of this and the following closely-allied groups. How far a precise knowledge of the larvas of the different species will clear up the confusion remains yet to be determined. Species I. — Harpalyce fulvata'^. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 16, 17, 18.) — This pretty insect measures about 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a bright orange-yellow colour ; the base with a slender, darker Jj*^'^'' orange striga, and the middle of the wing with a broad, irregularly sinuated, dark purplish-brown bar, being j?,jj lightest on the costa, and edged on each side with a slender pale line ; the tip of the wing pale, behind which is an oblique dark line, followed by a dark orange cloud ; the hind wings pale-yellowish white. The caterpillar is pale green, with darker lateral lines, and a pale back. It feeds on the rose, and the moth, which is common and widely dispersed, appears in July. ' SiNONYMES. — Geometra fulvala, WieD. Verz.; HUbiicr; Hawoith; Stepliens ; Wuod, fig. 561 ; Hairis, Aureliaii, pi. 35, fig. 1. PhaltBiia sociata, Fiibricius; Stewart. U^ia^i. Species 2. — Harpalyce ocellata '. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 19, 20.) — This species measures rather more than 1 incli in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, the extremity having a pearly brownish gloss ; the base brovrn, varied with gray and fulvous scales, followed by several grayish patches ; across the middle of the wing is a broad, irregular, dark-brown fascia, with the margins more fulvous ; the centre with several gray waves, which towards the costa surround a black dot ; beyond the fascia are several slender, ashy, interrupted, short strigae, running from the costa, the outermost terminating in a small black patch ; hind wings with a small, dark, central dot, and the margin brownish. The caterpillar is brown, with the anterior segment;* F 2 36 BRITISH MOTHS /hi^t-^i^S^ A.-2>. Hrt. and a stripe above tlie feet gray ; the back with angiilated whitish markings. The moth appears at the heginnincr of June, and again at the end of August, in woods, and is a common and widely diffused species. ' SvNONYME': PhaltEfta Geomelra ocellata, Linnaeus ; Hiibner; Hawonli ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 562. PliaiiBim tridentata, Hufiiagle. Phal<j£na iynceala, Fabiicius ; Stewart ; Turton. Geometra fasciuTia, Scopoli. Species 3. — Harpalyce galiata^. — (Plate LXIIL, Fig. 21.) — This species measures from 1 to 11 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a whitish colour, with a broad grayish-brown striga at tlie base, and a broad fascia across the middle of the wing, of more uniform width than in the preceding (which it otherwise closely resembles), its margins being irregularly lohed ; between the extremity of this fascia and the apex is a dark patch on the costa, and the apical portion of the wings is more or less clouded with irregular strigae and dark patches towards the apex ; hind wings grayish at the base, and strigose. Found in Jlaj' and June, and again in August, in various places along the southern coast ; also near Dublin, and at Weston-on-the-Green. B SvNONVME — Geometra Galiaia, Wien. Vera.; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 563. Species 4. — Harpalyce tristata ''. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 22, 2.3.) — This species measures about 1 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, the ground of which is of a pure white colour, varied with brownish-black markings ; near the base of the wing is an angulated striga, preceded and followed by brown clouds and several dark dots on the veins ; the centre of the wing is occupied by a brownish-black bar, very much angulated on the outer edge, and having a paler striga within, and an ocellated black spot in the middle ; beyond this is a row of black dots on the veins on a white bar, and the apical portion of the wing is brownish -black, with a submarcrinal, irregular, whitish striga ; the hind wings are strigose, especially along the anal margin, and the apical margin resembles that of the fore wings. The Ciiterpillar is yellowish, with reddish-brown longitudinal streaks j it feeds on Galium verum, and the moth appears in June in various parts of the country, especially in the North of England. ^ Synonvme. — PUal(Bna Geometra tristata, Liaua^us ; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 5G6. Species 5. — Harpalyce sdbtristata '. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 24.) — This species measures rather more than I inch in the expanse of the fore wings, the ground-colour of which is of a dirty white, much varied with grayish- brown markings ; the basal portion of the wing is grayish-brown, with darker lines and whitish striga?, and across the middle of the wing runs a broad fascia, not so strongly angulated on the outside as in the preceding species, and varied with paler undulated lines, and a black central dot ; this is followed by a white fascia, through which runs a slender, pale brown, waved line, and the apical portion of the wing is gray-brown, with a pale, waved, suhapical line. The hind wings have a central dark dot, and are very much waved, with grayish strioEB ; the apical portion coloured as in the fore wings. The perfect insect is very common in woods and hedges in May, and again in August. * Synonymes. — Phalcena subtrisiata^ Haworth ; Siepbcns ; Wood, I Phaltena degeneratn, Haworth (v;iriety ). fig. 567 (substriata). Geometra alchimeilata and amtiicuiata, Hiibner. PhaltBna contristata, Donovan, 15, pi. 510, fig. 2. Species 6. — Harpalyce sylvaticataJ. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 25.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings. It is closely allied to the last insect, but is somewhat larger, of a purer white colour, with broader and more angulated strigee. The fore wings are varied with white, ashy, and brown striwEe the base being ashy-brown, fullowed by a white striga; the central fascia is marked with ash}' and gray clouds, and has a black central dot and several black wedge-like marks on its outer edge ; it is followed by a white fascia scarcely marked with undulations ; and the apical portion of all the wings is ashy, with a wavy white line interrupted by a large paler patch in the centre. Taken in chalky districts, in -July ; but not very common. J SvNONvMEs. — Pliuliena si/Ivaticala,li-dwonh\ Stephens; Wood, fig. JOS. Geometra rivata. Hiibner. i^uScc-ru^Ai. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 37 Species 7- — Harpalyce ttnangdlata ''. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 26). — This is another species, which measures about li inch in expanse, and is closely allied to the preceding, from which it is especially distinguished by the acute angle formed at tlie middle of the outer margin of the central fascia of the fore wings ; in tlic middle of this fascia is the ordinary black stignia-like spot, and the costa is marked towards the apex with a square blackish spot, from whence e.xtends a grayish bar, followed by a regularly-waved white striga ; the hind Una^Le<^^ wings have a central dot, and the base rather ashy, with the strigae somewhat more distinct. Found in woods '^'■^ but rarely, at the end of June and -July. , ^ Synonyme. — PhaliBna unangulata, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 569. Species S.— Harpalyce biangulata '. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 27.) — This species measures from 13 lines to rather more than 1;^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which have the basal half suffused with olive-brown ; the base paler ashy green, with several slender darker stvigse ; the broad central fascia dark olive brown, witli the outer margin in the middle with two strong angles ; beyond this is a white fascia, followed by brown and gray 'i<:i«'tJcJ wavy clouds, and several dusky dots, especially along the apical margin ; the hind wings are ashy, generally ^. marked with the ordinary strigae ; the apical inargin with an olive tinge. The green colour fades into a dull buff hue. Found in woods in June, but not common. ' S\NoNYMES. — Geometra biangulata, Hawortli ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 570 ; Harris, Expos., pi. 8, fig. 4. Geometra picata, Hiibner. Species 9. — Harpalyce silaceata '". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 28.) — Tliis species measures about 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pale ashy white ; the base with a rather broad brown fascia, followed _ ■ by a very broad central brown bar, deeply angulated in the middle of the inner margin, and witli the outer rf^>-,„,ix, margin trilobed, the middle portion being occasionally insulated by the pale branches of the median vein ; ^- -^ towards the apex is a series of irregular-sized brown conical spots, and a patch of the same colour on the apical margin, the preceding space being more or less clouded. The hind wings are whitish, with the space beyond a pale angulated fascia rather more dusky. The caterpillar is described by Stephens as being bright green, with a duller lateral line, and a black dorsal one, and some yollowish-green spots behind, and as feeding on tlie aspen. Taken in July and August. A widely-dispersed, but not common species. "• Synonymes — Geomefra silacfiata, 'Wien. YeTz,; Unhvicr; Ha- I Phalipna insulata, Ha.v!orth (ma.]e). worth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 571. I Phalcena euneala, Donovan, 14, pi. 487, fig. 2. . Species 10. — Harpalyce corylata". — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 29, 30, 31.) — This species measures about J^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which have the base fulvous brown, followed by two dentated white .c strigsB, the space between which is grayish-buff; the central bar is fulvous-brown, with a black stigma, followed fyS, by a dentated white line ; the apical portion of the wing varied with buff, brown, and white shades, and an irregular- waved subapical striga, interrupted by a pale patch at the apex and in the middle of the apical margin; the hind wings pale-grayish, with light dusky strigae. The caterpillar is pale-yellowish, with a whitish lateral line ; it feeds on various trees, and the moth appears in -June, in woods. ° Synonymes. — Geometra corylata, Thuuherg; .Stephens ; Wood, Geometra rupfata, Hiibner; Haworth; Donovan, 14, pi. 479, fig. 572. I fig. 2 ; Albin, pi. 98, fig. a— d. Species 11. — Harpalyce unilobata ". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 32.) — This insect, as well as Ph. 4-annulata, Haworth, Stephens, and Wood, fig. 565, are considered by Mr. Stephens as probably varieties of H. Galiata. Jti^i t-- ■' - The former has the fore wings ashy and slightly clouded, with the base, and a dark broad central bar of brown .''^i streaked with black, having a single rounded lobe on its outer edge ; the extremity of the wing more dusky. 38 BRITISH MOTHS with a white, interrupted, waved line. It has been taken occasionally in Yorkshire. The latter has the wings ashy, with three geminated striga and a costal spot of brown ; between the base and middle bar is a white fascia, formed of four rounded spots, united together and edged with black. This insect has occurred at Wisbeach, and also in Devonshire. " Synonvme. — PhalcBna unilobataflia.^orth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 564. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXIV. Insec —Fin. I. Polyphasia marmorata (the marbled carpet). Fig. 2. Polypbasia centum-notata (the common marbled carpet). Figr. 3. Polypbasia immanata (a variety of the preceding). Fig. 4. Steganolopbia pruuata (the clouded carpet). 5. The Caterpillar. 6. The Chrysalis. Fig. 7. Lampropteryx sutfumata (the water carpet). Fig. 8. Lampropteryx badiata (the shoulder stripe). The Caterpillar. Fig. 9. Anticlea Berbeiata (the raspberry^ carpet). The Caterpillar. II. The Chrysalis. The Cocoon. Fig. 13. Anticlea rubidata (the flame). Fig. 14. Anticlea sinuat.a (the royal mantle). Fig. 15. Anticlea derivata (the streamer). 17. Caterpillar. 16. 10. 12. The Insects. — Fig. 18. Electra comitata (the dark spinach). „ Fig. 19. Electra populata (the poplar). 20. The Cater- pillar. ,, Fig. 21. Electra spinachiata (the spinach). ,, Fig. 22. Electra testata (the chevron). ,, Fig. 23. Electra pyraliata (the baiTed straw). ,, Fig. 24. Celma imbutata (the Manchester treble bar). ,f Fig. 25. Aoailis plagiata (the slender treble bar). ,, Fig. 26. Siona dealbata (the black vein). Plants. — Fig. 27. Galium sp. All the moths in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, with \he exception of Plagiata, Iramanata, Spinachiata, Testata, Pyraliata, Derivata, Sutfumata, and Ruptata, from fine specimens presented to me by Mr, Doubleday. The caterpillars are from Hubner.— H. X. H. POLYPHASIA, Stei'iiexs. ELECTRA, r., Clrtis. The insects of the genus formed under this name by Mr. Stephens, are extremely variable in their charac- teristic markings. The antennse are simple in both sexes ; the fore wings are triangular, and comparatively larger and weaker than in the preceding species, with the apical margin entire ; the palpi are porrected into a sliort acute beak, directed obliquely upwards : and the caterpillars are slender, smooth, and with two short tubercles on the terminal segment of the body. By the continental authors, the different species appear to be confounded into one, whilst Mr. Stephens separates them into eight ; although in his Catalogue several of them were indicated as prob.xble varieties of the others, which we consider the more natural arrangement. Species 1. — Polyphasia marmorataP. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 1.) — This species varies from I to JJ^ on the expanse of the fore wings, which are clouded with ashy and ferruginous, and have a broad central fascia of white, more or less atomose, and edged with blackish brown ; the outer margin much produced, and acutely angulated ; the apical portion of the wing ashy, tinged with ferruginous and brown clouds, through which runs Jtryrnet^timti^ ^^ irregular interrupted white waved line. It is extremely variable in the colour of the ground of the wings, Avt. and in the intensity of the markings. Not common, although widely dispersed ; although more especially found in the woods of Kent. P Synonymes. — /"Aate/ja mai'mora/a, Fabricius; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 575. Phulana omicronata, Donovan, Vol. I,i, pi. 510, fig. 1 (variety). P. concinxata, Stcph. ; AVood, fig. 576 (given in Syst. Cat. as a variety of the preceding), has the fore wings ashy-gray clouded with black, and with an unsolid whitish fascia across the middle, acutely dentated on the outer margin, and with a wliite angulated subapical striga ; the disc with a large black dot. Taken in Scotland, and probably identical with P. boreata, Curtis (Brit. Ent., fol. 603), of which the fore wings have the narrow ferruginous fascia at PI 6 4-. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 39 the base obscure and not an^ulated, terminatino- in a white horse-shoe on the inner margin ; the broad central fascia not solid, but gray in the middle and the posterior margin darker than in P. imnianata. Taken on rocks near Arrachar, in Scotland, at the beginning of August. Species 2. — Polyphasia centum-notata''. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 2.) — This very variable species measures from 1 to li inch in expanse, and has the fore wings much spotted with brown, whitish-gray, and ferruginous, the base being ferruginous-brown, undulated with dark strigse, beyond which is a very broad whitish fascia, preceded by a slender dark line, and having a central slender black dot, and the outer portion (especially towards, the costa,) dark-brown, the margin much angulated and produced in the middle ; beyond this the wings ai'e much mottled, and have a slender white waved line, preceded by a ferruginous bar ; the hind wings almost destitute of strigas. This is a very abundant species, found iu woods at the end of May, and again in August. The following are probable varieties of this species. Polyphasia satukata, Stephens ; Wood, fig. 579, which has the fore wing ashy-brown, with a paler fascia across the middle acutely dentated, and produced in the middle of the outer margin ; the disc traversed with undulated strigas, and with a central elongate black spot, an indistinct ferruginous bar, and a waved subapical whitish striga. Found in July in various districts, but not common. Poly^phasia perfu.scata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 5S0, which has the fore wings somewhat ashy, a simple black fascia at the base, and a broad central one produced on the middle of the outer edge, and strongly dentated ; bordered with a pale striga, and having the usual black central dot ; beyond this is a ferruginous streak, and interrupted white waved striga. Occurs at the same time and places as the preceding variety. Polyphasia co.mjia-notata, Haworth ; Steph. ; Wood, fig. 577, is chiefly distinguished by the fulvous or luteous central fascia; the remainder of the wing being ashy brown, and much mottled. It is common, occurring iu the same woods with the former vari-ties, at the end of May, and again in the autumn. 1 Synonymes.. — Phali£}La cenimn-nQtaliim,Y:^x\i^\M%\ Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 575. Geometra rupata, Wien, Verz. ; Hiibner ? Species 3. — Polyphasia IiMmanata ''. — (Plate XLIV., Fig. 3.)— This insect is about the size of the QUa-ui^ preceding, from which, as well as the rest of the species of this genus, it is distinguished by the broad, solid, brownish black central fascia, which is strongly dentated, and much more strongly produced in the middle of the outer margin, and more acute than in its allies ; beyond this is a pale spot on the costa, gradually shaded into bright brown or ferruginous, and with a wavy whitish subapical striga. There is much variation in the tints of this insect, as well as in the central bar being occasionally ashy in the middle, with a black spot. It is a common species, found in July, in woody places. Polyphasia amcenata, Stephens (given in " Syst. Cat." as a supposed variety of immanata), diiFers from it in having narrower wings, with the outer edge of the basal fascia very much angulated, and with a very broad black central fascia, dentated within, and very much produced in the middle of its outer margin ; the process being composed of two lobes, of which the first is very broad and bifid, and the inner and shorter one very acute and simple. Found in Devonshire. Wood's fig. 574 does not well agree with this description. ' SvNONVME. — Phalana immanata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 573. STEGANOLOPHIA, Stephens. ELECTRA, p., Curtis. The insect which Mr. Stephens has formed into the present genus, is very closely allied to the last group, but has the palpi more elongated and beak-like ; the males with a tuft of hairs near the base of the fore wings 40 BRITISH MOTHS beneath, and the strong central fascia more angulated on the inner margin, and less so on the outer margin : tlie hind wings are also more distinctly fasciated. The caterpillar is long, slender, swollen behind the slightly notched head, and with the extremity of the body rather thicker and rugose. Species 1. — Steganolophia prdnata ^ — (Plate LXIV., Figs. 4, 5, 6.) — This Ijandsome insect measures from 14- to 1^ inch in expanse. The base of tlie fore wings orange brown, with a darker slender waved striga, ^ ^ followed by a clouded orange bar edged on each side with a whitish line, and very much angulated towards the ^,2. hinder margin; then follows a very broad, brown, irregular bar bearing a slender, dark, parallel streak; and the extremity of the wing is marked with conical dark spots and a marginal patch of brown, as in Harpalyce Silaceata, to which it is nearly allied, as arranged by Mr. Haworth : the hind wings are pale-brown and strigose. The caterpillar is pale-greenish, with brownish markings on the back : it feeds on the currant and gooseberry, as well as on various trees, and the moth appears in July and August in lanes and gardens. It is a widely dispersed but local insect. -*' Synonymes. — P/ia/6?7ia Geome/ra prwnaia, Linna?us; Ftibricius; I Haworth; Stephens; "Wood, fig. 581. Donovan; 7, pi. 233, fig. 1 ; Harris, Exposition 30, pi. 8, fig. 1; j Ci(iarm i?/6fS'arm,Boisduval. <f-trz>. LAMPROPTERYX, Stephens. CIDARIA, p., Boisduval. ELECTRA, p., Curtis. These insects have the wings glossy, and the apical margins obscurely dentated, the disk of the fore ones with a central fascia, and an oblique black dash at the apex : the palpi are very short, and scarcely visible from above ; the antenna; of the males rather strongly ciliated, and the caterpillars smooth, cvlindrical, and naked. The first species in its markings approaches closely to Steg. pruuata, whilst S. badiata has a very different habit. Species 1.- — Lampropteryx suffumata '. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 7.) — This species measures about li inch /^, ■ in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a red-brown at the base, followed by a pale bar clouded with brown, 5^"^""^^^ ^'^yt'"'^ which is a broad, rich brown bar irregularly toothed on both margins, followed by a slender whitish line ; "'■^ the extremity of the wing varied with brown and white shades and patches ; the hind margin of the hind wings dusky brown. This is not a common species, but is widely dispersed. Taken in April and July. ' Synonyme Ph. Geometra siiffumata, Wien. Vera. ; H'ubner ; Haworth ; Stepliens ; Wood, fig. 582. J/t.Jt' {/(t-i. ■ Species 2. — Lampropteryx p ceata, Stepliens; Wood, Fig. 583. — Measures li inch in expanse; fore wings " very glossy, of a deep uniform pitchy-brown, with a deeper broad central fascia in -which is a black spot ; its outer margin lobate, with the central lobe obtuse and entire ; towards the apex of the wing is an interrupted striga composed of white spots, and at the apex is an oblique white streak." — Stepliens. Found near Newcastle, and also in Yorkshire. Species 3. — Lampropteryx badiata". — (Plate LXIY., Figs. 8, 16.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a buff colour, with the base and apex purplish brown ; the /tM^cic<^o former with a curved, dark fascia at the base, followed by a nearly straight one edged witli a purplish brown jSaitc^^-'^ line, and followed by a pale space, which is succeeded by a deeply waved bar formed of several slender dark lines, beyond which is a dark buff space; tlie apical portion purplish brown, and with a dark oblique dash at the apex. Hind wings slightly strigose. The caterpillar is dirty green, and dotted on the back. The sides with a pale stripe, head and feet yellowish. It feeds on the wild rose ; and the moth appears at the beginning of April and again in the middle of the summer, and is common. "Synonymes. — Geomc<?-n inrfia^n, Wien. Verz.; Hiibnev ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 584. Phalwna berberala, Donovan; vol. 14, pi. 493, tig. 1. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 41 ANTICLEA, Stephens. CIDARIA, p. Boisddval. This group is so closely allied to the preceding, that Boisduval unites the species together into his fourth division of the genus Cidaria. Mr. Stephens, however, separates them, on account of the simplicity of the antennas in both sexes, those of the males being tliickened at the base, the very short, obliquely porrected palpi, the shortness and roundness of the wings, of which the anterior are traversed by a fascia at the base and an unsolid one on the disc, the outer edge of which is terminated behind in a series of slender dark arches. Species 1. — Anticlea berberata ''. — (Plate LXIV., Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12.) — This species measures from 1 to li inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy-red, with three dark fasciae, one near the base, a second before, and the third beyond the middle ; the last very deeply toothed on the outside, and almost obliterated towards the hind margin of the wing : the apex with a dark oblique dash preceded by a darker patch, and followed by an obscure, pale, undulated line. The caterpillar is brown, varied with dark and with white and red markings : it feeds on the barberry ; and the moth appears in May and August, according to. Boisduval, but Stephens states the middle of June. Taken in Berkshire and Oxfordshire. ' Synonyme. — Geometra berberata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 585. Species 2. — Anticlea rubidata ^. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 13.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a rusty reddish-brown colour, with a dark patch at the base and a broad dark central fascia, in which is a black dot, with the inner margin very much elbowed, and the outer margin preceded towards the costa by a darker shade, and terminated behind by five slender, deeply-waved black lines ; beyond which is a redder space, the extremity of tlie wing being pale brown, preceded by a slender obsolete whitish undulated line ; the hind wings slightly strigose. The caterpillar is green, with a dark line at the front and hind part of the body : it feeds on several species of Galium, and the moth appears in June and July, frequenting woods, but it is not a common species. ^ SvNONvME. — Geome/ra rw6irfa^a, Wien. Verz.; Fabricius ; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 586. Species 3. — Anticlea sincata '^. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 14.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings whitish or snowy, the base varied with brown and reddish strigas, divided by pale waved lines : beyond the middle, on tlie costa, is a dark patch or abbreviated fascia, terminated externally in a series of dark arches, and followed by a reddish patch margined on each side with whitish, and with a sub- marginal wavy pale striga. The hind wings slightly strigose. The caterpillar is green, with a yellow stripe on each side, and a yellowish line edged with brown : it also feeds on the species of Galium, and the moth appears at the end of June. Taken in Kent, Devonshire, and Berkshire ; but very rare. « SvNONYME. — Geometra sinuata, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 587. Species 4. — Anticlea derivata". — (Plate LXIV., Figs. 15, 17.) — This species measures nearly li inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pale fleshy-brown colour, the base and apex more dusky ; the former with two strigsB, the second the broadest, and angulated in the middle ; the centre of the wing plain, beyond which is a striga, very deeply angulated outwards, in the middle ; the portion behind the angle being almost obliterated : the hind wings slightly strigose. The caterpillar is green beneath, with alternate lines of brown and white down the back, and a reddish head ; it is, however, described by Stephens, as green with triangular spots, the legs and anus bright red, and as feeding on the dog-rose. It is rather a common species in gardens and woods at the beginning of June. ' SvNOirvHES. — Geometra derivata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Harris Expos., pi. 6, fig. 7 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 588. Geometra violacea nigra striata, Villers. VOL. II. G « 42 BRITISH MOTHS U.O^tt^tt'^^ H.Xi. ELECTRA, Stephens, Curtis, (pahs). CIDARIA, p. Treitschke. These insects are distinguished by the yellow tints of their wings, marked with darker strigse and fasciae, the anterior pair of which are somewhat more elongate-ovate than in the last group, and with the tip acute and marked with an oblique fascia : the antennse are simple in both sexes ; the palpi porrected, forming a beak nearly as long as the head ; the body is elongated, especially in the males, which have an anal tuft, and the caterpillars are long, smooth, and slender in front. Species 1. — Electba comitata,''.— -(Plate LXIV., Fig. 18.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a yellowish buff colour, clouded with fulvous, and with the middle of the wing occupied by a very broad bar of a greyish-brovra colour ; the middle pale, with a dark dot, the sinuated edges darker, and bearing several darker parallel curved lines ; the base of the wings also with a darker fascia, and a darker oblique dash running to the apex ; hind wings pale whitish-buff, and silky. The caterpillar is varied with green and brown, with a yellowish lateral stripe, and with a pale head striped with brown. It feeds on Chenopodium album, and the moth appears in July, flying about banks in various parts of the country, rather commonly. 'Synonymes. — Phalana Geometra comitata, Umu.; Fabricius ; i Geometra chenopodiata,^\eu.Yen.. ; Hiibner; Wilkes, pi. 71. Albin, pi. 47, fig. 79, f— i. Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 589. \ Phal. Geom. dolata, Linnaeus ; variety. Species 2. — Electra populata ". — (Plate LXIV., Figs. 19, 20.) — Measures about 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are pale yellow, with two strigse, and the apical margin brovra, the base often v?ith an incurved striga ; the middle of the wing with a broad irregular dark bar bilobed in the middle behind, and paler towards the costa and hind margin ; a triangular pale patch at the apex, followed by a dark oblique dash and dusky cloud ; hind wings almost destitute of strigje. The caterpillar is green, varied with yellow, and with a yellow head : it feeds on the poplar, and the moth appears in July, in the north of England and Scotland. * Synonymes. — Phalmna Geom. populata, Linnaeus ; Hubner ; I not of Haworth ; Lep. Brit. Haworth; (Ent. Trans. 1, 337); Stephens; Wood, fig. 590; but I Ph. G. cuspidata, Slewait. Species 3. — Electra spinachiata ^. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 21.) — This species measures froml^- to 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are varied with yellow and fulvous, and having three angulated strigas and an oblique dark dash at the apex, of brownish yellow ; the first striga is near the base, the second near the middle, and the third beyond it, all nearly rectangularly bent on the outside, the outer one with a simple lobe : the hind wings pale and spotless. Cilia yellow, with a row of distant brown dots. The caterpillar green, with a pale line on each side, edged above vyith dusky : it feeds on the gooseberry and currant, and the moth appears in gardens about the end of June, and is very common. I" Synonymes. — Phalmna Geometra spinachiata, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 591. Geometra marmorata, Hiibner. Species 4. — Electra testata^. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 22.)— Varies from 1^ to li inch iu expanse; fore wings yellowish-grey, clouded with buff, with three slender brovniish strigEe, at equal distances apart ; the third almost bent at a right angle, and followed by a very broad bar, of a darker colour than the ground of the wing, with an indistinct central striga, and followed by a white streak along the outer margin, which is much bent ; a pale, triangular patch at the tip of the wings, behind which is a bright fulvous brown shade ; hind wings pale whitish, with the apex slightly darker, preceded by a slender white striga. It is variable in the intensity of its markings. Taken at the beginning of May and again in September, and widely dispersed, but less common than the last species. *= Synony'mes Phalcena Geom. testata, Linnaeus ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 592. Geometra achatina, 'H'abaet ; fig. 301, (5')408. (V); Stephens; Wood; fig. 593, (variety). AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 43 Species 5. — Electra pyraliata ''. — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 23.) — Measures about li or li- inch in expanse; fore wings yellow, with three angulateJ strigse, beyond which is a row of nearly obsolete dots, and a slight dark dash at the apex, of yellowish brown ; the strigSB are more approximated to the base of the wing and to each other than in the allied insects, they are also less angulated and slightl3' undulated; the hind wings are straw- white ; ■variable in the development of the strigae and row of dots. Caterpillar greenish, with the head and segments of the body yellow : it feeds on the whitethorn and other plants ; and the moth appears at the end of July frequenting gardens and hedges : it is a common species. ^ S\'NONVME. — Geometra pyraliata^ Wien. Vei*z. ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 594 . Geometra populata, Haworth ; nee Linnseus ; Albin, pi. 45, fig. 75, d — g. CELMA, Stephens. LARISSA, pars., Curtis. Mr. Stephens has formed Geometra imbutata of Hiibner into a distinct genus, on account of the very squamous palpi ; the fore wings entire and sub-lanceolate, the shortness of the abdomen, and the simple antennae of both sexes ; the females are also smaller than the males. Species 1. — Celma imbutata •". — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 24.) — Measures about 1 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pale lilac-gray, with a straight oblique striga near the base, followed by a dusky cloud and a broad brown bar before the middle of the wing, which is generally connected behind with another of the same colour beyond the middle, the latter being very irregular on the outer margin, and followed by a bright rosy-brown shade, with a darker cloud terminating in an oblique dark dash running to the tip of the wing, preceded by a pale line and a dark patch on the costa : the apex of the wing grey, spotted with black. Taken in heathy places, in the north of England and Scotland, in August. ' Synonyme. — Geometra imbutata, Hiibner ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Brit. Ent. pi. 324 ; Wood, fig. 595. ANAITIS, DuPONCHEL. APLOCERA, Stephens, olim. This genus has the palpi long and beak-like ; the antennae simple in both sexes ; the abdomen long and slender; the fore wings ovate-lanceolate, with the tip slightly acute, the disc traversed by slender undulating lines, arranged three together in the middle of the wings ; the females larger than the males. Species 1 — Anaitis plagiata ^ — (Plate LXIV., Fig. 25.) — Measures from 1^ to 1|. inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are pale gray, with a slender curved dark line, dentated towards the costa near the base, two fasciae, each formed of three lines across the middle of the wings, followed by a bright brown dash running to the tip of the wings ; the apical portion varied with brown, gray and whitish, with indistinct strigas ; hind wings whitish gray. Taken in June and September, in woods, throughout the country. The caterpillar feeds upon Hypericum perforatum. ^SrNONYMEs. — Ph. Geom. plagiata, Linnsus ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood; fig. 596? Phal. dupHcata, Fabricius j Donovan, 7 ; pi. 233, fig. 2 ; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 28, f, k. Species 2. — Anaitis pr^formata, Hiibner^. — Measures 1^ to 1} inch in expanse ; fore wings less acute and brighter coloured than in the last species, traversed by five bars, the second and fifth rather obscure. Mr. Curtis says he believei he caught a specimen of this moth by Coombe "Wood. Wood's figure seems to represent G 2 44 BRITISH MOTHS the preceding species ; whilst his fig. 596, judging from the shape of the wings, seems to belong to a different genus. I SvNONYMES. — Geometra prceformaia, Hiibuer ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 597 ? Lareniia cassiata, Treitschke. SIONA, GODART. ID^A, OCHSENHEIMER. The antennae are simple in both sexes ; the palpi short, slender, and porrected obliquely beyond the head : the abdomen long and slender in the males ; the fore wings subtrigonate, with the tips not acute ; the disk above destitute of markings. Species 1. — Siona dealbata h. — Measures about ]|- inch in expanse. The body and wings are of a yellowish white colour, with the veins dusky ; beneath white with black veins, with a dark fascia. Takenjin woods in July, in the south of England, but not a common species. i" SvNONYME.— PAa/. Geometra dealbata, Linnasus ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Brit. Ent., pi. 691 ; Wood, fig. 598. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXV. Insects.- -Fig. 1. Abraxas ultuata (the scarce magpie). 2. The Caterpillar. Fig. 3. Abraxas pantaria, (a variety of the preceding). Fig. 4. Abraxas grossulariata (the magpie). S & 6. varieties. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The cocoon. 9. The Chrysalis. Fig. 10. Melauippehastata (the argent and sable). 11. The Caterpillar. Fig. 12. Melanippe hastulata. Insects. — Fig. 13. Zerene albicillata (the beautiful carpet). ,, Fig. 14. Zerene procellata (the chalk carpet). ,f Fig. 15. Zerene adustata (the scorched carpet) , , Fig. 1 6. Zerene rubiginata (the blue bordered carpet). „ Fig. 17. Zerene plumbata (the dark blue bordered carpet). M. hastulata is from a specimen in the cabinet of Mr. H. Double- day, kindly lent for the purpose of being figured in this work ; he considers it a distinct species, and not a variety of hastata. The rest are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley. H. N. H. ABRAXAS, Leach. ZERENE, Duponchel. The palpi are extremely short and slender ; the antennae short and simple in both sexes ; the body rather short, and spotted with black ; the wings large, ovate, rounded at the tips, and with the margins entire and marked with maculated fascise. The caterpillars are but slightly elongated, smooth, with a few hairs scattered over the body. The flight is slow and weak. Species 1. — Abraxas pantaria '. — (Plate LXV., Fig. 3.) — Measures 1.2. inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are cream-coloured, with the bar and a patch at the inner angle of fulvous, between which latter and the apical angle are several almost indistinct fulvous and grey spots : hind wings with a fulvous patch, at the anal angle, and two rows of fulvous and grey spots. Very rare : taken in Somersetshire, near Oakhampton Park and Devonshire. As this insect is common in the south of France, appearing in May, whilst the next species does not generally appear till the following month, I doubt whether it ought to be regarded as a variety of the latter. ' Synonyme. — Geometra pantaria, Linnaius ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; 111., H. 3, pi. 32, fig. 1 ; Wood, fig. 600. Species 2. — Abraxas ulmata, (Plate LXV., Figs. 1,2.) — This species measures from I i to J |- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are white, with a dark fulvous brown patch at the base, and another at the inner angle varied with silvery scales, a large patch of gray near the center, behind which are several smaller ones, and a curved row of spots beyond the middle ; the apical margin also irregularly grey : hind wings with a fulvous brown patch at the anal angle, and a curved row of gray spots. The caterpillars vary much in colour, some being H. rs" .•«*. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 45 cream-coloured, with yellowish extremities and the lateral stripe of the same colour and dotted with black, and others greenish blue, with the extremities and numerous small dark lines of black. It feeds on the elm : the moth appears at the end of May and through the following month ; it is found in various parts of the country, especially in the north, in some profusion. Synonymes. — Phaltena ulmata, Fabricius ; HUbner ; Donovan ; 9, pi. 293, fig. 1. ; Haworth ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. SIS ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 599. Phaltena Geomeira syleata, Villers. Geometra pantherata, Borkhausen. Species 3. — Abraxas grossdlariata''. — (Plate LXV., Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.) — Varies from 1| to 2 inches in expanse of the fore wings, which are ordinarily white, with a black patch at the base, including a fulvous dash, some irregular black spots in the middle towards the costa, a curved black spotted bar beyond the middle, followed by a more irregular row of black spots, the space between being fulvous, and a marginal row of black dots : hind wings vrith the disc and margin spotted with black ; body fulvous, spotted with black. The markings of this species are liable to endless variations, occasionally extending nearly all over the wing, and in others, being nearly obliterated, as in the variety represented in my " Entomologist's Text-Book," pi. 5, from a specimen in the Collection of Mr. Gray, of Dudley. The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a fulvous stripe down each side, and numerous black dots, those on the back being the largest. It feeds on the currant, black- thorn, &c. : the chrysahs is black, with gold-coloured rings ; and the moth appears in July and August. ' Synonyme. — Phaltena Getymetra grossulariala, Linnajus ; Albin, pi. 43, fig. 71, d — g; Wilkes, pi. 85 ; Harris ; A«reli,an, pi. 12, fig. f — h ; Hiibner ; DonovaD 1, pi. 4 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 601. MELANIPPE, DupoNCHEL. ZERENE, p. Curtis. ' The palpi are porrected but short, with the terminal joint distinct ; the antennae slender and simple in both sexes ; the wings entire, with the tips of the fore ones not acute ; the disc marked with large irregular and very variable black blotches. The caterpillars are smooth, elongated, strigated, and with a rounded head. Species 1. — Melanippe hastata '. — (Plate LXV., Figs. 10, 11, 12.) — Measures from 1^- to 1| inch in expanse : wings white, with black markings ; a large black patch at the base, with the outer margin waved, bearing a slender white line ; across the middle of the wing a broad duplicated fascia, very irregular and variable, the outer part often obsolete, and interrupted near the hind margin ; apical margin of the wing black, separated by a toothed white line from an irregular black bar which is broken in the middle, forming a white trident : hind wings varied with black markings, nearly resembling those of the fore wings. I have followed Boisduval in regarding hastulata as a variety, which differs (judging from the specimen represented in our fig. 12,) in being somewhat smaller, and with the centre of the disc of the fore wing more thickly clouded with black markings, and a row of black dots beyond the middle of the wings ; but these, as well as the trident white mark, appear here as well as in some specimens of hastata. The caterpillar is brown, with yellow lines at the sides ; it feeds on the birch ; and the moth appears in woods about the end of May, but it is not a very common insect. ' Synonyme. — Phaltena Geomeira hastata, Linnasus ; Donovan, 4, pi. 129, fig. 1, 2, 3 ; Harris ; Aurelian, pi. 15; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 602. Geometra hastulata, HUbner ; (variety). ZERENE, Treitschke, nec Bdv. MELANTHIA, p. Bdv. These insects have a peculiar delicacy of appearance, arising from their pale white wings, banded or bordered with dark colours, and of a large size, with the margins entire. The palpi are porrected into a beak in front of 46 BRITISH MOTHS the head ; the antennse are slender and simple in both sexes ; the body is of a moderate length ; and the wings, when at rest, form a triangle. The caterpillars are smooth and slender, with the head depressed. Species 1. — Zerene albicillata ". — (Plate LXV., Fig. 13.) — This species measures rather less than I5 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are white, with a large brown patch at the base, marked with gray waves ; the centre of the wing almost immaculate ; a large brown spot, varied with gray, near the extremity of the costa, from which runs a very thin waved line ; the apical margin of the wing gray-brown, varied with white and darker shades ; hind wings pale ; the margin broadly brown, preceded by a slender line. The caterpillar is green, with a brown line at the sides of the anterior and posterior segments ; it feeds on the raspberry, and the moth appears in woods in June, and is widely dispersed. "Synonymes. — Phalcena Geometra albicillata, Linnmus ; Donovan, 6, pi. 202, fig. 2; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 603. Phalcenavestalis, Der Naturforscher, 13, pi. 3, fig. 7. Species 2. — Zerene procellata". — (Plate LXV., Fig. 14.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse and has the wings white, with the base, a patch beyond the middle of the costa, and the broad apical margin brown ; the latter with a square white spot on the middle, preceded and followed by some white dots ; the disk and fascia with slight indications of waved lines ; hind wings white, with the margin brown, slightly strigose. Taken in July, in woods, in various parts of the country ; not rare. " Synonymes. — Geometra procellata, Wien. Vera. ; HUbner ; Treitschke ; Haworth ; Donovan, 6, pi. 202, fig. 3 ; Harris' Expos, pi. 5, fig. 6 ; Wood, fig. 604. Species 3. — Zerene adustata". — (Plate LXV., Fig. 15.) — This species measures a little more than 1 inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are cream- white, with a greyish-brown patch at the base ; a deeply angulated fulvous brown striga beyond the middle of the wing, followed by a gray-brown irregular bar, which is much clouded, and extends to the margin in the middle, being traversed by a slender waved white line ; the hind wings are white, slightly dotted and waved. The caterpillar is green, with a white spot at the sides, dotted with red. It feeds on the spindle-tree; and the moth appears in June and in August. It is a local, but not very rare insect. ° Synonyme. — Geometra adustata, Wien. Verz. ; HUbner ; Haworth ; Harris' Expos, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 605. Species 4. — Zerene rubiginata p. (Plate LXV., Fig. 16.) — This species measures from 9 to 13 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a bluish-white, with a pale brown patch at the base ; a large spot of the same colour in the middle of the costa, extending half-way across the wings, and mottled with paler brown and white, and bearing an ocellated black spot ; the apical margin brownish-gray, darkest towards the apical angle, and traversed by a pale undulating line ; the hind wings bluish- white, with a dark dot in the middle, and a pale brown border. The caterpillar is slender and green, striped with yellowish lines. It feeds on the alder ; and the moth appears in June, and again in August, in woods, and is a widely dispersed and not a rare insect. p Synonymes. — Geometra rubiginata, Wien. Vera. ; HUbner ; I Phalcena albaria, Villers. Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 606. | Geometra bicolorata, Hufnagle. i^ * Species 5. — Zerene plumbataI. — (Plate LXV., Fig. 17.) — This species measures from 12 to 14 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings ashy- white, or lead coloured, with a dusky patch at the base ; a broad one (much attenuated, and often interrupted behind) across the middle ; the latter marked with paler strigas, and a dark central dot ; hind margin brown, with a pale waved striga ; hind wings ashy-lead coloured, with a darker border, in which is a pale striga. Taken at the beginning of September, in Forfarshire. 1 Synonymes Zerene plumbata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 643. I X. coniaminata, Stephens' Cat. ; but not of Hufnagle. Xerene plumbata, Stephens III. | AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 47 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXVI. Insects. — Fig. 1. Euthalia miata (the autumn green carpet). ,, Fig. 2. Euthalia psittacata (the red-gieen carpet). ,, Fig. 3. Eutlialiaiuipluviata (the May high-flyer). 4. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 5. Euthalia elutata (the July high-flyer). 6. A variety. 7. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 8. A remarkable variety of the preceding species (honidaria). ,, Fig. 9. Pliihalaptcryx tersata (the Fern). ,, Fig. 10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata (the small waved ambre). „ Fig. 11. Phibalapteryx lignata (tlie oblique carpet). Insects. — Fig. 12. Phibalapteryx lineolata (the oblique striped). ,, Fig. 13. Phibalapteryx angustata (the narrow bordered carpet). ,, Fig. 14. Lozogramma petraria (the brown silver lines). ,, Fig. 15. Scotosia vetulata (the brown scollop). 16. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 17. Scotosia sparsaria (the small scollop). „ Fig. 18. Scotosia rhamnata (the dark umbre). The whole of the moths in this plate are from fine specimens in the cabinet of Mr. Bentley. The caterpillars are from Hiibner. H. N. H. EUTHALIA, Stephens (III.) YPSIPETES, Stephens (Cat.). These insects have the antennse simple in both sexes ; the palpi long and beak-like ; the thorax with a bifid crest ; the abdomen very long, and tufted at the tip in the males ; the wings are large and entire, with green markings, and -very irregular transverse fascite. The caterpillars are slender, slightly pilose, destitute of tubercles, and marked with longitudinal stripes. They have a peculiar vaulting flight at a considerable height, whence some of them are termed high-flyers by collectors. Species 1. — Euthalia miata ■■. — (Plate LXVI., Fig. I.) — This species measures from 12 to 15 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings greenish-ash, and with a fascia at the base and another across the middle, darker coloured, as is also tlie apical margin, which bears an obscure undulated whitish striga ; the margin of all the wings with a row of minute black dots, in pairs; hind wings whitish, with a brown central dot, and a sub- marginal striga of darker colour ; variable in colour, the green changing to a fulvescent tinge. The caterpillar pale green, with red dots. It feeds on the bramble ; and the moth appears in September. This insect is scarcely strictly congeneric with the true high-flyers, and is a common species. ■ Synonyhes. — Phalana Geometra miata, Linnjeus ; Fabricius ; Albin, pi. 60, fig. 86, e — h; Donovan, 14, pi. 497, fig. 3; Stephens; Wood, fig. 608. Phalcena luctuata, Fabricius. Species 2. — Euthalia PSITTACATA^ — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 2.) — This species varies from 12 to 14 lines in expanse ; fore wings clouded with green and red, with black undulations ; the base with a fascia, and the middle with a broad bar of a greener tinge ; beyond which, on the costa, and near the inner angle, is a paler blotch, which terminates in pale waved lines, often followed by a whitish undulated striga ; the margin with a geminated row of black dots ; hind wings brown, obscurely strigose. The perfect insect appears, like the last, in September, and frequents woods. • Synonymf5. — Geometra psittacata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; | Phalana siterata, Hufnagle. Fabricius; Haworlh ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 609. I Phalmna rubroviridala, Donovan, 14, pi. 485, fig. 3. Species 3. — Euthalia impluviata'. — (Plate LXVI., Figs. 3, 4.) — This species measures about li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a grayish brown, whitisli or ashy colour, sometimes with a green tinge, with an oblique blackish streak near the base, a continuous fascia before the middle, often clouded, and with straightish edges, followed by a whitish space and a subapical one of brown — the latter not solid, with the edges more or less dentated and often divided into two parts ; at the apex are also two oblique black lunules : the hind wings ashy or brownish, and scarcely strigose. The species is variable both in the tints and distinctness of the strigse. The caterpillar is reddish-brown, with pale lines on the back and sides, and a reddish head : it feeds on the birch and hazel, and the moth appears at the end of May, flying in damp evenings and frequenting the 48 BRITISH MOTHS woods of Kent — ^but not common there ; more abundant in the north of England. We are informed by W. F. Evans, Esq., that he has reared this species from a caterpillar which fed on geranium, which went into chrysalis about Christmas, and the moth appeared early in the spring. * Sywonymes. — Geometra impluviata, Wien. Verz ; Hiibner ; Ha- i Geometra trifasicata, Borkhausen. worth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 610. I Phalcena literata, Donovan, 14, pi. 499, fig. 2. Species 4. — Euthalia elutata ". — (Plate LXVI., Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8.) — Varies from 12 to 15 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are extremely variable in their tints and markings. They are generally of a dull greenish colour, more or less clouded and streaked with black atoms, with a whitish blotch in the middle of the apical margin ; this spot is sometimes dilated into a whitish striga, abbreviated towards the costa, whilst in others it is obsolete, (thus becoming the species figured by Donovan), and in some the dark strigae become confluent, forming indistinct fasciae ; whilst Ln others, again, the wings are beautifully fasciated, the intervening spaces being paler : the hind wings are brown. The caterpillar is grey, striped with black, with a reddish head and underside of the body. The perfect insect appears in July : it is a common species in woods. ° Synonymes. — Geometra elutata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Ha- Phalcena fusco-undaia, Donovan, xi. pi. 386, f. 3, Hnworth ' worth ; Albin, pi. 44, fig. 73, e — h ; Wilkes, pi. 73. (variety). Phaltena Geometra virgata, ViUers. Ypsipetes horridaria, Stephens' Cat. (variety.) PHIBALAPTERYX, Stephens. LARENTIA, Godart. These insects have the antennae simple in both sexes : the palpi very short and obtuse at the tip ; the body short ; the fore wings somewhat triangular, with the tips acute and the disc with oblique strigse : the hind wings small ; the hind tibiae are not dilated. The caterpillars are smooth and linear, with pale stripes and ten feet. Species 1. — Phibalapteryx tersata ". — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 9.) — Measures about Ij- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of an ashy-brown colour, with numerous slender, oblique, dark, equidistant strigae running across all the vrings, and being most evident on the hind pair ; the fore ones with a small black discoidal dot, and all the wings vrith a slender, undulated, whitish submarginal line. The caterpillar is brown, with a pale dorsal line varied with white, and with the sides varied with gray, brown, and black : it feeds on Clematis vitalba, and the moth appears in June in woods and hedges, and is a rather common species. " Synonyme. — Geometra tersata, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 612. Species 2. — Phibalapteryx vitalbata^* . — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 10.) — Measures from 1 to Ij- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are fulvous or greyish-buff, marked with numerous slender, dark, and light strigae ; the costa, and a broad oblique brovsTi striga, running from the apex nearly to the base of the inner margin : the hind wings also with a central fascia of brown, formed of confluent strigae. Taken in woods and hedges, where Clematis vitalba occurs, but not very common. " Synonyme. — Geometra vitalbata, Wien. Verz; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Curtis; Wood, fig. 613. Species 3. — Phibalapteryx lignata *. — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 11.) — Measures about 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a greyish-buff or pale ochreous, with many darker strigae, and two oblique brown fasciae, the anterior of which is ashy towards the costa, and marked with a black dot ; and the outer one extends from the apex to the inner margin, being darkest behind : the antennae of the males are strongly ciliated. This species seems to prefer marshy places, being taken in Battersea-fields, Cambridge, &c., but not common, at the middle of August. ' Synonyme.— Geome<ra lignata, Hiibner; H.-iworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 614. Geometra lineataria, Donovan, xiv., pi. 485, figs. 1, 2. n. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 49 Species 4. — Phibalapteryx polygrammata-^' . — '' Expansion of the wings 13 lines ; dull ochreous ; fore wings with numerous dark and pale lines, superior with a dark streak to the discoidal dot, and another oblique one beyond it, forming a fascia ; posterior margin brown, with a pale streak at the apex ; inferior with three or four straight bands, a crenated dark line and a pale one." Mr. Curtis (from whom this description is copied) states that he believes his specimen came from Cambridgeshire, and he thinks he once took it at Horning, in Norfolk. -^ Synonymes. — Geometra polygrammata^ Hiibner; Curtis; Stephens' Cat., and 111.; Wood, fig. 1676. Phibalapteryx cognata^ Stephens' Cat. Species 5. — Phibalapteryx lineolata.' — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 12.) — Measures from 9 to 11 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings ashy with a leaden tinge, and marked with several oblique, darker strigse, and two gray oblique fascias in the middle edged with white, between which is the ordinary dark dot ; three pale strigJB towards the apical margin, with a brown streak at the apex : hind wings with several paler and darker strigas, p y /?■ which are angulated towards the anal margin. The female is often darker, with the two central fasciae united o/Hn&^&USj more or less incompletely. The caterpillar is reddish-brown, with a broad yellow line on each side, and a brown ' head : it feeds on Galium veriim, and the moth appears from the middle of Jlay to the middle of August, especially frequenting heaths. ' Synonyme. — Geometra lineolata^ Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 615. Phibalapteryx virgata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 623, is stated by that author to be possibly a variety of Ph. lineolata, differing in having the fascia broader and nearly of equal breadth ; the third striga terminated by the spot, and the fourth and fifth incurved at the costa and not straight. The specimens were taken in Norfolk. Species 6. — Phibalapteryx angustata". — (Plate LXVI. , Fig. 13.) — Measures 11 lines in expanse; fore 6^4wy«<J«^ wings reddish-brown or gray-brown, scarcely clouded, with an obsoletely crenated narrow fascia in the middle, -.fryn-n^/^ thickened towards the costa, and with a black dot having a white iris ; hind wings grayish-brown. Taken at the end of September, in the neighbourhood of London. Possibly an imported species, as it is stated by Mr. s/''-'^'Z L Haworth that it also occurs in Georgia, in North America. " Synonyme. — Phaltena angustata, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 616. LOZOGRAMMA, Stephens. ASPILATES, pars, Treitschke. The palpi are very short and bent upwards, but scarcely extending beyond the forehead; the antennae simple in both sexes, slightly pubescent in the males ; the abdomen of moderate length, tufted at the apex in the males ; fore wings large and triangular, with slight oblique strigse ; and the hind tibiae in the males thickened, and pro- ducing a bunch of hairs on the inside. When at rest, the wings are placed triangularly, whereas in the types of the preceding genus they are extended horizontally. Species 1. — Lozogramma PETRARiAb. — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 14.) — Measures about 1^ inch in expanse; fore wings pale brownish-buff', with two slender, oblique, straight brown strigcS, one before and the other beyond the middle of the wing, the latter edged with a pale stripe, beyond which is another pale, straight striga, slightly indicated ; a black dot in the middle of the wings towards the costa ; hind wings with a slightly indicated striga, arising from the anal margin. Taken about the beginning of June, and again in August, in places where fern abounds in plenty. '' Geometra petraria, Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, I Phalisna chlorosata, ScofoVi. fig. 617. I Geometra mrgaria, Borkhauseu. 50 BRITISH MOTHS SCOTOSIA, Stephens. ACIDALIA, p. Teeitschke. LARENTIA, p. Bdv. This genus lias the antennae simple in both sexes ; the palpi long, and porrected into a beak ; the abdomen long and tufted in the males ; the fore wings narrow, indistinctly or obliquely strigose, the margins of all the wings being crenated. Tiie caterpillars are slender, not tuberculated, and marked with longitudinal stripes. Species 1. — Scotosia vetdlata''. — (Plate LXV., Figs. 15, 16.) — Varies from H to 1] inch in expanse; wings dull brown, with various darker strigse, almost obsolete, running across all of them, chiefly indicated by dots on the veins, and with a darker central fascia, and a dark dot in the middle of the wing towards the costa. The caterpillar is dark brown, with white stripes down the base, and yellow marks at the sides ; it feeds on the buckthorn, and the moth appears at the end of -June, in woods or chalky districts. Not very common. ■^ Synonyme. — Geomeira vetulaia, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 619. Species 2. — Scotosia spaesama ''. — (Plate LXVl., Fig. 17.) — Measures 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings broYSTi, with almost obsolete dusky and whitish strig» running across all the wings, and with numerous black dots disposed over the fore wings, especially towards the costa, and in rows parallel with the apical margin ; a more distinct spot in the middle of the wing towards the costa. Taken in the New Forest, towards the end of June. ^ Synonymes. — Geometra sparsaria,liuhneT; Stephens; Wood, fig. 620. Geometra roraria, Esper. Species 3. — Scotosia rhamnata'^. — (Plate LXVI., Fig. 18.) — Measures from li to 1| inch in expanse ; wings ehesnut brown, very much marked with undulated dusky strigs, a broad dark brown bar, edged with a paler streak, and very much dentated on the outside, running across the middle of the fore wings, bearing several slender strigse and a black dot ; an undulated pale line runs nearly parallel with the apical margin ; hind wings with darker and paler strigse beyond the middle, continuous with those of the fore wings. The caterpillar is green, with a brown line down the back, and the edges of tlie segments yellow ; it feeds on the buckthorn, and the moth appears at the end of Blay. Found in woods, but not a common species. * Synonymes, — Geometra rhamnaia^ Wien. Verz,; Hubner ; Hiiwortb ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 618. PhaltEna transversata, Hufnagle. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXVII. Insects. — Fig. 1. Triphosa cervinata (the scarce tissue), „ Fig. 2. Triphosa dubitata (the common tissue). „ Fig. 3. Triphosa cinereata (the ashy tissue). „ Fig. 4. Camptogramma bilineata (the yellow shell). „ Fig. 5. Eucosmia undulata (the scollop shell). „ Fig. 6. Charissa obscuraria (the dark annulet). 7. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 8. Charissa dilucidaria (the pale annulet). „ Fig. 9. Charissa puUata (the bro\vn annulet). „ Fig. 10. Charissa serotinaria (the large Mocha). Insects. — Fig. II. Charissa operaria (the Scotch annulet). „ Fig. 12. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (the ehesnut carpet). „ Fig. 13. Chcesias spartiata (the streak.) 14. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 15. Thera obliquaria (the chevron.) All the insects in this plate are from specimens in the cabinet of Mr. Bentley ; the caterpillars .-u-e from Hiibner. The caterpillar of Spartiata varies very much in colour, from reddish-brown to green, but the mai'kings remain the sarac. — H. N. H. TRIPHOSA, Stephens. LARENTIA, p., Bdv. The antennae are simple in both sexes ; the palpi are porrected into a short, stout beak ; the wings broad and very strigose, the strigas forming dentated fascite across the middle of the wings, all of which are sinuated or toothed along the apical margin, and the disc glossy. The caterpillars are rather robust, with pale longitudinal stripes. *1 if i \ AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 51 Species 1. — Triphosa CERViNAXAf. — (Plate LXVIL, Fig. 1.) — Measures about 1|- inch in expanse ; wings <fn^t«. greyish-brown, more or less pale, with some strigse or nearly obsolete fasoiolas towards the base, followed by two ' '' " deep brown narrow fasciaj across the middle of the wing, the outer one having the outer edge deeply bldentate ; a black dot towards the costa is placed between these strigae, which are indeed sometimes almost confluent ; there is also a slightly-defined, undulated, pale line, parallel with the apical margin ; hind wings slightly strigose, the strigse corresponding with those of the fore wings. The caterpillar is greyish, with pale stripes on the sides, the under side spotted with green, and the head brown ; it feeds on the barberry, and the moth appears in April, frequenting gardens : it is, however, a rare species. f Synonymes. — Geomelra cervinata, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Ste pheus ; Wood, fig. 621. Acidalia ancipitata, Treitschke. Geometra certala, Hubner ( Verz.) ; Treitschke ; Duponchel. Larentia certaria, Bdv. Species 2. — Triphosa dubitata^. — (Plate LXVIL, Fig. 2.) — Measures about li inch in expanse. Very like the preceding, but the fore wings are very shining, and have a rich purplish tinge ; the strigffi nearly arranged as in the former species, the two central fascije together forming a broad, unsolid bar, having a sharp angle towards the costa on the outer edge, and having its hinder portion broader than in the preceding ; the cilia of all the wings purplish, preceded by a black line. The caterpillar is green, with brown and pale lines and streaks, and a yellow line on each side ; it feeds on the buckthorn, and the moth appears in May, and again in August, frequenting gardens and woods, and is rather a common and widely-dispersed species. s SvN0NVME3 Phaltsna Geometra dubitata, Linnaeus; Donovan, 7, pi. 246, f. 2 ; Haworth; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 622. Phalasna fuJiginata, Hufnagle. Species 3. — Triphosa cinereata'' — (Plate LXVIL, Fig. 3.) — Measures from 1~ to li inch in expanse , wings pale ashy, without any purple tinge ; the fore ones with a narrow brown bar at the base, and two slender ones in the middle, forming a broad fascia, on the anterior margin of which is a black line, and towards the apical margin an obscure whitish striga, and on the margin itself a slender dusky line ; hind wings pale ashy and unspotted, and not strigose. Taken at Ripley, in July. ^ SvNONYME. — Triphosa cinereata, Stephens ; lUustr. H. 3, p. 263; Wood, fig. 623. CAMPTOGRAMMA, Stephens. ACIDALIA, p., Treitschke. LARENTIA, p., Bdv. The insect upon which Mr. Stephens has proposed the present genus is very closely allied to the last, having, like it, the apical margin of the wings waved, and the disc very strigose : the antennae simple in both sexes, and the wings placed in a triangle during repose ; but its palpi are rather long, porrected upwards into an acute beak-like projection ; and its wings are destitute of gloss, and of a yellow colour. The caterpillar is slender, not tuberculated, and with obscure spots and streaks. Species 1. — Camptogbamma bilineata '. — (Plate LXVIL, Fig. 1.) — Measures from I to 11 inch in expanse ; wings yellow ; hind ones more orange ; all traversed by very numerous slender, darker, and lighter strigae, two of which, of a white colour and very much scalloped, are placed before and beyond the middle of the wing, the space between them forming a broad bar, generally darker coloured on the sides. The caterpillar is greenish, with faint whitish streaks, which are sometimes wanting ; it feeds on Lychnis dioica. This is one of our commonest carpet moths, occurring in hedges and woods at the end of June, and nearly through the summer. ' Syhonyme, — Phalana Geometra bilineata, Linnaus ; Donovan, 8, pi. 287, fig. 3 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 624. H 2 a OF \u. ^^ 62 . BRITISH MOTHS EUCOSMIA, Stephens. LARENTIA, p., Bdv. The insect upon wliich this genus is established, agrees with the two preceding in the denticulated margin of the wings, especially the hind pair ; the palpi are not, however, porrected like a beak, and the hind wings of the males are furnished with a fascicle of hair-like scales on the inner margin ; the wings are pale above, with very numerous slender waved strigse. Species 1. — Eucosmia undulata.'. — (Plate LXVIL, Fig. 5.) — Measures about 1^- inch in expanse; wings of a greyish ash-colour, with about 16 slender waved dusky strigse, and a dark spot in the ordinary position ; a more distinct and undulated whitish striga near the apical margin ; and the two strigae towards the middle of the wing forming a chain-like series of marks. The perfect insect is found in woods at the end of June, but it is not a common insect. J Synonymes. — Phalisna Geometra undulata, Liunseus; Harris, Exposition, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6; Donovan, vol. x., pi. 342, fig. 3; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 625. Phaltsna serrata, Hufnagle. CHARISSA, Curtis. Gnophos, Boisduval. The antenna; of the males have the joints compressed and produced internally ; the palpi are very short, and nearly straight, not produced into a beak ; the abdomen is long and slender ; and the wings have the apical margins, especially in the hind pair, indented ; and they are all marked with an orbicular stigma ; the hind tibitB are subclavate in the males of some of the species. The caterpillars are rather short, varied in their colours, and with a bifid tail. Species 1. — Charissa obscuraria k. — (Plate LXVII., Figs. 6, 7-) — Measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; and has the wings of an ashy black colour, and very pulverose, with a curved dark striga towards the base of the fore wings ; a black ocellus towards the middle of all the wings, beyond whicji is a black dentated striga ; and the apical margin is marked with a slender dentated black line. The caterpillar is of violet-brown on the back, marked with pale spots and lines. It feeds on the dewberry ; and tlie moth appears in July, occurring in some plenty in the New Forest and adjacent counties. ^ Synonymbs Geometra obscuraria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner; I Phalcena lividata) FaXmcins. Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 626. I Geometra anthracinaria, Esper. Species 2. — Charissa diluoidaria'. — (Plate LXVII., Fig. 8.) — This species is about 1 j inch in expanse, j^^ ' °'^' and closely allied to the preceding, but has the wings of a browner colour, irroraled with dark brown scales ; the fore wings with two crenated strigse (between which is an ocellus), the outer of which is not placed so backwards as in the preceding species ; hind wings with the dentated striga close to the ocellus ; cilia gray spotted with black. Taken in July, in Devonshire. ' Synonyme. — Geometra dilucidaria, Wieu. Verz.; Hiibner (not of Esper) ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 627. Species 3. — Charissa pullata". — (Plate LXVII., Fig. 9.) — Measures 1^ or If inch in expanse; wings pale ashy, much irrorated, with a denticulated striga before the middle of the fore vrings, and another similar, common to all the wings ; at some distance before which is a black ring, with a pale centre ; a subapical slightly clouded undulation and an interrupted marginal black line on all the wings. Taken in different places on the south coast of England, in some profusion, in August. I have taken it in the Isle of Wight, and Mr. Haworth !'/««>••"■•' mentions Wales as its habitat. "" Synonymes. — Geometra pullata, Wien. Verz, ; Hiibner ; 1 Phnlcena Geometra quadripnstulata, Donovan, 13, pi. 463. Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. C28. | Geometra dilucidaria, Esper (not of Hiibner). AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 53 Species 4. — Charissa serotinaria ". — (Plate LXVII., Fig. 10.) — Measures!^ inch in expanse; wings whitish-buflF, or yellowish, irrorated with brown atoms ; fore wings with an incurved and waved dark slender striga towards the base ; all the wings with a black ring-like mark in the middle, followed by a slender dentated striga, running across all the wings ; apical margin clouded, and bearing a whitish striga and a marginal row of y"- " black dots. Very rare ; found in Sussex. " SvNoNYME. — Geometra serotinaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 629. Species 5. — Charissa operaria°. — (Plate LXVII., Fig. II.) — Measures about I^ inch in expanse; dull grey, varied and tinged with pale ochre, glossy ; " fore wings irregularly varied with white scales ; an obscure transverse curved fascia towards the base, anotlier be3'ond the middle, parallel to the posterior margin, sinuated, and a pale indented one near to the same margin ;" a black spot in the middle of the wing, towards the costa, and the apical margin with minute black spots ; hind wings with a sinuated obscure fascia near the centre, preceded by a ", 7* black dot, and with a subniarginal pale striga. Taken in the Islands of Arran and Bute, and at Flisk, in ' Scotland, about the end of July. " Synonyme. — Geometra operaria, Hubner; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 105 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 630. PACHYCNEMIA, Stephens ; Curtis. STHANELIA, Boisduval. This genus differs from those immediately preceding in having the wings elongate-ovate, and with the apical margins entire ; the palpi are porrected into a short straight beak ; the antennas are slightly thickened and serrated in the males, and simple in the females ; tlie abdomen is slender and rather long ; the posterior tibiae are dilated, and furnished with a pencil of hairs. Species 1. — Pachycnemia hippocastanaria p. — (Plate LXVII., Fig. 12.) — Measures I^ inch in expanse ; fore wings reddish-gray, with a broad brown fascia across the middle, narrowed behind ; the outer edge much crenated and curved, and followed by a pale whitish edge ; a dark dot in the middle, tovvards the costa, and the veins partially brown ; hind wings pale ochreous-ash, with a dark spot in the middle, followed by a sinuated striga. Taken from March to September, on heaths in various parts of the country, especially in the New Forest, in July. P SvNONYMEs. — G«ome<ra hippocastanaria, Hubner; Curtis,! /•Aa/<En« (?) anoma/a^o, Haworth, in Ent. Trans. O. S. Brit. Ent. pi. 611 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 631. | Geometra degenerata, Hubner. CHESIAS, Treitschke ; Stephens ; Boisduval. The palpi are long, porrected into a beak, and very scaly ; the antennas simple in both sexes ; the joints in the males being very slightly produced ; the abdomen long, and rather stout ; the tibiae in all the feet slender ; the wings long, glossy, narrow^ and ovate -lanceolate, with entire margins ; when at rest, they are laid like the roof of a house. The caterpillars are long, slender, naked, and not tubercular. Species 1.— Chesias spartiatai.— (Plate LXVII., Figs. 13, 14.)— Varies from lito 1^ inch in expanse ; wings gray ; the fore ones variously clouded with brown, with a white streak extending from the base to the tip, at a short distance from the costa ; three oval obliquely-transverse and nearly obsolete spots in the fore wings ; the first large and placed on the costa, the second in the middle, and the third on the hinder margin, nearer the base than the rest ; a dark striga, edged with whitish, runs nearly parallel to the apical margin ; hind 54 BRITISH MOTHS wings brown and unspotted. Tlie caterpillar is greenish or yellowish, with white longitudinal streaks. It feeds on the common broom ; and the moth appears in October, in places where broom abounds. 1 Synonvme. — Phalcena spartiata, Fabricius ; Puessly, Arch. pi. 11 ; Donovan, 10, pi. 342, fig. 2 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 632. Species 2.— Chesias obliqdaria ■'. — (Plate LXVII., Fig. 15.)— Measures about l^ inch in expanses- wings greyish-brown ; near the base of the fore wings is a slender rectangular dusky striga, followed by a clouded space and a dark-brown oblique bar across the middle of the wing, darkest on the costa, beyond which the wings are reddish ; the costa darkest ; an oblique dark line arises from the apex of the wincr, and dilates into a dusky submarginal cloud, followed by a crenated whitish striga ; the principal veins of the wing are marked with interrupted black lines, and an interrupted black line along the apical margin ; hind wings pale brown and unspotted. Taken in May, near places in the neighbourhood of woods where broom abounds but not a common species. ' Synonymes. — Geometra obliquaria, Wien. Verz. ; Treitschke ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 633. » Phalwna bombycata, Hubner (Beitr.); Donovan, 11, pi. 386, fig. 4. Phalana rufata^ Haworth ; Stewart, DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXVIII. Insects. — Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig- Fig. Fig. Fig. Fix. 1. Thera simulata (the brick carpet). 2. Thera variata (the grey carpet). 3. Thera juniperata (the Juniper carpet). 4. The Caterpillar. 5. Thera coniferata (the Northern carpet). 6. The Caterpillar. 7. Oporabia dilutata (the November moth). 8. A pale variety. 9. Oporabia polata (the polar carpet). 10. Cheimatobia brumata (the winter moth). 11. Cheimatobia rupicapraria (the early moth). 12. Lobophora Polycommata (the spring carpet). 13. The Caterpillar. 17. L. polycommata, from HUbner's fig. 14. Lobopbora lobulata (the early tooth-striped). 15. The Caterpillar. Insects. — Fig. 16. Lobophora rupestrata (the double-lined). ,, Fig. 18. Lobopbora hexapterata (the prominent). ,, Fig. 19. Lobophora sexalisata (the small seraphim). 20. The Caterpillar. Plants Fig. 21. Juniperus communis (the common juniper). All the insects in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of L. polycommata (No. 12), from a continental specimen in the British Museum, and the other representation of the same insect (No. 17), from Hiihner's figure . The two species of Lobophora hexapterata and sexalisata, which have the rudiments of two additional wings most strongly developed, have been drawn from specimens in which those singular appendages were not so perfect as in specimens I have since seen. L. viretata has been omitted by acci- dent, and will be given in a supplemental plate at the end of the present volume. The caterpillars are from Hiibner. H. N. H. THERA, Stephens; Curtis. CIDARIA, p., Boisduval. The palpi in this genus are porrected into an obtuse very scaly beak ; the antennas are simple in both sexes, except in the first species, T. simulata, in which they are slightly bipectinated in the males ; the abdomen is rather long and tufted in the males ; the fore wings are somewhat triangular, and the hind ones ovate, with the edges entire ; the disc marked with a dark broad central fascia ; the hind wings are not lobed at the base. The caterpillars are long, smooth, and cylindrical, and feed upon fir or juniper trees. Species 1. — Thera simulata ^ — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 1.) — Measures 1^ inch in expanse; the fore wings are reddish-gray, with a reddish patch at the base, bordered by a brown angulated striga ; the middle fascia broad reddish-brown, edged on each side by a dark streak ; towards the base it is deeply angulated, and the outer margin curved, beyond which the wing is darker, bearing an indistinct whitish subapical waved striga ; hind wings very pale reddish-brown. Taken in or near fir plantations in Kent, Wiltshire, and at Flisk, in Scotland, in June, and again in September. ' Synonyme. — Geometra simtUata, Hiibner; Stephens; Wood, fig. 634. TIM. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 56 Species 2. — Thera variata'. — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 2.) — "Varies from 10 to 14 lines in expanse ; wings pale-greyish, with a fulvous-brown, reddish or pitchy-coloured patch at the base, the outer edge of which is dentated ; a fascia of the same colour, much angulated and narrowed, and sometimes interrupted towards the hind margin, crosses the middle of the wing, bearing a small dark dot in the middle towards the costa ; the outer margins of the fascia are edged with a pale streak, beyond which the wing is darker gray, with a slender subapical waved pale striga ; the hind wings unspotted. The caterpillar is green, with white lines on the back and sides, the latter edged with yellow. It feeds on different species of fir-trees ; iind the moth appears in June or July, and again in September, when it is very abundant in fir plantations, and is widely dispersed. * Synonyme. — Geometra variata, Wieii. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Hatcliett, ia Trans. Ent. Soc. 0. S. pi. 7, fig. 1 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 635. Thera fulvata (Fabricius ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 636; G. obeliscata, Hiibner) is regarded as a probable variety of the preceding. It has the fore wings ashy-grey, with a central sinuated reddish fascia, in wliicli is a black dot ; the apical portion of the wing clouded with brown, and with an obsolete whitish subapical striga. Taken in the midland and northern counties, in June and September. Species 3. — Thera juniperata". — (Plate LXVIII., Figs. 3, 4.) — Measures about I inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are pale ashy ; the fore ones elongate-ovate, with a darker greyish ashy patch at the base, edged with a bidentated blackish striga ; a broad fascia of dark gray runs across the middle of tlie wing, bearing a black dot towards the costa ; the inner edge of this fascia is deeply indented, whilst the outer one is very much angulated towards the costa, and deeply waved beliind, where it is much narrowed ; beyond this the wing is slightly clouded with grey, and bears a slightly visible, dark, oblique line towards tlie apex ; hind wings very pale grey, with a slight striga across the middle. The caterpillar is green, with whitish and reddish lines, the latter above the feet. It feeds on the common juniper, and the moth frequents the bushes of that tree, about which, on Box-hill, Surrey, it was taken in some abundance last October, by Mr. Bedell, with the help of a lamp, not making its appearance on the wing before the termination of twilight. " Synonyme — PhalcBna Geometra jujiipeTaia, Linnaeus; Hiibner ; Stephens, lUust. H. 3, pi. 31, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. 638. Species 4. — Thera coniferata^'. — (Plate LXVIII., Figs. 5, 6.) — Varies from 1 to I^ inch in expanse ; fore wings brown, with a reddish tinge ; the base darker, terminated by a black, slender, incurved striga, edged on the outside with white ; across the middle of the wing is a dark brown fascia, edged with blackish, and bordered with white ; the inner margin is curved inwards, the outer one with a deep lobe towards the costa, the hinder part being much narrowed ; the disc with a black subocellated dot, and with slight indications of Mn-uteiiei. undulated lines ; near the apical margin is a dentated pale striga, having several short black dashes on its outside towards the apex ; the edge with small black dots arranged in pairs ; hind wings pale whitish. Taken at Castle Eden Dene, Durham, in June, by G. Wailes, Esq. The caterpillar is slightly hairy, and dark-green with white lines, and paler beneath. ' Synonyme Thera coniferala, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 519 ; Stephens, 111. 4, 392 ; Wood, fig. 637. OPORABIA, Stephens. LARENTIA, p., Bdv. These insects have the palpi very minute and not porrected ; the antenna of the males have the joints slightly produced within, and finely setose ; the abdomen is very short ; the wings ample, thin, and of obscure colours, witli more or less indistinct waved marks, and with the margins entire and rounded, and disposed in repose in a fy,7>. L 56 BRITISH MOTHS triangle ; the cilia long and hair-like, and the postoostal vein of the fore wings dilated at the base * ; the caterpillars smooth, naked, and marked with lines, and the period of flight is at the end of the autumn. Species 1. — Oporabia dilutata'". — (Plate LXVIII., Figs. 7, 8.) — Varies from 1-^ to rather more than 1^ inch in expanse. This is an extremely variable species, its ordinary full-marked state being represented in our figure 7, in which the fore wings are pale grey, with numerous darker undulated strigK, arranged at equal distances apart, in pairs or threes, and which are especially indicated by black dots upon the veins ; these groups of strigse in some specimens form darker fasciae, whilst in others they exist without the ground upon which they are placed being darker-coloured, so that they do not form the fascia ; others have the fore wings almost suffused, and of an uniform dark-greyish, shining hue, whilst some have the strigse only at the apical portion of the wings (Ph. fimbriata, Haw.), and some are whitish witli dark markings, as in our figure 8 ; the hind wings are paler and strigose, the strigae modified as in the fore wings of the different varieties. The caterpillar is dirty green, spotted with reddish, and with a yellow line at the sides ; it feeds on the oak, elm, and other forest-trees, and the moth appears in October and November, and is very common. ™ Synonymes. — Geomeira dilutata, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner ; Albin, plate 45, fig. 74, a — c; Harris, Exposition, pi. 8, fig. 3; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 639. Geometra guadrifasciaria, Borkhausen. Geometra affiniata, Borkliausen. Phalcena iiiscriptata, Donovan, 15, pi. 517. Geometra fimbriata, Haworth (variety). Species 2. — Oporabia polata ''. — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 9.) — Measures 1^^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are pale brownish grey, with a darker patch at the base, bounded by a rectangular slender dark striga, beyond which is a darker brownish fascia before, and another beyond the middle of the wings, which is pale, with a small blackish lunule at the extremity of the discoidal cell ; the edges of these bars marked on the costa with darker patches, and with dots on the veins ; the apical portions of the wings dark, with a pale undulating sub- marginal line, and with dark dots on the veins ,• the hind wings pale, with a dark striga beyond the middle, and a dusky border. Taken in the Isle of Arran, and also on walls at Staley-bridge, near Manchester, by Mr. Edleston. ^ Synonyme. — Larentia polata, Boisduval ; Duponchel. CHEIMATOBIA, Stephens. LARENTIA, p., & HIBERNIA, p., Boisduval. We have here a group of insects, allied in some respects to the Oporabite and Lobophorse, whilst in their subapterous females and hyemal period of flight they approach the HiberniaB, with which they are united by Mr. Curtis, whilst Boisduval places one of the species with Oporabia dilutata in his genus Larentia, and the other with his Hibemise. The palpi are very minute, as in the last genus. The antennss in the type (C. brumata) are simply ciliated in the males, the joints being produced on the inside, whereas they are bipectinated in C. rupicapraria. The wings of the males are large, .thin, and rounded, of obscure colours, and slightly undulated ; those of the females are very small ; the abdomen of the males is short and slender, and the caterpillars are slender, naked, and lineated. The moths appear in mid-winter. Species 1. — Cheimatobia brumata J. — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 10.) — The male measures from 1 to Ig inch in expanse, and has the wings ashy-brown, with numerous very nearly obsolete, undulated strigse, some of which are occasionally confluent, and form a slight fascia across the middle of the wing ; the veins are dotted with blackish, indicating the situation of the strigse when these become obsolete. The apical margin is dusky, and the hind wings are pale and scarcely strigose. The female is brown, with very short rudiments of wings. The * This character is not, as might be conjectured, a sexu.il one, since it exists, as I have ascertained, in both sexes ; it occurs also in some of the Lobophorso, and in Larentia (?) multistrigaria, thus confirming the relations of these insects pointed out at p. 31. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 57 caterpillar is pale-green, with pale lines at the sides. It feeds on various trees in gardens in the spring, and is very destructive to the crops of fruit, hy devouring the young blossom buds. Kollar* has given a very long and most interesting account of its habits, and has suggested a plan for its destruction, which appears both ingenious and practicable. The moth appears in November, December, and January, and is very common. r Synokvmes. — Phaltena Geometra brumala, Linnajus ; Hubner ; i Cheimalobia vulgaris, Stephens, Cat. ; Haworth, olim. Haworth ; Curtis ; Stephens, 111. ; Wood, fig. 640, male and female. I Phalana hyemata, Hufnagle. Species 2. — Cheimatobia rdpicapraria^. — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 11.) — The male measures from 13 to 15 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are grayish-brown, with a broad dark bar across the middle, the edges being darkest and subcrenated, narrowed behind, and bearing a dark dot in the middle. The hind wings whitish, with the ordinary central dark dot preceding a nearly evanescent striga ; the edges with brown spots ; the antennae in the males are bipectinated. The female has short, rudimental, whitish ashy wings, with a dark bar towards the apex, and a slender striga across the hind ones. The caterpillar is greenish, with whitish lines and margins to the segments ; it feeds on the wild plum, and the moths appear in January and February, the males flying about hedge-rows ; it is a rather common insect. ' Synonymes. — Geometra rupicapraria, Wien. Vera. ; Hubner; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 641, a and n. Geometra primaria, Haworth ; S.imouelle. LOBOPHORA, Stephens ; Curtis ; Bdv. AMATHIA, Duponchel. The palpi in this interesting group are short, and bent upwards in front of the face ; the antennae are setaceous, with short hairs scattered over the joints ; the abdomen slender ; the fore wings entire, spread horizontally when at rest, and marked with undulated lines ; and the hind ones furnished at the base in the males with a short lobe or winglet, variable in size, the species in which it is the smallest being only armed with a pair of spurs to the hind pair of tibia. The caterpillars feed on trees : they are smooth, with the head flat, and last segment bifid. SECTION A. — Hind wings of the males with a small lobe. Hind tibice with one pair of spurs. Species 1. — Lobophora polycommata^ — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 13 (the caterpillar), and 17) — Measures nearly 1^ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are pale grayish-brown, with irregular waved strigse, of a darker colour, several of which, near the base of the wings, are united by a dark dash towards the hind margin, a broad bar of dark chesnut-brown across the centre, bearing a pale patch on the costa, and varied by the dark longitudinal strigse on the veins ; the outer margin towards the costa is deeply angulated ; beyond this is a subapical fascia, angulated towards the costa, and formed of pale streaks ; the veins black, as they are also at the apical margin, each bearing two black dots. Hind wings pale, with two slender indented strigas and marginal black dots. Taken near Dartford in Kent, in April, but very rare. The caterpillar is green, with a yellowish line on each side, and a duller-coloured back ; it feeds on the honeysuckle. Obs. — I have omitted to refer to figure 12, drawn from the British Museum specimen, as it apparently ^ y^ belongs, from its pectinated antenns, neither to the present genus nor species. /*^' ■^''^ * SvNOSYMEs. — Geometra polycommata, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 81 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 642. Species 2. — Lobophora lobulata'' — (Plate LXVIII., Figs. 14, 15) — Measures about li inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are whitish-gray, with about five very obsolete, undulated, brownish strigse, of which * See Miss Loudon's translation, published by the publisher of this work. VOL. II. I 5g BRITISH MOTHS the outermost has the inner edge dentate ; they are most conspicuous towards the costa ; the veins are dotted with black ; a row of black dots arranged in pairs along the apical margin ; hind wings paler, with indications of slight strigEe, and a dusky dot in the middle ; the margin with an interrupted black line. Caterpillar green, with a yellow line on each side; it feeds on the honeysuckle, and the moth" appears in April (June, according to Stephens). LoBOPHOBA cosT^STRiGATA, Haworth, Curtis, Stephens, Wood, fig. 644, is regarded by Mr. Stephens as being probably the female of the last described insect, measuring 1^ inch in expanse, with the wings ashy- white, with about five abbreviated, geminated, equidistant strigse, chiefly on the costa, which are occasionally nearly obsolete, and sometimes reach nearly to the hinder margin. Taken near Westerham in Kent, in July. ^ Synonymes. — Geometra lohulata, Hiibner; Treitschke : Curtis. Phalana dentistrigata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 643. Species 3. — Lobophora viretata'^ — Measures 13 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are greenish, fading to yellowish, with black clouds and fasciolas, barred with yellow and black equidistant strigae, formed of clouds and dots of black, and with a row of geminated black dots on the margin ; cilia ashy and brown ; hind winofs ashy, unspotted. The caterpillar is greenish-yellow, spotted with reddish-brown on the back ; it feeds on the privet, and the moth appears in June, occurring in the woods of Kent, Norfolk, and Essex. *= Synonyme. — Geometra viretata^ HxihriGv \ Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 646. Plialmna trinotata, Donovan, vol. xiv., pi. 499, fig. 11. Species 4. — Lobophora bdpestbata ^ — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 16) — Measures 1 J inch in expanse ; fore wings white, with five waved brown strigae, the first angulated near the base of the wings, the fourth irregularly lobed beyond the middle, and the fifth subapical, sinuated within ; the apical margin slightly ashy, with a gemi- nated row of black dots ; hind wings with two deep brown waved striga beyond the middle, and a marginal streak of the same colour. Taken in Devonshire, in June, but very rare. '^ Synonymes Geometra rupestrata, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; Hiibner ; Treitschke ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 645. SECTION B. — Hind wings of the males small, with large lobes. Hind tibicB with two pairs of spurs. Species 5. — Lobophora hexapteratap — (Plate LXVIII., Fig. 18) — Measures from 13 to 15 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy-brown, with the base and a broad solid fascia beyond the middle, of dark brown ; the middle of the wings paler, with irrorations or pale strigs most evident on the costa, and with the apical margin irregularly brown. These lines and markings, however, are very variable, those on the centre of the wing being sometimes evanescent, in others they are completely atomose ; hind wings white, with more or less distinct strigae towards the margin. Female destitute of the winglet. Taken in Kent, and various other widely distant places, in June. ' Synonymes. — Phalana hexapterata, Fabricius; Donovan, 6, pi. 192 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, tig. 647. Phalcena halterata, Hufnagle. Species 6. — Lobophora sexalisata^ — (Plate LXVIII., Figs. 19, 20) — Measures from 9 to 11 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy brown, with the base and three undulated strigae, the basal one before Jixa/a^ t^'s middle of the wing, beyond a broad striga, the second brownish and broad ; in the middle of which, towards «'-Z> the costa, is a black subocellated spot; the third forms a brownish fimbria, in which is a whitish undulated striga ; hind wings darker-coloured than in the last species, with a darker subapical striga and fimbria. The caterpillar is pale green, with a yellow line on each side, above which is a white one ; it feeds on sallow, and the moth appears in June and August. Taken in the woods of Surrey and Hampshire, but rare. ' Synonymes. — Geometra sexalisata, iliibnet; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 648. Geometra sexalata, Borkbausen. P1.69. if AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 59 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXIX. Insects. Fie. 1. Eupithecia Linariata (the beautiful pug). 2. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 3. Eupithecia pulchellata (the pretty pug). ,, Fig. 4. Eupithecia ret'tangulata (the green pug). Fig. 5. Eupithecia nigro-punct.ita (the little pug). Fig. 6. Eupithecia nigro-sericcata (the black silk pug). ,, Fig. 7. Eupithecia coronata (the V pug). ,, Fig. 8. Eupithecia strobilata (the double-striped pug). ,, Fig. 9. Eupithecia rufifasciata (the red-harred pug). „ Fig. 10. Eupithecia lievigata (the juniper pug). ,, Fig. 11. Eupithecia exiguata (the barberry pug). „ Fig. 12. Eupithecia abbre-snata (the short pug). Insects. — Fig. 13. Eupithecia nebulata (the brindled pug). ,, Fig. 14. Eupithecia albipunctata (the speckled pug). ,, Fig. 15. Eupithecia suhumbrata (the stnall-brindled pug). ,, Fig. 16. Eupithecia subfasciata (the subfasciated pug). ,, Fig, 17. Eupithecia vulgata, (the common pug). „ Fig. 18. Eupithecia irriguata (the Welsh pug). Plant. — Fig. 19. Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax). The insects in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of L. abbreviata, L. subfasciata, L. irriguata, and L. vulgata, from the collection of J. F. Stephens, Esq. The caterpillar is from Hubner. H. N. H. EUPITHECIA, Curtis. LARENTIA, pars, Tkeitschke. These small insects are well distinguished by their long narrow fore wings, extended horizontally in repose, and marked with numerous undulated strigse, and by the smallness of the hind wings (resembling the typical Lobophoree in this respect). The antennas are alike in both sexes ; the palpi porrected like a beak ; the tibiae of the fore feet very short, and the tarsi long and slender. The caterpillars are smooth, cylindrical, slightly elongated. The genus is very numerous. Species 1. — Eupithecia linariata*^ — (Plate LXIX., Figs. 1, 2)— Measures 9 or 10 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which are reddish-white, with the base dark ; a broad waved ashy fascia in the middle, spotted with black, and margined with white, the apical portion spotted with ashy and black, through which runs a white undulated line ; hind wings with numerous ashy strigae ; the subapical one broad, with an undulated whitish line. The caterpillar is yellow or greenish, with dark chesnut spots on the back and sides ; it feeds on the flowers of the common toadflax, and the moth appears in the following June. Taken in various parts of Kent, but rare. s Synonyme. — Phaltena linariata, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 64 ; Wood, fig. 649. Species 2. — ^Eupithecia pulchellata'' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 3) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are narrower than in the preceding species, ashy-white, and more thickly clouded and streaked with brown and red, with a broad central ashy bar, deeply angulated towards the costa, and bearing a black dot ; apical portion of the wings clouded with brown, and bearing a white waved striga ; hind wings whitish, with numerous brown strigae, especially on the anal margin ; the base dotted with brown. Taken in the woods of Kent and Surrey, in July, but rare. ^ SvNo>riME. — Eupithecia pulchellata, Stephens ; Wood, fig. 650. Species 3. — Eupithecia rectangulata ' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 4) — Varies from 8 to 10 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are very variable in their markings, being generally green, with strigae and clouds of brown, and with three more distinct, rather square, and somewhat confluent, brown patches on the apical portion of the wing. In some the wings are dark green, with the costa spotted with black, and with brown undulating strigae : others are green, with the dark strigae in the middle of the vnng collected into a broad dentated waved fascia across all the wings ; others are luteous gray, clouded with brown, and with a broad brown central fascia ; in others the wings are entirely sufiused with black, and in others with brown, with the markings almost obsolete. A very common species in gardens, occurring in the month of June. ■ Synonymes. — Phaltena Geometra rectangulata, Linnaeus; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood; fig. 651. Phaltena viridulata, Hufnagle. I 2 60 BRITISH MOTHS f/u. 3. Vc< .y.2> J^i3 tM^- Sfi.i V>-- A:.<i.V^ Species 4. — Eupithecia sub^rata J — Measures 8 or 9 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are green, with a slight black angulated striga near the base, a slender one, much bent, before, and another, biangulated, beyond the middle ; these strigae being darkest next the costa ; the apical portion with indistinct clouds, through which runs a very obscure pale waved striga. " This very distinct species " is stated by Mr. Stephens to be very different in form to E. rectangulata, and with the markings dissimilarly placed. Taken in Devonshire in June. ■ Synonyme. — Eupithecia subcBrataf Stephens ; (Hiibner?) Wood, fig. 652. Species 5. — Eupithecia nigro-ptjnctata ' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 5) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse ; wngs light greenish, with a central transverse undulated striga of black spots, within which, on the forewing, are six or seven black spots. Very like E. V-ata (coronata), but distinct, being rather larger, and with the striga never continuous, but formed of black dots. Taken at Spitchweek, in Devonshire, in June, by Messrs. Chant and Bentley. '' Synonyme, — Eupithecia nigro-punctata. Chant (in Ent. Mag. 1, 185) ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 653. Species 6. — Eupithecia nigro-sericeata ' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 6) — Measures 9 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are silky black and shining, with obsolete darker strigae, and with an undulated whitish one near the apical margin ; hind wings rather pale, cilia brown. Very rare. Found near London. ' Synonymes. — PhaliBna nigro-sericeata, Haworth; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 654. Geometra inturbata, Hiibner? Species 7. — Eupithecia sericeata ™. — All the wings pale brown silky, with an undulated striga running across all of them, near the apical margin ; cilia whitish. Thus described by Mr. Haworth, from the cabinet of Mr. Latham. " Synonyme. — Phalana sericeata, Haworth ; Stephens. Species 8. — Eupithecia coronata" — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 7) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse, and has the wings green, with indistinct pale, and three more distinct dusky strigae, the third beyond the middle deeply angulated towards the costa, forming a letter V placed sideways, the tip directed towards the extremity of the wings ; the inner part of the strigae being nearly obliterated ; apical margin with an interrupted black line ; hind wings paler, with more distinct strigse. Taken in July, in various places within the metropolitan district. Ohs. — Boisduval gives it as a variety of E. rectangulata. ° Synonymes. — Geometra coronata, Hubner. Phalana V-ata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 655. Species 9. — Eupithecia strobilata ° — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 8) — Measures 8 or 9 lines in expanse, and has the wings whitish-gray, varying to reddish, with waved brown strigs and fasciae, two of which, running across the middle of all the wings, are more distinct, and appear pectinated, being composed of minute acute parallel fine transverse Hneolse ; besides which they have a subapical whitish dentated striga, and a black interrupted marginal line. Taken in fir plantations, in June. ° Synonymes. — Geometra strobilata, Borkhausen ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 656. Phalana bistrigata, Haworth. Species 10. — Eupithecia rupifasciata p— (Plate LXIX., Fig. 9) — Measures 8 lines in expanse ; wings gray and clouded with black, and with two narrow reddish fasciae, margined with paler colour, the first of which is unangulated before, and the second slightly undulated beyond the middle of the wing. The red colour of this fascia soon fades after death. Apical portion of the wing with fuscous clouds, and an interrupted marginal line. Taken near London, and in Devonshire, in April. ' Synonyme. — Phalana rufifasciala, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 657. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. " 61 Species 11. — Eupithecia l^vigata'' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 10) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse; wings ashy-brown, clouded, and streaked with white, brown, and black lineolK, which are often acute, one or two angulated black striga placed before the ordinary central dark dot ; which is followed by a pectinated striga, somewhat interrupted, and a whitish, subapical, undulated striga. The caterpillar is rather slender, naked, ^.i^'V»^- green, with a darker line down the back, and two white lateral streaks ; the sides of the head and terminal segment of the body reddish. It feeds on the common juniper, and the moth appears at the beginning of August. Taken in Norfolk and Kent, but not common. 1 Synonyme. — PhaltBna IcBvigata^ Fabricius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 658. Species 12. — EnpiXHECiA exiguata"" — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 11) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse; wings whitish-gray, or luteous-ochre, clouded with brown, the ordinary strigse being almost obliterated, with the ordinary black dot in the middle of the wing, beyond which is a straight pectinated striga, formed of acute lineolse ; between which and the apical margin is a fascia, formed of three brown, transverse, exactly trapeziform spots ; hind wings brownish, with the anal angle ashy, and a central dark dot. The caterpillar is dull green, with a reddish stripe down the back and pale lines on the sides. It feeds on the common barberry, and the moth is taken in June, in woods and hedges. ' Synonymes. — Geomeira exiguata^ Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, I Phaitena trimaculata, Haworth (variety), fig. 659. I Eupilhecia ochreata, Stephens (variety). Species 13. — Eupithecia abbreviata^ — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 12) — Measures 9 lines in expanse, and has the wings whitish, clouded with ashy, and with various brownish strigae, and four black lineolae : one (being the ordinary dot attenuated) on the disc, another more elongated at the base, and two between the middle and hinder margin of the wing ; the striga beyond the central dot is much incurved next the costa ; there is also a pale subapical striga. Taken in various places in June, but widely dispersed and rare. ' Synonyme. — Geomeira abbreviata^ HUbner ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 660. Species 14. — Eupithecia singulariata' — Measures 11 lines in expanse ; wings ashy-gray, somewhat clouded, and obsoletely waved, all bearing a conspicuous black dot near the centre, and an interrupted marginal black line ; hind wings ashy, with a brown margin, bearing an evanescent, whitish, undulated striga. Darenth r J^ Wood, June. Very similar to the two next species. * Synonyme. — Phal<Bna Geometra singulariata, Villers ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 661. Species 15. — Eupithecia nebulata" — Plate LXIX., Fig. 13) — Measures 10 lines in expanse; all the wings gray, slightly clouded with black, forming strigse ; the fore ones narrowed, and with a central black dot, nearly evanescent ; the disc more or less tinged with reddish ; the apical margin with an indistinct, pale, waved A,, lu. 24:- striga ; hind wings ashy, with two evanescent striga, formed of black lineolte. Taken in woods, in June. " Synonyme. — Phalcena nebulata, Haworth ; Stephens. Species 16. — Eupithecia albipunctata " — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 14) — Measures from 10 to 12 lines in expanse ; wings brown, obsoletely clouded with white ; the fore ones with the ordinary black dot in the middle, and a common striga near the apical margin of all the wings, scarcely undulated and formed of white dots, and with a white spot on the costa, preceding the striga ; hind wings brown, with a subapical striga. Taken in woods, in June. ' Synonyme—— PAa/isna albipunctata, Haworth ; Stephens. Species 17. — Eupithecia subumbrata" — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 15) — Measures 7 or 8 lines in expanse; f*i.i tlEittZk. wings gray or gray-brown, with various acute- shaped, dark clouds, more disposed into strigse than in the last ^i>. ?- 62 BRITISH MOTHS species ; in some specimens with a narrow fascia before the middle of the wing, abruptly angulated towards the costa, and formed of confluent brownish strig» ; the middle of the wing with the ordinary black dot ; hind wings paler, with dark strigas, especially on the anal edge of the wings. Taken in June and July, in woods ; but not common. " SvNoNYME. — Geometra subumbrata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 664. Species 18. — Eupithecia subfasciata '' — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 16) — Measures 10^ lines in expanse ; fore '""wines narrow, brown, with black longitudinal dashes on the veins, an indistinct fascia across the middle, and a pale dentated striga near the extremity of the wings, and an interrupted, black, slender line on the margin itself; hind wings paler towards the costal margin, and obscurely strigose on the anal margin. Very rare Taken in Darenth Wood, in June. " Synonyme. — Eupithecia subfasciata, Stephens ; Wood, fig. 665. Species 19. — Eupithecia yvLQATA.^ — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 17) — Measures from 8 to 10 lines in expanse; wings grayish-brown, almost immaculate, with the ordinary central dot nearly obsolete, and a scarcely visible, waved, whitish, subapical striga, dilated toward the hinder angle of the wing, and edged with brown within, and with a slender, dusky, marginal line ; ciUa clouded with dusky; hind wings nearly resembling the fore ones. Taken very commonly in gardens, in June and July. " Synonymes. — Phalcena vulgata, Haworth ; Stephens. Geometra minuta, Wien. Verz. ? Hiibner ? Species 20. — Eupithecia irriguata^. — (Plate LXIX., Fig. 18.) — " Whitish, anterior wings with 3 dusky bands ; the basal one angulated in the middle ; the second shghtly bent, interrupted in the middle, and terminating on the inner margin in three slender streaks ; the third similarly curved, forming a border, divided transversely by a waved whitish streak, slightly interrupted in the middle ; posterior wings with three waved griseous streaks, the marginal one darkest ; all the wings with a central black dot, and the fringe griseous, interrupted with dusky. Taken in April, on the mountains of South Wales*." We are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Stephens for the preceding description. » SvNoNYHE. — Geometra irriguata, Hiibner ; Geome. 77, f. 397 ; Treitschke, Sch. Eur. vi. st. 2, p. 124 ; Duponchel, L. F. v. yii. t. 202, f. 8. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXX. Insects. — Fig. 1. Eupithecia subfuscata (the brown grey pug). t, Fig. 2. Eupithecia innotata (the unspotted pug). ,, Fig. 3. Eupithecia notata (the dotted pug). ,, Fig. 4. Eupithecia elongata (^the long-winged pug). „ Fig. 5. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 6. Eupithecia simpliciata (the plain pug). ,, Fig. 7. Eupithecia pusillata (the small grey pug). ,, Fig. 8. Eupithecia absinthiata (the wormwood pug.) ,, Fig. 9. Eupithecia sobrinata (the Scotch pug). ,, Fig. 10. Eupithecia angustata( the narrow-winged pug). ,, Fig, 11. Eupithecia plumbeolata (the lead-coloured pug). ,, Fig. 12. Eupithecia subfulvata (the tawny pug). ,, Pig. 13. Eupithecia cognata (the allied pug). ,, Fig. 14. Eupithecia succenturiata (the bordered lime-speck P"g)- Insects. — Fig. 15. Eupithecia piperata (the peppered pug). ,, Fig. 16. Eupithecia centaureata (the lime-speck pug). Fig. 17. The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 18. Eupithecia variegata (the marbled pug). „ Fig. 19. Eupithecia consignata (the pinion-spotted pug). ,, Fig. 20. Eupithecia venosata (the netted pug). Fig. 21. The Caterpillar. Plant. — Fig. 22. Centaurea nigra (common knapvceed). E. subfuscata, E. notata, and E. innotata, are from the cabinet of J. F. Stephens, Esq. ; the rest are from the collection of Mr. Bentley. The caterpillars are from Hiibner. The caterpillar of E. elongata is sometimes brown, H. N. H. • Boisduval gives the south of France and June as the place and time of appearance of this species. PI. 70. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 63 Species 21. — Eupithecia subpuscata" — (Plate LXX., Fig. 1) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse, and A.H.Ve^ has all the wings ashy brown, with the apical margin, and a dot in the middle of each, darker ; the former bearing a nearl)' obsolete whitish undulated striga, terminating near the hinder margin in a more distinct dot ; the disc of the wing with nearly obsolete dusky strigse, most distinct on the costa. Taken in gardens, about the end of May. " Synonyme. — PhaJana subfuscala, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 667. Species 22. — Eupithecia innotata ^ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 2) — Measures 10 lines in expanse, and has the wings grayish-brown ; the fore ones with two fascias, composed of four slender waved dark strig*, which are very indistinct, and with a black central dot, and a darker subapical striga, bordered by a waved whitish one ; the costa vtith several equidistant dark dots ; hind wings paler at the base. Taken near Darenth Wood, Kent, in June. ' Synonyme. — Phalcena innotata, Borkhausen ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 668. Species 23. — Eupithecia notata <^ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 3) — Measures 9 lines in expanse ; " fore wings grayish-brown, without the vestige of strigag, with a small central round black dot ; posterior wings rather paler, with some indistinct darker strigas." Taken near London, in June. / '■ Synonyme. — Eupithecia notata, Stephens, 111. Haust. 3, p. 286 ; Wood, fig. 669. Species 24. — Eupithecia elongata<^ — (Plate LXX., Figs. 4, 5) — Measures from 11 to 13 lines in expanse ; all the wings uniformly brown and elongated ; the fore ones with some spots on the costa blackish, and with a larger black elongated central spot, placed towards the costa, and vyith a subapical pale waved very indistinct striga ; the hind wings rather paler, with the ordinary dot smaller. Taken in gardens, in June. The caterpillar is slender, and either green or brown, with slender black markings. ^ Synonymes. — Phalana elongata, Hawortli ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 671. Geometra pimpinellata, Hubner. Species 25. — Eupithecia simpliciata " — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse, and is of a more robust figure, and with broader rounder wings than the preceding species ; they are of a grayish-ash, with very indistinct paler strigffi, and with a paler undulated one beyond the middle of the wing, and with a darker margin to all the wings, which is very slightly marked with a waved pale line ; the disc with the ordinary brown dot ; hind -'^^'^ ia^a, wings slightly strigose, and with a waved paler slender subapical line. Taken in woods, gardens, and lanes, in July. * Synonyme. — Phalcsna simpliciata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 672. Species 26. — Eupithecia pusillata ^ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 7) — Measures 7 or 8 lines in expanse ; all the wings pale ashy, with rather darker strigae, and a border common to all the wings, and with the ordinary black central dot ; hind wings rather darker ashy, slightly strigose towards the anal margin. Taken in gardens and woods. ' Synonyme. — Geometra pusillata^ Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens j Wood, fig. 673. Species 27. — Eupithecia absinthiata s — (Plate LXX., Fig. 8) — Measures 10 lines in expanse; all the wings gray-brown ; the fore ones with the costa marked with dark spots, and with the ordinary black central dot, and an interrupted undulated white line near the apical margin, which is dilated next the inner angle ; hind wings with the anal angle ashy, bearing a whitish dot, and the anal margin slightly strigose. Common in gardens, at the end of June. e Synonyme. — Phulaena Geometra al>sinihiata,L\aneeas; Haworth ; Hiibner (?); Stephens; Wood. f^/^ g4 BRITISH MOTHS Species 28. — Eupithecia sobrinata h. — (Plate LXX., Fig. 9.) — " Griseous-brown or dusky ; anterior wings varied with numerous waved black streaks, repeated in pairs, and some of them edged with whitish ; the central streaks angulated, and of a deeper black ; posterior wings also with waved dusky streaks, abbreviated towards the costa ; fringe of all the wings griseous, with a row of black dots at the base. Found in June, on the mountains of Arran, and other parts of Scotland." Stephens' MSS. Boisduval states that it occurs near Paris, in places where juniper abounds. i" Synonvme. — Genmetra sobrinata, Hiibner, Ge. t. 90, f. 465 ; TreitBchke, vi. t. 112 ; Dup. vii. 477, t. 204, f. 4. Species 29. — Eupithecia angustata ' — (Plate LXX., Fig. 10) — Measures 8 or 9 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings very elongated and sublanceolate, of an ashy colour, with the middle of the wing darker, and with three oblique nearly equidistant whitish strig» ; the first straight, but very oblique, running from the middle of the hind margin to the costa, interrupted by the dark central ordinary spot ; the second twice as broad, slightly n waved, beyond that spot ; and the third more distinct, but slenderer, and undulated near the apical margin ; ^,2i. hind wings elongated, ashy, with very indistinct paler strigse. Taken m woods, about the begmning of August. ' Synonyme. — Phalisna angustata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 686. Species 30. — Eupithecia plumbeolata ■> — (Plate LXX., Fig. 11) — Measures 7 or 8 inches in expanse; wings leaden-ashy coloured, with numerous nearly obsolete darker and lighter strigae, without the ordinary dark dot in the middle of the wings. Found in woods, especially in the neighbourhood of Darenth, Kent, about the end of May. ' Synonyme Phaltena plumbeolata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 674. ' Species 31. — Eupithecia subfulvataI^ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 12) — Measures H or 12 lines in expanse; fore wings fulvous or reddish-brown, with the costa and apical margin brown ; the former with paler markings, indicating the origin of the ordinary strigse ; the disc with the ordinary dark dot, and with a subapical whitish waved striga; hind wings brown. Taken in woods, about the middle of August, but not common. ^ Synonymes Pkalcena subfulvata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 675. Larentia oxydata, Treitschke (?). A.-i/ i't-.L Species 32. — Eupithecia cognata ' — (Plate LXX., Fig. 13) — Measures 11 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy, slightly marbled with reddish-brown and whitish, with four waved paler strigae — one towards the base, the second in the middle, the third beyond, and the fourth subapical ; the costa marked with darker intermediate patches ; several of the veins streaked with black, and with the ordinary black spot on the disc ; hind wings paler, with a distinct darker striga. Taken in several parts of Scotland. ' Synonyme. — Eupithecia cognata, Stephens, Tllust. Haust. 3, p. 288 ; Wood, fig. 676. Species 33. — Eupithecia succentukiata ™ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 14) — Measures 11 to 12 lines in expanse, and has all the wings whitish-ashy, and but slightly clouded : the costa of the fore wings marked with broad darker patches ; disc with the ordinary dark dot, succeeded by a slightly-indicated dusky waved striga ; and the apical margin of all the wings darker brown, and bearing an undulated whitish line. The caterpillar chocolate- brown, with white stripes on the sides ; it feeds on the wormwood, and the moth appears in July, in the woods of Kent and Surrey, but is not very common. ■» Synonyme. — Phalana Geomeira suecenturiata, Linnseus ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 677. „ Species 34. — Eupithecia piperata " — (Plate LXX., Fig. 15) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse ; "wings /^ whitish, anterior thickly sprinkled throughout with minute darker or cinereous atoms, somewhat disposed in AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 65 strigje, with a small central black dot ; the costa and posterior margin fuscous-ash, the latter with an obscure whitish striga ; posterior wings whitish at the base ; the posterior margin brownish-ash, with irregular pale strifae ; on the hinder margin of all an interrupted faint pale line ; cilia fuscous. Taken in the beginning of July, on Kiddlesdown, near Croydon. Apparently scarce." Stephens, 1. c. " S\KOK\uF.. —Eupithecia piperata, Stephens, 111. Haust. 3, 288 ; Wood, fig. 678. Species 35. — Popithecia centaureata ° — (Plate LXX., Figs. 16, 17) — Measures from 8 to 10 lines in expanse ; wings white, slightly clouded with black ; the fore ones with the costa subinterrupted, blackish, having a dark nearly trigonate spot beyond the middle, in which is a black lunula, and with a white undulated subapical line ; hinder margin clouded with brownish ; hind wings white, with the anal and apical margins, and the small ordinary subcentral dark dot, more or less brown or brownish ; the former with indications of strigae. Taken in gardens, in June. The caterpillar is pale yellowish-green, with black markings on the back and sides; it feeds on Centaurea scabiosa, and other plants. ° Synonvmes. — Geometra centaureata, Wieo. Verz. ; Hubner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 679; Harris; Aurelian, pi. 19, fig. a-f. Phalmna oblongata, Thunberg. Phalcena signata, Scopoli. Species 36. — Eupithecia variegata p — (Plate LXX., Fig. 18) — Measures 10 lines in expanse; wings whitish, marbled with brownish shades, especially on the costa ; a nearly straight striga near the base, beyond which is a narrow similar fascia, followed by another narrow fascia before the middle, and a central unangulated ashy-coloured fascia, in which are three narrow brown marks, the ordinary black spot resting on the first of them ; and the apical margin undulated and brown, interrupted with whitish ; bind wings ashy. Taken in the woods round London, in June ; also reared at the end of April b}' Mr. Lambert, from the larva? found in September. f Synonvmes. — Phalana variegata, Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 681. Eupithecia insignata, Curtis ; Hubner. Species 37- — Eupithecia consign ata^ — (Plate LXX., Fig. 19) — Measures 9 lines in expanse ; the wings are somewhat glaucous-coloured, with darker geminated strigse, which run together at the costa of the fore wings, forming black dots, and with a short straight black streak in the place of the ordinary dark dot near the middle of the wing towards the costa, beyond which is a triangular dark patch placed rather obliquely ; the hind wings are whitish-ashy, with the ordinary dark central dot, and the outer margin indistinctly strigose. Very rare. Taken about the end of June, in woods. The chrysalis found under the bark of the Whitethorn, by A. Cooper, Esq., in April. 1 Synonyme. — Geome<ra con«(,(7?io<a, Borkhausen; Hubner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 682. Species 38. — Eupithecia venosata '' — (Plate LXX., Figs. 20, 21) — Varies from 10 to 12 lines in expanse ; wings brownish white ; the fore ones marked with six clear but very delicate strigte, the first, third, fourth, and fifth of which are thickened towards the costa ; the first is incurved and plain, the second very slender and deeply angulated in the middle, as is also the third, which is dentate behind the middle ; the fourth is approximate to the preceding behind, but wider apart towards the costa ; the fifth is deeply waved and dentated, as is also the sixth, which last sends forth longitudinal black slender streaks to the apical margin ; hind wings slightly strigose towards the anal and outer margin. The caterpillar is dull green, with a dark dorsal line. Taken about the beginning of June, in gardens and lanes near woods, but rare. This is one of the most elegantly marked species in the genus. ' Synonvmes Phalwna venosata, Fabricius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 683. H.2^ 'U.L')- % 10 1 tfr>/»* Phalana decussata, Donovan, vol. viii., pi. 266, fig. 3. VOL. II. 66 BRITISH MOTHS DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXI. CTs. — Fig. I. Fig. 2. „ Fig. 3. „ Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 7. ,. Fig. 8. Fig. 10. „ Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Pig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Cleogene Diveata. Hyria Auroraria (the purple -bordered gold). Hyria var. Jlinoa Cbseropbyllata (the cbimney-sweeper). Minoa Euphorbiata (the drab looper). 6. Caterpillar. Bapta bimaculata (the white pinion spotted). Bapta punctata (the clouded silver). 9. Caterpillar. Aplocera Ctesiata (the February carpet). Aploceraj var. flavici aetata. Emmelesia decolorata (the sandy carpet). Emmelesia affinitata (the rivulet). Emmelesia urbaria (the middle rivulet). Emmelesia rivulata (the small rivulet). Emmelesia ericetata (the heath rivulet). Emmelesia blandiata. Insects. — Fig. 18. Emmelesia albulata (the grass rivulet). ,, Fig. 19. Emmelesia tasniata. ,, Fig. '20. Emmelesia unifasciala (the single-barred rivulet). ,, Fig. 21. Emmelesia bifasciata (the double-barred rivulet). J, Fig. 22. Emmelesia rusticata, male (the least carpet). 23. Ditto female. J, Fig. 24. Emmelesia sylvata (the waved carpet). 5j Fig. 25. Emmelesia Blomeri (Captain Blomer's rivulet). J, Fig. 26. Emmelesia candidata (the small white wave). „ Fig. 27. Emmelesia luteata (the small yellow wave). „ Fig. 28. Emmelesia heparata (the dingy shell). The whole of the insects figured in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of Cleogene niveata and Emmel. tseniata, from the cabinet of Mr. Stephens, and E. blandiata, from Hiibner. The caterpillars are from Hiibner and Freyer. H. N. H. CLEOGENE, Duponchel. MINOA, pars Treitschke- The antennae are bipectinated in the males ; the palpi short, acute, and villose ; tlie spiral tongue long ; the ■wings rounded, destitute of markings, and unicolorous ; and the insects of small size — the female being smaller than the male ; the larvae are but slightly elongated and gibbose. The males fly by day in mountainous places, the female resting amongst the grass. Species 1. — Cleogene niveata ^ — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 1) — Measures nearly 1 inch in expanse j fore wings pearly- white, and without any markings ; hind wings snow white. Mr. Stephens possesses an unique specimen of the female from Scotland. ' Synonyme. — Phalce7ia niveata, Sco-poM; Treitschke; Hiibner; 1 Geometrafarinala, Botkh^nsen. Stephens ; Wood, fig. 684. Siona niveata^ Boisduval. Phaljena niveata, Fahricius, Ent. Syst. 3, part 1, p. 129 ("habitat in Anglia"), is distinct from the above ; it has the wings subangulated and white ; the fore ones with the posterior margin brown, and a central spot in the hind wings, black. Cleogene tinctoria ' — Measures 1 inch in expanse, and has all the wings of a pale clay colour, and destitute of markings. Supposed to have been introduced by mistake into tlie British lists. ^ Synonyme. — Geomeira tinctoria, Hiibner ; Treitschke ; Du- i Geometra lutearla, Esper ; Fahricius. ponchel ; Stephens ; Wood, plate 54, fig. 63. ( Cleogene tinctoria, Boisduval. HYRIA, Stephens, Curtis. Fidonia, pars, Godart. The antennaB of the males are ciliated, and furnished with long bristles on both sides ; in the males the spiral tongue rather short ; the palpi very short and horizontal, obtuse at the tip ; the wings in repose form a depressed triangle ; they are rounded and obtuse, and the hind tibiae in the males are destitute of spurs at the tip, and those of the female have only a pair at the tip. The females are much rarer than the males ; they rest amongst long coarse grass during the day, in marshy places. The caterpillars are long and vermiform. Species 1. — Hyria auroraria" — (Plate LXXI., Figs. 2, 3) — Measures about A of an inch in expanse ; wings orange, varied with lilac-purple (which soon fades), leaving a moderate sized orange patch in the centre of each, as well as the posterior portion and apical margin of the fore wings, and having a slender subapical blackish AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 67 fascia. Taken in marshy places near Croydon, Surrey ; Horning, Norfolk ; and Bristol ; towards the end of June. The caterpillar is grayish, with pale dorsal and lateral streaks ; it feeds on the great Plantain. The transforma- tions of this insect are beautifully figured by Lyonnet, in his Posthumous Researches, pi. 32. " SYNOtri'MEs. — Gfometra aurorariaj HUbner ; Hawortli ; Curtis, I Geometra variegata, Fabricius. pi. 523 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 685. Geometra sanguinaria, Hiibner. Pyralis auroralis, Wien. Yen. I Phalcena muricatay Hufaagle. MINOA, Treitschke. MINOA AND ODEZIA, Boisduval. The palpi are minute and remote ; the antennre simple but robust in the males ; the spiral tongue rather long ; the wings carried erect when at rest ; entire, rounded at the angles, and destitute of markings ; the posterior tibias in both sexes are furnished with two pairs of spurs. The perfect insects fly by day, amongst ferns, in open places, in woods, &c. The caterpillars are naked, and attenuated in front ; those of the second species are, however, inflated in the middle, and rather pilose. Species 1. — Minoa ch^rophyllata " — -(Plate LXXI., Fig. 4) — Measures from 1 to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings sooty black, except a small apical streak of white along the tip of the fore ones. The cater- pillar is obscure green, with a paler head ; it feeds on Chasrophyllum sylvestre, and the moth appears in June, in open places in woods, in great plenty.* ^ Synonymes. — Pkaiana chterophgUata^ LinDxus ; Harris ; Aure- lian, pi. 30, fig. o ; Donovan, 7, pi. 253, fig. 4 ; Haworth ; Ste- phens ; Wood, fig. 686. PhaltEna atrata, Linnwus ; Fauna Su. Tanwjra chwrophyUata, Duponchcl. Odezia chisrophyllata, Boisduval. Species 2. — Minoa euphorbiata ■" — (Plate LXXI., Figs. 5,6) — Measures about |^ inch in expanse, and has the wings entirely ashy-brown, slightly tinged with luteous. The caterpillar is yellowish-green, spotted with black and white, and with a dark line down the back, and a reddish head ; it feeds on several species of Euphorbia, and the moth appears at the end of May, in woody places, and is far from rare. " Synonymes. —PAatena euphorbiata, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; Donovan, 5, pi. 153, fig. 1 ; HUbner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 637. Geometra murinaia^ Scopoli, Villars. Phalisna fuscata, Hufnagle. Phalcena sordiata, Haworth (olim) ; Villars and Mus. Linn. BAPTA, Stephens; MACARIA, p., Curtis ; ACIDALIA, p., Bdv. The antennse are short and simple in both sexes ; the palpi short and ascending, obtuse at the tip ; the spiral tongue long; the thorax and abdomen rather robust; the wings large, entire, and rounded along the apical margin, and of a white colour, varied with black markings. The caterpillars are robust, smooth, and entire. Species 1. — Bapta bimaculata^ — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 7) — Measures from 1 to If inch in expanse, and has the wings snowy-white, with the costa and apical margin slightly luteous ; the former with two black dots, and a minute black speck near the middle of the wing, towards the costa; beyond which is a shghtly-defined brownish striga, which runs across all the wings. Taken about the beginning of June, in woods and lanes, dn^tia, especially round the north of London, but rare. '«n^nWA, • Synonymes. — Phaltena Geometra bimaculata, Villars ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 688. Geometra thminala, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner. * Many rears ago my friend Tcmpleton shewed me a black Geometridcous moth, much larger than M. cha;rophyllata, which he had captured on one of the mountains in Ireland, and of which at the time I made a sketch, but which I have unfortunately mislaid. I have seen nothing like the insect in any collection I have examined. K 2 68 BRITISH MOTHS Species 2. — Bapta pdnctata ? — (Plate LXXL, Figs. 8, 9)— Measures about li inch in expanse : wings snow-white, the fore ones with the ordinary central dark dot, a small mark nearly opposite to this on the inner margin of the wing, a subapical fascia not quite reacliing to the costa, and a dark patch on the apical margin, which has a row of black dots ; the hind wings are slightly atoraose, and have a submarginal, dusky, almost evanescent fascia ; the fringe of the fore wings ashy, that of the hind ones white. The caterpillar is careen, but grey beneath, with a darker line on each side, and with the head and dorsal patches of brown. It feeds on the species of Prunus, and the moth appears in June, frequenting woody places, but it is rare. y SyN0NVME3. — PhaliEna punctata, Fabricius ; Stewart; Turtou. Phalcena rubeculata, Haworth. Geomelra temerata, Wien. Vera. ; Hubner, 6g. 91. 'H.h- APLOCERA, Stephens. As restricted by Mr. Stephens in his Illustrations, this genus is distinguished by its perfectly simple antennsB in both sexes ; the wings large, entire along the apical margin, with the disk thickly-marked with waved lines ; the palpi are short and slender, very squamose ; the spiral tongue rather short ; the abdomen slender. Species 1.— Aplocera ciESiATA^— (Plate LXXL, Fig. 10)— Measures from \\ to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the fore wings brownish, with a dark brown, broad, dentated fascia across the middle, edc^ed with white behind, and which is bifid towards the costa, bearing the ordinary black central dot in the furcation ; the base of the wing is traversed by several slender dark undulating strigse, as well as the space beyond the middle, which is also marked with a waved white subapical striga, and the apical margin with a row of dots, placed in pairs ; hind wings brownish, slightly strigose, and with a pale subapical striga ; margin dotted with black, as in the fore wings. Taken in the north of England, in June, frequenting old walls. (Mr. Haworth gives the end of February, and the neighbourhood of Peckham, as its time and place of capture.) * Synonymes. — Geometra ccesiata, Wien. Vera. ; Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens. PhaloEna infrequentaia, Haworth (variety). Species 2. — Aploceea plavicincta^ — (Plate LXXL, Fig. 11) — Measures from If to 1^ inch in expanse, with the wings gray, thickly irrorated, with undulating and dentated dark lines, and with four clay-coloured fasciffi, three of which are placed before the middle of the wing, and the fourth beyond, the space behind which is paler, but much clouded with a subapical, waved, whitish striga, bearing fulvous dashes directed inwards ; the apical margin with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings pale grayish, with a subapical, waved, dusky fascia. Taken in Cumberland, in June. This may be a fine variety of the preceding species. • SvNoNYME. — Geometra flavicincta, Hiibner ; Stephens, 111. H., 3, pi. 30, fig. 3. EMMELESIA, Stephens; MELANIPPE, Curtis. These insects have the palpi short and horizontal, with the tip subglobose ; the spiral tongue rather long ; the antennae simple in both sexes, or sometimes pubescent in the males ; the wings are entire along the apical margin, generally of a pale colour, with undulated dark and light strigae ; when at rest they form a depressed triangle. The caterpillars are long, slender, and smooth, and feed upon low plants. Jlr. Curtis has proposed two sections in the genus, some of the species possessing two pairs of spurs, and some only one pair to the hind tibiae. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 69 Species 1. — Emmelesia decolorata '' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 12) — Varies from 1 to IJ- inch in expanse; fore winfs pale buff-coloured, with rather pale undulations, and with four obsoletely dentated white fascise, which are equidistant, the first being placed near the base, the second rather before the middle, the third broader, beyond the middle, and often interrupted ; the fourth very slender and subapical. The hiud wings are white, with a subcentral striga, and the apical margin slightly brownish. Very common in hedges and lanes, near woods, in June. ^ SvNoNYME, — Genmetra decolorata, Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens. Species 2. — Emmelesia affinitata <" — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 13) — Measures rather more than an inch in expanse ; wings of a brownish clay-colour, with brown undulated strigae, and with a conspicuous, white, irregularly-waved fascia beyond the middle, in which is a slender, brownish, undulated striga ; between this fascia and the apical margin is a very slender, nearly obsolete striga, formed of white arches, and at the apex itself the ordinary oblique, short, brown line. Hind wings pale brown, with a slightly-crenated, whitish, subapical fascia. Widely dispersed, and far from rare. Taken in June. * Synonymes. — Emmelesia a^nitata, Hiibner. Geometra alchemillata^ Hawortb, but not of Stepbens. Species 3. — Emmelesia tdrbaria'' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 14) — Measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse; A } y wings brown, with numerous slender darker waves ; the fore ones with a fascia in the middle, which is narrow, and darker than the rest of the wing, followed by a narrow, more or less obsolete, white, sinuated, waved striga. placed beyond the middle, followed by a nearly obliterated, subapical, paler striga. Hind wings brown, with a dark dot in the middle, and an obsolete paler fascia beyond the middle. Found about the end of June, in numerous parts of the country, and far from rare. ** Synonymes PUaliSJia iurbaria^ Wien. Verz. ; Stepbens, 111.; Hiibner, Geometra rivutata, Haworth, but not of Hiibner. Species 4. — Emmelesia rivulata "■ — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 15) — Measures about |^ inch in expanse; fore wings pale fulvous brown, with darker undulated strigEe, a pale grayish fascia before the middle, often indistinct , and a broad, irregularly waved, white bar beyond the middle, in whicii is a slender brown line, and with a subapical, waved, very slender, white line; hind wings pale brown, very slightly undulated, and with the apical -.'■■f'-^^-'UiiUa. margin rather darker. The caterpillar is yellowish-green, with chesnut streaks ; it feeds on the Lamium purpureum, and the moth appears in June, and is taken in grassy places, in woods and lanes, and is widely dispersed, but rather rare. « Synonymes PhaliBna rivulata, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Stepbens, lUustr. ; but not of Haworth. Phalwna nassata, Fabricius ; Haworth. Species 5. — Emmelesia ericetata ' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 16) — Measures 7 or 8 lines in expanse ; fore wings ashy-white, with several blackish curved strigae towards the base, followed by a central bar, with the edges very irregular and spotted with black, and bearing in its open part the ordinary black dot ; followed by a pale whitish bar, in which is a slender brovvnish striga ; the apical portion of the wing brown and gray, with a subapical, dentated, white striga ; apical margin with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings slightly strigose. Taken in the north of England and Scotland, in June and July. ' Synonyme. — Geometra ericetata, Stephens, Illustr. H. Ill, pi. 32, fij. 3. Species 6. — Emmelesia blandiata ^ — (Plate LXXI, Fig. 17) — Measures f inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are snow-white, with an interrupted brown fascia in the middle, and the apical margin brownish, with an undulated white striga ; the hind wings white at the base, with the apical margin brownish. Taken in the north of England and Scotland, in June. ^ Synonyme. — Geometra blandiata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner, fig. 258 ; Stcpbena. 70 BRITISH MOTHS Species 7- — Emjielesia albulata ' — (Plate LXXL, Fig. 18) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings whitish, with alternate, narrow, undulating fascias and strigEB, of grayish-red and white colours ; the apical portion of the wing is greyish-red, in which is an undulated white striga, which runs across all the wings ; hind wings brownish, with a narrow whitish fascia across the middle. Taken from the end of June to the beginning of August, in pasture grounds, and widely dispersed, but not common. ■■ Synonyjie, — PhalcBna albulata, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Fabiicius ; Haworth ; Stephens. Species 8.— Emmelesia trigonata' — Measures |- inch in expanse, and has all the wings white, with an ' ashy-coloured fascia at the base, another in the middle, not interrupted, but formed of a costal patch, having a nearly triangular black spot, terminating in two obsolete bi'ownish strigse, which extend to the inner margin of the wing; the apical margin of all the wings is ashy, bearing a strongly-waved whitish striga. Taken at the end of June to the beginning of August, in hedges, at Westerham, Kent, and in Cumberland. This may prove to be a variety of the next species. ' Synonyme PhaltBna tru/onala, Haworth ; Stephens. Species 9. — Emmelesia t^niat a J — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 19) — Measures 11 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings ashy-fulvous, a narrow dark brown fascia near the base, followed by several dark strigse, narrowed behind ; across the middle of the wing runs a broad brown bar, inclosing a black central dot, with the edges waved and margined with white ; the apex of the wing with a brown patch, behind which it is varied vrith white and luteous, with a waved, subapical, slender whitish striga ; hind wings with a central dark dot, and a subapical pale striga. Taken in Cumberland, iu July. J Emmelesia tceniata, Stephens, 111. Haust., vol. iii., pi. 32, fig. 2. Species 10. — Emmelesia unipasciata' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 20) — Measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse, and has the wings brownish-gray, with a central bar across the fore wings of brown, in which is the dark ordinary dot, and having the inner margin incurved towards the costa, and along the outer margin is a narrow, somewhat obsolete, subinterrupted, white, undulating striga ; near the apex is a faint, didymated, brown spot, and a short dark oblique dash ; the margin itself with a dark, slightly interrupted line. Hind wings brown, with a small central dot. Taken in the woods of Kent, in June and August. * Synonymes. — Phalisna niiifasciata, Haworth ; Stephens. Acidalia salicaria, Tveitschke ? Species 11. — Emmelesia bifasciata" — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 21) — Measures 11 lines in expanse, and has the fore wings ashy, with two oblique, nearly straight, contiguous fascias, bordered on each side with white ; the •^c /a ^*<, outer one rather beyond the middle of the wing, and rather sinuated and extended outwards; beyond these fascia there is a brown, somewhat didymated spot towards the costa, and another smaller didymated one at the apical angle ; hind wings ashy. Taken in various parts of Kent and other parts of England, as well as in Scotland, at the end of June. " Synonvme. — Phaliena bifasciata, Haworth ; Stephens j Curtis. JL a^Kr,»^«— t Species 12. — Emmelesia rusticata" — (Plate LXXI., Figs. 22, 23) — Measures f of an inch in expanse; fore "1^^ <^ "^/""■' wings white, somewhat clouded with brown at the base, and with a brown waved fascia in the middle, inclosing Ac Oiidc^UiL <j the ordinary black dot, with the outer margin as it were three-lobed ; between which and the apical margin, ^•■^- in fine specimens, is a brownish striga. Hind vrings whitish, with a central dark dot, and with ashy waves " Phaliena rusticata, Wicu. Verz. ; Fahricius ; Hiihner ; Haworth ; Stephens. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 71 < towards the base ; margins of all the wings dotted with black, which are occasionally wanting. Taken in the woods of Kent and Surrey, but not common, in June and July. Species 13. — Emmelesia sylvata "(Plate LXXI., Fig. 24) — Measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings whitish, sprinkled and clouded witli brown atoms ; a very narrow striga of brown across the fore wings near the base ; across the middle of the wings is a crenated bar, composed of several confluent strigaj ; between which and the apical margin is a waved fuscous striga, and a row of dots on the margin itself ; hind wings with similar strigas ; fringe ashy. Taken in the woods of Kent and Surrey, and elsewhere, at the end of May. ** Synonymes. — Geometra sylvata, Hubner ; Ilaworth ; Stephens. Phalana teslaceala, Donovan, 14, pi. 487, tig. 1. Species 14. — Emmelesia BlomeriP — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 25) — Measures about 1 inch in expanse ; pale gray, freckled with dark irrorations, a slender dark striga, and a pale luteous one near the base ; a double blackish spot on the costa before the middle ; an interrupted striga beyond it, extending nearly to the anal angle, where it is duplicated ; apex fulvous, edged within with a black line, and with a pale, subapical, waved line edged with black ; the hind part of tlie apical portion gray, and with a marginal row of black dots. Hind wines strlfose, and with the edge dotted with black. Taken at the beginning of July, in " Castle Eden Dene, Durham, among birch and elders, by the side of the beck that runs through the Dene, formed in magnesian limestone," by Mr. Wailes. P Synonyme. — Melanippe Blomeri, Curtis, Brit. Ent., ]il. 416 ; Wailes, in Ent. Mag. i. 43 ; Stephens, 111. 4, 393. Species 15. — Emmelesia candidata'' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 26) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse; all the wings snowy-white, glossy, and marked with five or six pale luteous brown, very undulated strigje, of equal thickness, but placed at irregular distances apart, the two most contiguous running across the middle of the wing ; the apical margin with a row of very minute, dark dots. Very common in woods at the end of May and in June. 1 Synonymes. — PhalcBtia candidata, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner ; I Phalana immiilala, Pabrirjus ; but not of LinnEcus. Haworth ; Stephens ; but not of Fabricius. I Phalcsna albulala, Hufnaglc. Species 16. — Emmelesia ldteata '' — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 27) — Measures 10 lines in expanse ; all the wings dark luteous, with numerous (about seven) very much waved reddish-buff strigse running across them at unequal distances ; several, especially those in the middle of the wings, arranged in pairs ; the hind wings with only four of the strigse ; all the wings with the ordinary dark fulvous-brown dot near the middle. Taken in the woods of Kent and Surrey, and numerous other localities, about the end of May, and rather common. ■■ Synonymes. — Geometra luteata, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; i Phalcena centrata, Fabricius. Haworth; Stephens. I PAatena/at)o-sWjia<a, Donovan, 11, pi. 386, figs. 1, 2. Species 17- — Emmelesia heparata^ — (Plate LXXI., Fig. 28) — Measures 12 or 13 lines in expanse; fore wings with anterior part dirty luteous, slightly marked with transverse strigse, two being somewhat contiguous. and brown beyond the middle, and rather undulated towards the costa, but occasionally nearly obsolete ; hind portion of the wings brown, and hind margin brown ; fringe clay-coloured, obscurely spotted with brown. Taken in woods, in June, in Kent, Surrey, and Norfolk ; but rare. The caterpillar is green, having each segment spotted and streaked with white; it feeds on the common birch. 'SvNoNYME Geometra heparata, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner; Haworth; Stephens. 72 BRITISH MOTHS 3 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXII. Insfcts. — Fig. 1. Strenia clatlirnta (the latticed hcatli). Fig. 2. Vcnilia maculata (the speckled yellow). Fig. 3. Vcnilia— var. quatlrimaculaia (the pinion- spotted yellow). Fig. 4. Ptycliopoda dilutaria (the small fan. footed wave). Fig. 5. Ptychopoda var. firabriolata. Fig. 6. Ptychopoda lividata (the single dotted wave). Fig. 7. Ptychopoda trigcminata (the treble brown spot). Fig. 8. Ptychopoda trigeminata var. (bisetata). Fig. 9. Ptychopoda ornata (the lace border). Fig. 10. Ptychopoda incanata (the mullein wave). Inskcts.' — Fig. 11. Ptychopoda — var. contigiiaria (the tooth- striped wave). „ Fig. 12. Ptychopoda immntata (the lesser cream wave), 13. Caterpillar. ,} Fig. 14. Ptychopoda rubricata. The whole of the insects figured in this plate are from specimens in the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of Bisetata, from a British specimen in the British Museum, and P. rubricata, from a Contineutal specimen received from Dr. Becker, also in the Museum. The caterpillars are from Hiibner. H. N. H. STRENIA, DupoNCHEL. HERCYNA AND ARTE, Stephens (olim). Tlie nntennas are short and simple in both sexes, those of the males being slightly pubescent ; the palpi are very short ; the spiral tongue rather long ; the wings, according to Boisduval, are elevated in repose, like those of butterflies ; they are of a pale colour, marked with numerous dark lines, and the hind ones are rather slightly dentated. The caterpillars are slender, smooth, and cylindric. Species]. — Steenia clathrata' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 1) — Measures from 11 to 14 lines in expanse; wings whitish or pale yellowish, irrorated with brown scales ; very variable in their markings, but ordinarily having four irregular dark brown fascise, with an oblique short brown streak between the second and third ; the fourth is much elbowed, and sometimes interrupted rather before the middle ; and all the veins of the wings, as well as the apical margin, are brown ; hind wings similarly marked, but wanting one of the basal fascia ; fringe white, with brown spots. The caterpillar is bluish-green, with a pale stripe spotted with black on each side ; it feeds on the common trefoil, and the moth appears in May and July, in chalky fields, especially in Kent, and is very common and widely dispersed. ' Synonymes. — Phalcena Geometra clathrata, LinnsEua ; Dono- van, 7, pi. 248, fig. 2 ; Hawortb ; Stephens. Phalteua retialis, Soopoli. Phalcena radiattty Haworth (variety). Phalcena retata, Hawortb (variety). VENILIA, Ddponchel. MELANIPPE, pars, Boisduval. The antennEB are rather short and pubescent beneath in the males ; the palpi porrected liorizontally like a short beak ; the spiral tongue long ; the wings forming a triangle in repose ; they are of a large size and fulvous colour ; the apex of the anterior ones slightly hooked, and the hind wings slightly sinuated ; the hind tibiae have two pairs of spurs. Species 1. — Venilia macularia" — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 2) — Varies from 1 to 1^^ inch in expanse; wings fulvous or yellow ; the base freckled with dark scales, and the disc with numerous large purplish-brown blotches, arranged into four irregular broken fascise ; the second and third interrupted in the middle, and the hind portions generally confluent ; the apical margin itself also slenderly edged with the same dark colour. The markings vary in almost every specimen. The caterpillar is greenish-blue, with a dark line down the back, and a pale line on each side ; it feeds on several species of Lamium, and the moth is very abundant in woods, in May and June. ° SvHONYME PhalcBna Geometra macularia, Linnxus ; HUbner ; Donovan, 7, pi. 251, fig. 3 ; Harris ; Aurclian, pi. 28, fig. 1 ; Stepheoi. ^^"H A/-" AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 73 Species 2. — Venilia 4-macularia ' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 3) — Measures 13 lines in expanse ; wings ochreous-yellow ; anterior ones with the costa freckled with dark scales at the base, and with three or four purplish- brown spots. Taken in April and May, in some of the woods in Middlesex, to the north of London, but very rare. It has been supposed to be a variety of the preceding, but it appears too constant in its markings, many specimens of it having occurred. ' Synonvme — Phalcena -i-maculala, Hatrhett, in Ent. Trans. Old Series, 1, jil. 7, fig. 3 ; Hawoith ; Curtis, Brit. Ent, pi. 647 ; Stephens. ^. / e-*-- Species 3. — Ptychopoda cinereata '' — Measures 11 lines in expanse; wings cinereous, with a very obscure common central striga, and ordinary dot, fuscous ; the posterior margin also irregularly fuscous. Taken in June, near London. This and the preceding may possibly be varieties of P. dilutaria. y Synonyme. — ptychopoda cinereata, Stephens ; Fabricius (?). Species 4. — Ptychopoda lividata ' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 6) — Measures 9 or 10 lines in expanse, and lias the wings pale ashy-buff, slightly irrorated with numerous brown atoms, and three small equidistant spots on the costa, from which often extend three brown strigse, the middle one being most obscure ; near the third are three or four minute transverse brown spots, partially surrounded with white towards the hinder margin, which occasionally terminate in an obsolete whitish striga, which runs to the costa ; beyond these the margin is more or less brown ; hind wings nearly similar ; all the wings with the ordinary brown dot near the middle, and the margin dotted with black. A common species in woods and hedges, in -June and July. ' Synonymes. — Ph'il(Bna Geometra li\:idata, Linoaeus ; Haworth ; I Phalosna scutala, Fabricins ; Hubner, fig. 72. Stephens. I Phalcena denudata, Borkhausen. VOL. II. L PTYCHOPODA, Stephens. ACIDALIA, Curtis. The antennae are slender and ciliated beneath in the males ; the palpi small, but porrected horizontally, with the extremity ovate-conic ; the spiral tongue long ; the wings round and shortish, with tlie margins entire ; tlie disc generally obscurely coloured, with a dark central dot ; when at rest they are extended horizontally ; the hind tibise are dilated in the males, and furnished with a long brush of hair ; they are destitute of spurs, and those of the females have only one pair at the tips in some of the species, but two pairs in others ; and the hind tarsi are in some species very short. From the structure of the feet Mr. Stephens divides the genus into two sections. A. Hind tibia of the females with one pair of spurs at the tips. Speoes 1. — Ptychopoda dilutaria"' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 4) — Measures 10 or 11 hues in expanse; fore wings whitish-buff with a lutescent tinge, with a slender repanded slightly fuscous fascia before the middle ; a second, extending across the hind wings, also repanded and placed close to the ordinary dark spot ; the margin of all the wings ashy, with four or five alternate buff and brownish undulated strigse, and a row of black dots on the margin ; hind wings marked as tlie fore ones. Common in woods and hedges, at the end of August. *^ Synonymes. — Phalcena dilutata, Haworth ; Hiibner (?) ; Stephens. IdtFa reversaria, Treitschke ; Duponchel, pi. 173, 3. Species 2. — Ptychopoda fimbriolata '^ — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 5) — Measures 11 lines in expanse ; " wings whitish ; all with a minute deep fuscous central dot ; a pale-fuscous nearly straight central striga, and the posterior margin broadly deep fuscous, with a waved white striga traversing it ; cilia fuscescent. Found in the •%. /, '?/c neighbourhood of London, in June." Stephens, 1. c. ^ Synonymes. — Ptychopoda fimbriolata, Stephens. Phalcena dilutata, var. j8, Haworth, ■^./, iJ^a, M2. 74 BRITISH MOTHS Species 5. — Ptychopoda bisetata ' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 8) — Measures 10 lines in expanse ; wbgs whitish clay-coloured : the anterior with the costa towards the base, and an indented striga of brown beyond the middle, and followed by a fascia composed of somewhat confluent dark spots, and a short waved striga next if . . ^_^ the anal angle, also occasionally with two anterior very slender evanescent dusky strigae preceding the ordinary h.i'- dark central dot ; hind wings with a subapical dusky striga far beyond the ordinary central dark dot ; the apical margin with a row of brown dots. Taken in June, in the woods of Kent and elsewhere. " Synonvmes — Geometra bisetata, Hufnagle ; TreitschUe ; Duponchel, 1 73-4 ; Stephens. S/tS. 2/c*i- Specles 6. — Ptychopoda trigeminata b — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 7) — Measures 10 hues in expanse; wings whitish clay-yellow : the base of the costa and a posterior fascia formed of three geminated subconfluent blackish spots, and occasionally with two almost evanescent dusky strig£e preceding the ordinary dark central dot ; hind wings immaculate, or with a submarginal dusky striga. Taken at the end of May in hedges. Probably a variety of the preceding species. '' Synonymes. — Phalmna trigeminata, Haworth. Geometra scHtularia, Hubuer. B. Hind tibicB of the females with one pair of spurs near the middle, and a second pair at the apex. Species 7. — Ptychopoda ornata ^' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 9) — Measures from 1 to 1^ inch in expanse; wings snow white, scarcely clouded, with a black dot in the middle, and a moderately broad elegant apical border to all the wings, formed of gray, whitish, and brownish spots and strigse, united together and edged within with black, through which runs an undulating white line ; the apical margin with an interrupted black and brown line. This elegant species occurs in chalky places in Kent and other places in the south of England, in July, and is far from rare. "^ SvNONYMES. — Geometra oriiata, Wien. Vera. ; Hiibner ; Ha- : Phalana instilata, Hufn^le. worth; Stephens. I Geometra pu/«(/a(a, Sam ouelle, Villare. Species 8. — Ptychopoda incanata <■ — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 10) — Measures about 1 inch in expanse. ^l,2>, and has the wings grayish buff, powdered with brown, with the ordinary black subcentral dot, and with obscure dusky waved strigse : the first, which is much curved, is sometimes obsolete ; the second is repanded beyond the dot ; and the third is between it and the apical margin ; beyond this is a nearly obsolete row of brown dots running across all the \vings ; and the margin itself has a row of dark somewhat triangular dots. Generally found on the coast, in Norfolk, Kent, Devonshire, &c., about the beginning of August. Geometra contiguakia, Hiibner; Haworth; and our PI. 76, fig. II, is regarded as a variety of the preceding, being rather larger, with paler wings, and more strongly marked and denticulated strigae. It is found in the same localities. "^Sywonymes Phal(Ena Geometra incanata, lAnu^m ; Haworth; Stephens. Geometra immutaria, Hiibner, nee. Liun^us. Species 9. — Ptychopoda immutata i' — (Plate LXXII., Figs. 12, 13) — Measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse, with the wings cream-coloured or whitish, with the small dark subcentral dot conspicuous, and with about five lutescent striga, nearly equidistant, slightly undulated ; the posterior ones often nearly evanescent ; the fi'inge generally dotted with black at the base. Taken in Norfolk and Huntingdonshire, in marshy places, about the beginning of July. The caterpillar is whitish, with the back purplish, dotted with black, and with red brown lateral patches. '' Synonymes. — PhaUenn Geometra immutata, Linnsus ; Ha«ortb ; Stephens, nee. Hiibner. Geomelru si/lveslraria, Hiibner ; Treitschke. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 75 Species 10. — Ptychopoda rubricata ^' — (Plate LXXII., Fig. 14) — Measures 11 lines in expanse, and has all the wings dark purplish-red ; the fore ones with three nearly equidistant dark strigas ; the apical portion rather darker, and the hind ones with two dark strigas. The antennse of the males are strongly setose, appearing bipectinated. Taken at the beginning of August, flying in the North Foreland Meadow, Dover ; also near York, but very rare. " Synonvme Geometrarubricala, Wien. Verz. ; HUbner ; Stephens ; 111. Haust. 3, pi. 31, fig. 1 ; Cuitis ; Wood, fig. 722. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXIII. Insrcis. — Fig. 1. Acidalia osseata (the dark cream wave). j Insects. — Fig. 18. Timandra imitaria (the small blood vein). „ Fig. 2. Acidalia — var. margine-punctata (the dotted bor- ! „ Fig. 19. Timandra variegata (the subangled wave). dered wave). ' „ Fig. 20. Timandra emutaria (the dusky wave). „ Fig. 3. Acidalia virgularia (the small dusty wave). „ Fig. 21. Macaria notata (the peacock). 22. Caterpillar. „ Fig. 4. Acidalia subsericeata (the satin wave). „ Fig. 23. Macaria alternata (the sharpangled peacock). „ Fig. 5. Acidalia aversata (the riband wave). „ Fig. 24. Macaria liturata (the lawny barred angle). „ Fig. 6. Acidalia remutata (the false riband wave). ■ 25. Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 7. Acidalia — var. inornata (the plain wave). „ Fig. 26. Ania emarginata (the scolloped double line). „ Fig. 8. Acidalia fumata (the smoky wave). ,, Fig. 27. Eunomos fle.-jula (the beautiful hook tip). „ Fig. 9. Acidalia lactata (the pale cream wave). „ Fig. 28. Macaria limhata (the bordered cheque). ,, Fig. 10. Acidalia — var. flos lactata (the cream wave). „ Fig. 29. Macaria prajatomata (the dingy angled). „ Fig. 11. Pcecilophasia marginata (the clouded border). 12. ., Fig. 30. Macaria subrufata (the slender-shaped rufous). Var. 13. Caterpillar. Fig. 14. Chlorissa viridata (the small grass emerald). Fig. 15. Chlorissa thymiaria (the common emerald). 16. Caterpillar. Fig. 17. Chlorissa putataria (the little emerald). „ Fig. 31. Macaiia unipunctata (the white spot). The whole of the insects figured in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley. The caterpillars are from Hiibner and Freyer. H.N.H. ACIDALIA, Treitschke ; Curtis ; Boisduval. DOSYTHEA, pars, Duponchel. Mr. Stephens has separated, perhaps with too great niin«teness, the following species from those of the preceding genus, with which they agree in the anomalous structure of the hind tibise, furnished with brushes of hair, and destitute of spurs, whilst those of the females have one or two pairs of spurs ; as well as in the pale dull colouring of the wings, which are traversed by slight dusky strigas, more or less liable to become obsolete. From the Ptychopodse, however, they are generally distinguished by their more elongated fore wings, which have the apical margin without dark clouds. Species 1. — Acidalia osseata' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 1) — Measures |- inch in expanse; wings whitish buff, with the subcentral ordinary dark small dot, preceding which are two dark strigse, most conspicuous on the costa of the fore wings, and beyond which are three darker wavy slender strigas, common to all the wings, sometimes nearly obsolete (as in the variety Ph. subochreata, Steph.) ; the margin itself with a row of small oblong black dots. Common at the end of June, in hedges and woods. f SvNONYMEs.— PAfl/^na osseata, V/ien. Verz.; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 723. Ptychopoda subochreata, Stephens Cat. (variety). Species 2.— Acidalia margine-punctata". — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 2.) — Possibly a variety of the S-fia^,.Cna/a> preceding, from which it differs in being rather larger (measuring 10 lines in expanse), and being destitute of ' ' ' the ferruginous tinge on the costa of the fore wings, and with a distinct row of rounded black dots on the apical margin of all the wings. Taken in the New Forest. s Synonyme. — Acidalia margine punctata, Sie^^iens ; Wood, fig. 724. L 2 76 BRITISH MOTHS Species 3. — Acidalia virgularia '' — (Plate LXXIIL, Fig. 3) — Measures from 7 to 10 lines in expanse, and has the wings long and ashy-coloured, and thickly pulverose, with two oblique strigse, one of which is rather angulated before, and the other in the middle, of the wings ; the latter running across the hind wings, and with a broadish somewhat brownish border to all the wings, with minute white clouds and black specks ; Jntt,-r,>,u'<-- the margin itself with small black dots. A very common and widely-dispersed species, taken about the beginning of July, in hedges. ' Synonyme. — Geometra virgularia, Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 725. Species 4. — Acidalia subsericeata ' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 4) — Measures 11 lines in expanse ; wings somewhat sericeous, pale whitish, with a greenish tinge, and five dusky undulating strigae, placed at equal distances apart ; all, except the first, running also across the hind wings ; the central ordinary dark dot being occasionally obsolete ; apical margins with a row of dusky dots. Taken at Darenth Wood, in Kent, in June. ' Synonyme. — PhaltBtia subsericeata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 72G. Species 5. — Acidalia aversataJ — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 5) — Measures nearly 1^ inch in expanse; wings whitish or reddish ashy, thickly irrorated with brown atoms, with an evanescent brownish striga pre- ceding, and another, extending across all the wings, beyond the broad brown fascia, which is somewhat undulated, and extends across all the wings ; apical margin with a row of minute black dots. Very common in woods, in July and September. J Synonyme. — Phal(Bna Geometra aversata, Linnaeus; Haworth; Hubner; Stephens; Wood, fig. 728. Species 6.- — -Acidalia degeneraria "^ — Measures 13 lines in expanse; pale ochreous brown; all the wings with a subcentral black dot ; the fore ones with the costa red, and a reddish -brown fascia, rather before the middle ; and between it and the apical margin are two parallel sinuated fuscous strigEe, and another subapical almost indistinct ; the outer portion of the red fascia and the strigee carried across the hind wings ; the margin itself with a brown line. A single specimen, taken by Mr. Curtis, in the island of Portland, at the end of June. Having been omitted in the plate, a figure will be added in the Appendix. ^ Synonyme. — Geometra degeneraria, Hubner; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 384 ; Duponchel ; Stephens. S/vSVat. Species 7- — Acidalia remdtata ' — (Plate LXXIIL, Fig. 6) — Measures nearly 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings whitish or reddish ashy-coloured and pulverose, with three equidistant slightly undulated strigae, variable in intensity ; the two outer ones running across all the wings, and with a slender interrupted dark brown line along the apical margin, and a row of minute black dots at the base of the fringe. Very common in woods, in June and September. ' Synonyme. — Phakena Geometra remutata, Linusus ; Haworth; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 729, but not of Hiibner. Species 8. — Acidalia inohnata " — (Plate LXXIIL, Fig. 7) — Measures nearly 1^ inch in expanse; wings pale brownish gray, nearly destitute of brown atoms, with three equidistant dusky strigje, which are nearly evanescent, and of which the posterior is sometimes obsoletely geminated ; the ordinary subcentral dark dot is distinct in all the wings, and the apical margin is destitute of the striga or dark dots of the preceding species, to which, however, this is very closely allied. Commonly taken in woods, especially those of Kent, in June and July. •" Synonymes. — Phalisna i«or/m/a, Haworth ; Stephens; Cur- | Phalana murinata? Fabricius. lis : Wood, fig. 727. | Idica suffusata, Treitschke. pl.Y.i AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 77 Species 9. — Acidalia fuliginata " — Measures 13 or 14 lines in expanse; all the wings smoky brown, with a darker striga, almost obsolete, running beyond the middle of the fore ones. Found in June, near London. " Synonyme. — PImlaena fuliginata, Haworth ; Stephens. Species 10. — Acidalia fumata" — (Plate LXXllI., Fig. 8) — Measures 13 or 14 lines in expanse ; wings ashy, thickly irrorated with brown atoms, with three or four dusky strigse, almost obsolete, the outer one followed by an obscure pale wave ; the apical margin immaculate ; the strigse more distinctly marked in the female. Taken in the northern counties of England, and in different parts of Scotland, in June and July ; also near Ashburton, Devon, by Messrs. Chart and Bentley. ° Synonyme. — Acidalia fitmata,C\ix\.\s\ Stephens; Wood, fig. 730. Species 11. — Acidalia lactata i"— (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 9) — Measures about 14 lines in expanse ; wings pale buff-white ; fore ones with a straight oblique striga, preceding the ordinary dark dot, which is followed by a second striga (which also crosses the hind wings, and is scarcely waved ; a third striga, more strongly marked, and much waved, is placed between this and the apical margin, and also crosses the hind wings ; the apical margin generally with the ordinary series of small black dots. The variety suhlactata has the basal striga obsolete ; but the strigse vary considerably in different specimens. Common in woods, in Jnne. P Synonymes PhalcBiia lactata, Hnworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 73 i. PhaliBna suhlactata, Haworth (v.ariety). Species 12.— Acidalia floslactata'' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 10) — Measures 13 lines in expanse ; wings cream- white, slightly atomose, with three or four considerably undulated darker striga crossing all the wings, and differently disposed to those in A. lactata ; apical margin generally unspotted. Common in woods, in June. 1 Synonymes PAotenayZo«/ac<a<a, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, I Geometra centrata, Fabricius? fig. 732. j Geometra remutaria, Hiibner ; but not of Linna?us. Species 13. — Acidalia pallidaria •■ — Measures 1 inch in expanse ; wings pale yellowish, the anterior with four brownish yellow strigae, and the hind ones with three, all the wings having the ordinary, subcentral, brown dot. Taken in Kent and Devonshire. ' Synonyme. — Phalcena pallidaria, Wieu. Vera.; Hiibner; Curtis; Stephens; Wood, fig. 741. -^iv.i3.Vi^ PCECILOPHASIA, Stephens. ABRAXAS, pars, Curtis. MELANIPPE, pars, Duponchel. The common species which is the type of this genus is distinguished by its white wings, marked with large black blotches, and by its entire margins ; the anteunse simple in both sexes ; the palpi very short ; the hind tibiae are thickened, and slightly ciliated in the males, but having two pairs of short spurs. The caterpillar is long, slender, and naked. Species 1. — Pcecilophasia marginata' — (Plate LXXIII., Figs. 11, 12, 13) — Measures from 1 inch to 13 lines in expanse ; body black ; wings white, fore ones with a large black blotch at the base of the costa, followed by another large costal spot, which is more or less extended in different specimens into a fascia across all the wings, the apical margin of all being irregularly black, which is, however, occasionally very much interrupted. The species is, indeed, one of the most variable in the family. The caterpillar is green, with the articulations yellow, and with slender, longitudinal, black markings. A very common species in woods, throughout the summer. ' Synonymes. — Phalmna Geometra marginata, Linnasus; Hiibner; Donovan, 9, pi. 293, fig. 2 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 733 ; Harris, Expos., pi. 6, fig. 6. Phaliena staphyleata, Scopoli. Geometra ncevaria, Hiibner (variety). Phalcena navata, Haworth, Prod, (variety). Geometra pollutaria, Hiibner (variety). 78 BRITISH MOTHS CHLORISSA, Stephens. HIPPARCHUS and MACARIA, pars, Curtis. The species of this genus are distinguished from the alHed preceding groups by having the wings more or less tinged with green, and the posterior ones more or less angulated in the middle of the posterior margin ; the palpi are slender, but porrected beyond the front of the head ; the antennae of the males are subpectinated, nearly to the tips in some species, but ciliated through their entire length in others ; and the hind tibiae of the males are more or less incrassated, and in some species furnished with only a pair of spurs at the tips, thus approaching the insects of the preceding genus. Species 1. — Chlorissa vieidata' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 14) — Measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse ; wings bluish green, with an almost obsolete striga preceding, and another beyond the middle of the wings, the latter also extending across the hind wings ; the fringe with a reddish tinge. Rare ; taken in the New Forest and elsewhere, at the end of May and in June. ' Synonvmes. — Phalcena Geometra viridata, Linneeus ; Hubner ; , figured in our pi. 60, f. 3 ; nor of Fabricius, whinh is our Chlorissa Albin, pi. 48, tig. 80, a — c ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 734. j thymiaria). Geometra vernaria, Haworth ; (but not of Linnajus, which is ! Species 2. — Chlorissa cloraria, Hiibner ? Wood, fig. 735. — Under this name Mr. Stephens doubtingly describes a specimen, which he considers distinct from the preceding ; measuring nine lines in expanse, and having all the wings pale green, with a single whitish striga placed behind the middle, fringe entirely green. Species 3. — Chlorissa Thymiaria" — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 15, 16) — Measures from 9 to 14 lines in expanse ; wings dull grass-green, with a flexuous pale whitish striga before, and another of the same colour much waved, also crossing the hind wings beyond the middle ; fringe whitish with brown spots. Common in woods at the end of June. The caterpillar is slender, attenuated in front ; green varied with dark patches on the back ; marked with white dots, and with a brown head ; it feeds on the oak, whitethorn, &c. " Synonymes. — phalcena Geometra Thymiaria, Linn:eus, Albin, Geometra jEstivaria, Borkhauseu ; Hubner. pi. 48, fig. 81, d — g; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 3; Haworth, Stephens; Phalcena vernaria, Fabricius; Donovan, vol. 9, pi. 310 ; (but Wood, fig. 736. \ not of Linnaeus.) Phalcena Geometra strigata, Villers. j Phalcena vernaria, Esper ; Stephens, Cat. (variety.) Phalcena Jimbriata, Hufnagle. I Species 4. — Chlorissa pdtataria ' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 17) — This delicate species measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse ; wings pale green, with two almost obsolete whitish striga running across the middle of the wings : the first less conspicuous on the latter, slightly incurved, and almost without undulation ; but the second Xo^" . striga is undulated, fringe greenish. The green colour of the wings soon fades to a delicate white. Very com- ^.2 mon in woods at the end of May. This species differs from all the preceding, by having two pairs of spurs in the male tibiae. ' Synonvme Phalcena Geometra putataria, \j\uT\!t\is; Fabricius; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; \\^ood, fig. 737. TIMANDRA, Duponchel. MACARIA, pars, Curtis. These insects have the hind wings angulated in the middle of the hind margin, like those of the last genus; from which, however, they differ, not only in the duller colours of their wings, but also in the diagonal fascia running across them ; the antennas of the males are slightly pectinated ; the palpi are porrected ; the fore wings acute at the tips ; and the hind tarsi of the males are dilated, and destitute of spurs ; the females having two pairs of those appendages to the same limbs. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 79 Species 1. — Timandra imitaria." — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 17.) — This delicate species measures 10 or 11 wings of a pale reddish clay colour, with an incurved striga before the ordinary brown dot, which is closely followed by a second stronger striga or rather clouded fascia, whicli runs across all the wings, but preceding the ordinary dot in the hind wings, and followed by another slender, dark, and more undulated striga ; fringe red. A common and widely dispersed species. ^^ Synonyme. — Geometra imitaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 738. Species 2. — Timandra variegata "^ — (Plate LXXIII,, Fig. 19) — Measures 13 or 14 lines in expanse ; JhtfUi.t^ wings whitish, irrorated, with cinerescent atoms, with two nearly evanescent strigse across all the wings, and an oblique brown fascia rather beyond the middle, running across the ordinary dot of the hind wings; apical margin with an interrupted brown line. Rare but widely dispersed. Found in June, in lanes near woods. " Synonymes. — Phalcena variegata, Scopoli, Stephens ; Wood, 6g. 739. Geometra strigillaria, Hiibner ; Haworth. Species 3. — Timandra emutaria - — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 20) — Measures 1 inch in expanse ; wings pale buff tinged with red, and irrorated with brown atoms, all the wings having the ordinary subcentral dusky dot, which is followed by an oblique, central, obscurely red fascia ; the apical margin with a row of small black dots. Taken in the New Forest in July. y Synonyme. — Geometra emutaria^ Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 740. Timandra subroseata, Haworth ; Stephens, which measures 1 inch in expanse, with the wings rosy whitish, thickly irrorated with brown atoms, with an ashy striga running from near the tip of the fore wings to the middle of the anal margin of the hind ones ; followed in the fore ones by an oblique row of about four very minute black dots ; and which is also found in the Xew Forest and in Norfolk in -July ; is probably a variety of the last described species. MACARIA, Curtis. PHIBOLIA, Duponchel. This is another group, with irregular hind feet, the tibia of the males being dilated, and furnished with a fascicle of liairs, capable of being concealed within a suture down the inside : the antennee in the same sex are serrated beneath ; the palpi slightly projecting ; the fore wings slightly falcate at the tips, and the hind ones angulated in the middle of the hind margin ; the disc without diagonal strigae. The caterpillars are moderately slender, slightly attenuated in the thoracic segments; and the chrysalis is angular, and inclosed in a web amongst the leaves. Species 1. — Macaria notata^ — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 21) — Measures from 13 to 15 lines in expanse ; wings grayish white and atomose, the notch near the tips of the fore ones edged with dark brown ; the costa ^vith four reddish or chestnut marks, the last much the largest ; and from which extend four ashy nearly obsolete striga crossing all the wings, the last of which forms a fascia, which in the fore wings bears in the middle a group of five small black dots, the hind wings with the ordinary black dot. The caterpillar is areen, with a row of dark dorsal spots, and the sides darker ; head reddish ; it feeds on the willow ; and the moth appears in the summer months in woods, especially those of Kent and Surrey ; but it is not common. '■ Synonyme. — Phalar.a Geometra notata, LinnEeus ; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 742. Species 2.— Macaria alternata -'—(Plate LXXIII., Fig. 23)— Measures from 13 to 15 lines in expanse, and very closely resembles the preceding ; the wings are ashy white and atomose, with three fuscous striga ; on 80 BRITISH MOTHS the costa towards the apex, is the brown spot as in the preceding, but behind this is a larger cleft spot not formed, as in it, of five small black dots ; the fore wings have the tips more acute, and the hind ones more angulated. Taken according to Mr. Haworth with the preceding, but rare. » Synonvmes. — Geometra alternafa, Vfiea. Xevz. ; Hiibner (lituraria) ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 743. PhaltBna prtsnotata, Haworth. Species 3. — Macaria liturata ^ — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. '24) — Measures from 15 to 17 lines in expanse; wings ashy with a lilac tinge ; the anterior scarcely falcate at the tip ; the costa with four dark dots, the last largest and chesnut-coloured, the others are carried transversely, in slender nearly obsolete strigse, dotted with black across the wings ; beyond the third is an ochraceous fascia ; hind wings slightly angulated ; apical margin of all tlie wincrs with a row of black dots. Taken in July, in fir plantations in Hampshire ; also in Kent and the northern counties. b Synonysies. — Phalmna Geometra liturata, Linnaeus; Hiibner (alternaria) ; Haworth; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 132 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 745. Phalcena igneata, Hufuagle. Species 4. — Macaria pr^atomata '^ — (Plate LXXllI., Fig. 29) — Measures 15 lines in expanse ; fore wino-s but slightly emarginate at the tip, whitish ashy, thickly irrorated with brown scales, the anterior with three dusky, somewhat obsolete, waved strigse, the outer one furcate at the costa, or rather with the costa marked towards the tip, with a short, transverse, dark patch ; apical margin dusky ; hind wings somewhat strigose, and ' ^"^ ' rather acutely angulated. Described by Mr. Haworth, from a specimen in Francillon's British collection, now belonging to Mr. Bentley. ^ Synonyme. — Phalcena priBaiomata^ ^^\vov(\i \ Stephens; Wood, fig. 746. Sppxies 5. — Macaria subrufata f' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 30) — Measures 15 lines in expanse: wings reddish, with slender dusky strigae. Size of M. notata — '•' The edges of the acute upper wings seem to have been dentated or angled ; but the specimen from whence this description was made is too much injured to be certain of it." — HAVi^GRTn. Also described from a specimen in Francillon's collection, now belonging to Mr. Bentley. ^ Synonyme. — PhaltBna subrufata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 744. Species 6. — Macaria unipunctata '' — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 31) — Measures 16 lines in expanse; wings reddish buiF, irrorated with brown, and strongly dentated ; fore ones with two slender, curved, dark strigae, the centre of the wing between them bearing an obscure brown fascia ; another, less distinct, runs parallel with the apical margin, bearing a conspicuous white dot near the apex ; hind wings somewhat caudated, witii two strigse. Also from a specimen in Francillon's collection, but now belonging to Mr. Stephens ; its locality, as well as those of the two preceding species, being unknown. « Synonyme. — Phalmna unipunctata, Haworth ; Stephens, 111. H. 3, pi. 31, fig. 3 ; Wood, fig. 747. ANIA, Stephens. The wings in this genus are rather short, the fore ones crossed by entire strigas ; and with the apex acute, the middle of the apical margin prominent, and the middle of the posterior margin of the hind wing angulated ; the palpi are short and scarcely porrected ; the antennse of the males subserrated, and the hind tibiae of the males dilated and destitute of spurs, the female having the same limbs furnished with only a single pair of spurs. The caterpillar is attenuated in front, slightly pilose, and not tubercled. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 81 Species 1. — Ania emarginata ^ — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 26) — Measures 10 or 11 lines in expanse ; wings pale fulvous in the male, reddish in the female, with two somewhat repanded brownish strigse, between which is a black dot ; the first striga is incurved, the second crossing the hind wings much beyond the middle ; and between these is often a brownish fascia, especially in the females ; a third nearly obsolete striga runs along the apical margin of the wings. The female is smaller and darker-coloured than the male. Taken in July and August, in hedges and woods, and rather common. The caterpillar is ochreous, with a brown dorsal line ; it feeds on the bindweed. ' Synonvmes. — Phaltvna Geometra emarginata, Linnipus ; Hiib- ner ; Hawortb ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 749. PhalcB7ia demandata, Fabricius. Phalana quadripunctata, Donovan, 14, pi. 493, fig. 3. PhaltBna erosaia, Hufnagle. Phalisna dimidiata, Hawortb (female). PhalcBna rumigerata, Donovan, 14, pi. 493, fig. 2 (female). Species 2. — Ania limbata s. — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 28) — Measures 13 lines in expanse ; wings pale and ^^ ?■ angulated, and reticulated with ferruginous, and with a broad, apical, ferruginous border. Taken in Scotland. ^a<.^-> /' In Mr. Chant's collection. e SvNoNYME. — Phalana limbata, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 748. ENNOMOS, Treitschke. FALCARIA, Haworth. AVENTIA, Duponchel, Bdv. As the Phalsena flexula of Fabricius was given by Treitschke as the type of his genus Ennomos, (although the major part of the genus was composed of our Thorn moths), Mr. Stephens retained the generic name for that particular species ; other late authors have, however, given the name of Ennomos to the Thorns, and a distinct new generic name to P. flexula. I have, however, followed in Mr. Stephens's steps, as they are in accordance with the principle I have so repeatedly insisted upon in my writings. The antenna in the males are slightly pubescent ; the palpi rather long and prominent ; the wings expanded in repose, the fore ones deeply emarginata near the tip, and the hind ones rounded ; the hind tibiffi are incrassated, but furnished with two pairs of long spurs. The caterpillar is sublacertine, depressed, fimbriated at the sides, and furnished with a dorsal tubercle ; it feeds on lichens. Species 1. — Ennomos flexula '^ — (Plate LXXIII., Fig. 27) — Measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; ashy gray, thickly irrorated with brown scales, the fore ones with two whitish, flexuous strigse, one before and the other beyond the middle, bordered with brown on each side, and having two brown dots between them ; hind wings paler, with a whitish striga, similarly bordered, and a central brown dot. Caterpillar green, with the neck, a raised tubercle, the acuminated tail, head and feet all reddish. The perfect insect appears in July, in woods, but is far from common. •* Synonvmes. — Phalana flexula, Fabricius ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 750, Phalana Geometra sinwata, Villers. 82 BRITISH MOTHS DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXXIV. Insects. — Fig. 1. Platypterys Ucertula (the scallop hook tip), Caterpillar. „ Fig. 3. Platypteryx, — var. Cultrarla (the pale scallop hook tip). M Fig* 4* Drepana falcataria (the pebble hook tip). 5. Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 6. Drepana hamula (the oak hook tip). ,, Fig. 7. Drepana unguicula (the barred hook tip), ,, Fig. S. Cilix compressa (the Chinese character). ,, Fig. 9. Hypena proboscidalis (the snout eggar likeness). 10. Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 11. Hypena obesalis (the pioioa snout). 2. I Insects. — Fig. 12. Hypena rostralis (the buttoned snout). 13. Cater- pillar. ,, Fig. 14. Hypena palpalis (the dark snout). ,, Fig. 15. Hypena crassalis (the beautiful snout). ,, Fig. 16. Jlacrochiiia cribralis (the dotted fan-foot), ,, Fig. 17. Pechipogon barbalis (t^he common fan-foot). 18. Caterpillar. ',, Fig. 19. Paracolax derivalis (the clay fan-foot). ,, Fig. 20. Paracolax tarsicrinalis (the fan-foot). ,, Fig. 21. Paracolax nemoralis (the small fan-foot). The "whole of the insects in this plate are from the cabinet of Jlr. Bentley ; the caterpillars are from Hiibner and Freyer. — H. N. H. Family PLATYPTERICID^, Stephens. The insects represented in the first eight figures of Plate 74, are anomalous in their relations ; resulting chiefly from the structure of their lacertine larvae : hence, Latreille unites them with Cerura, into a group which he calls Aposura, (Regne An., 2d Ed., V., p. 406) ; Mr. Curtis suggests a relation to the Atlas moth, not only from the falcate form of the wings of some of the species, but also from the structure, in those species, of the spiral tongue, which is short and fleshy, as in such Bombycidse which possess that organ ; whilst Mr. Stephens states, that, although the larvae resemble in their singular structure those of the typical Notodontidae, yet, from the habit of the perfect insects, the breadth and tenuity of their wings, their short legs, &c., he conceives them to be as nearly related to the terminal Geometridee, the larvse of one genus of which, Ennomos, is not very dissimilar to those of the present group, which he regards as a family under the name of Platyptericidse. There is another character, moreover, by which this latter relationship is effected, namely, the existence of only a single pair of spurs to the posterior tibiae, in the true genus Platypteryx. I could wish, however, to caU attention to the peculiarity of the manner in which the veins of the fore wings are disposed, by which they are separated from all the true Geometridae ; the great median vein, having, in addition to the three ordinary branches, a fourth, arising close upon the origin of the third ; above which the transverse vein is very oblique ; in other words, the longitudinal vein which ordinarily arises from the middle or front portion of the transverse vein (closing the great cell of the wing), is here pushed so far back that it touches the outer branch of the median vein. This character neither prevails amongst the Bombycidje, Notodontidae, nor Geometridse. A knowledge of the structure and metamorphoses of exotic Lepidopterous forms, will alone enable us to solve the question of the true situation of this interesting group. Will not the imago state of Sacoophora and the larva of Schizura, two genera of North American moths, described by Mr. E. Doubleday, in the Entomologist, assist in determining the relations of these insects ? I have therefore provisionally adopted Mr. Stephens' views in giving them as a distinct family. Mr. Haworth formed them into a separate group, named Falcaria. PLATYPTERYX, Laspeyees. The wings in this group are denticulated, and thickly marked with short, slender, transverse dark lines ; the antennae bipectinated in both sexes ; the spiral tongue almost rudimental : the palpi very minute ; the four posterior tibiae with only one pair of spurs. The caterpillars have fourteen feet, the two anal ones wanting, and the body attenuated to a point behind, and with tubercles on the back of the anterior segments. r PI- 74-. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 83 Species 1. — Platypteryx lacertinaria '-^(Plate LXXIV., Figs. 1, 2) — Varies from 1 to l-J- inch in expanse; wings fulvous-buff; hind ones paler, with numerous irregularly dusky transverse lineolse on the fore ones, which also have two oblique dark strigfe, between which is a dark dot ; the region of these strigje and the extremity of the fore wings darker : hind wings sometimes with a slight streak on the inner maro-in. The caterpillar is reddish brown, with darker markings : it feeds on Birch trees ; and the moth occurs in birch plantations from March to June, and is not very uncommon. ' SvNONVMEs. — Phalana Geometra lacerlinaria, Linnjeus ; DonovaD 7 ; pi. 251, fig. 2. Geometra lacertula, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner ; Hawortli ; Stephens; AVood, fig. 751. Phalana Scincula, Hiibner, $ . Geometra dentaria, Thunberg. Falcaria curvula, Haworth, (variety). Species 2.— Platypteryx cultrariaJ — (Plate LXXIV., Fig. 3) — Differs from the preceding in being •^■^■Va^ rather larger, with the fore wings less strongly dentate ; the oblique strigfe parallel and rusty-brown ; the lineolffl almost or quite obsolete ; hind wings pale. Taken near London, and Monks Wood, Hunts ; Dorsetshire, &c., in July. ' Synonymes. — platypteryx cultraria. Leach ; Stephens ; Wood ; fig. 732. Falcaria laceriula $, Haworth. DREPANA, Laspetres. PLATYPTERYX, pars, Ochsenheimer, Curtis. The entire, but falcated, fore wings of these insects separate them from the preceding ; and the males have the antennae more deeply bipectinated than in the former ; but in D. falcataria those organs are slightly bipectinated in the female ; the spiral tongue is very short, and the hind tibire have only a single pair of spurs, thus approximating to the former ; whereas, in the other species the female antennae are simple, the hind tibiifi armed with two pairs of spurs, and the spiral tongue more developed. Species 1. — Drepana falcataria '' — (Plate LXXIV., Figs. 4, 5) — Measures from li to 1^ inch in expanse ; wings pale ochraceous buff, with five or six slender, very waved strigse running across all of them, and having a dark blotch and two dots in the middle of the fore ones, beyond which is a chestnut-brown, very oblique fascia, terminating above in a gray marginal patch. The caterpillar has the head