LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
595 . 76
H88bm V. 2
Biology
OCT 1 7 m
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
APR 0 5 1S47 JUN 2 4 1954
DEC 1 5 2(110
L161 — O-1096
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://www.archive.org/details/britishmothsthei02hump
BRITISH MOTHS
AND THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS.
BRITISH MOTHS
AND THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS.
ARRANGED AND ILLUSTRATED IN A SERIES OF PLATES BY
H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ.,
WITH CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY
J. 0. WESTWOOD, ESQ., F.L.S.,
SKC. OF THK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY, KTC. ETC.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOLUME II.
LONDON: WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET.
MDCCCXLV.
LONDON :
BRADBORY AND EVANS, PRINTERS. WHITEFRIARS.
r
LIST OF PLATES.
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Insects. |
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Plant. |
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Insects.
PLATE LVII.
Psodos trepidaria (the black mountain-moth).
Psodos alpinata (the gold four-spot).
Speranza brunneata (the Rannoch Looper).
Speranza Limbaria (the frosted yellow).
The Caterpillar.
Bupalus piniarius (the bordered white).
The Female.
Fidonia atomaria (the common heath).
Another variety.
.\ Female.
Fidonia fuliginaria (the waved black).
The Caterpillar.
Fidonia ericetaria (the bordered gray).
The Female.
Moesia Favillacearia (the gray scalloped bar).
Hybernia leucophearia (the spring usher).
A variety.
Anisopteryx -Escularia (the March moth).
The Female.
Hybernia Capreolaria (the dotted border).
The Female.
The Caterpillar.
Hybernia prosapiaria (the scarce umber).
The Female.
Hybernia defoUaria (the mottled umber).
A variety.
A variety.
The Female.
The Caterpillar.
Cytisus scoparius (common broom).
PLATE LVIII.
1. Phigalia pilosaria (the pale brindled beauty).
2. The Female.
3. Nyssia hispidaria (the small brindled beauty).
4. The Female.
5. Nyssia zonaria (the belted beauty).
6. The Female.
7. The Caterpillar.
8. Biston Prodromarius (the oak beauty).
9. The Female. 10. The Caterpillar.
PAOS
2
6
FIO. PAOF.
Insects. II. Biston Betularius (the peppered moth).
„ 12. The Female.
„ 13. The Caterpillar.
„ 14. Biston Hlrtarius (the brindled beauty).
„ IS. The Female.
Plant. 16. Achillea millefolia (common millefoil or yarrow).
PLATE LIX. 10
Insects. 1. Himera pennaria (the October moth)'
„ 2. The Caterpillar.
„ 3. Crocallis elinguaria (the scolloped oak).
„ '4. The Caterpillar.
„ 5. Odontopera bidentata (the scolloped hazel). „ 6. The Caterpillar.
„ 7. Geometra Tiliaria (the canary-shouldered thorn). „ 8. The CaterpUlar.
„ 9. Geometra erosaria (the September thorn).
„ 10. The Caterpillar.
„ 11. Geometra angularia (the clouded August thorn).
„ 12. The Caterpillar.
„ 13. Geometra illunaria (the early thorn).
„ 14. The CaterpUlar.
„ 15. Geometra lunaria (the lunar thorn).
„ 16. The Caterpillar.
„ 17. Geometra delunaria.
„ 18. Geometra illustraria (the purple thorn).
„ 19. Geometra sublunaria, a variety of illustraria.
„ 20. Geometra fuscantaria.
„ 21. PericalliaSjTingaria (the lilac beauty). Cater- pillar and Chrysalis without number in pi. CO.
„ 22. Angerona prunaria (the orange moth).
„ 23. The Female.
„ 24. A variety of the Female.
„ 25. The Caterpillar.
„ 26. Rumia crata3gata (the brimstone moth).
„ 27. The Caterpillar.
„ 28. A variety of the Caterpillar.
„ 29. Ourapteryxsambucaria(the swallow-tailed moth).
„ 30. The Caterpillar.
„ 31. The Cocoon, misnumbered as 13.
„ 32. Camptea margaritaria (the light emerald).
„ 33. Ellopiafasciaiia (the barred red).
VOL. n.
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE LX. 16
FIG.
Iksects. 1. Hipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald).
2. The Caterpillar.
3. Hemithea vernaria (the small emerald).
4. The Caterpillar.
5. Hemithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald).
6. Hemithea cythisaria (the grass emerald).
7. The Caterpillar.
8. Cleora hajularia (the blotched emerald).
9. The Caterpillar.
1 0. Cleora lichenaria (the lime moss).
11. The Caterpillai-.
12. Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty).
13. Cleora teneraria (the dotted carpet).
14. Cleora cinetaria (the ringed carpet).
15. Cleora pictaria (the gray carpet).
16. Alcis repandaria (the mottled beauty).
19. The variety called muraria.
20. The variety called conversaria. 18. The Caterpillar.- ^
21. Alcis sericearia (the satiu carpet).
23. Alois roboraria (the great oak beauty).
24. The Caterpillar.
25. Alcis rhomboidaria (the willow beauty).
26. A dai'k variety.
27. The Caterpillar.
27. The variety called consobrinaria.
28. Alcis consortaria (the pale oak beauty).
29. The Caterpillar.
30. Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty). 42. is the Caterpillar of Camptea margaritaria,
figured in plate 9.
22. is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured in plate 61.
PLATE LXI.
I.NSEcrs. 1. Hemerophila abruptaria (the waved umber).
„ 2. Tephrosia tetragonaria (the square spot).
„ 3. Tephrosia abietaria (the iugrailed). 22 in plate 60 is the Caterpillar.
„ 4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed).
„ 5. The Caterpillar.
„ 26 & 27. Small varieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consonaria and Strigularia, pro- bably late broods.
6. Tephrosia extensaria (the brindled white spot).
7. Tephrosia punctularia (the gray bu-ch).
8. The Caterpillar.
9. Halia vauaiia (the common V moth).
10. The Caterpillar.
11. Numeria pulveraria (the barred umber).
12. The Caterpillar.
13. Cabera pusaria (the common white wave).
1 4. The Caterpillar.
15. A vai'iety called rotundaria.
16. Cabera exanthemaria (the common wave).
17. Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha).
18. Ephyria pendulaiia (the birch mocha).
Insects. 19. A variety.
24 & 25. The Caterpillar and Chrysalis. „ 20. Ephyra orbicularia (the dingy mocha) . „ 2!. EphjTa porata (the false mocha). -'
„ 22. The Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied
species. „ 23. Ephyra trilinearia (the clay-triple lines).
PLATE LXII. 26
Insects 1. Bradyepetes amataria (the blood vein).
„ 2. The Caterpillar.
,, 3. Epione apieiaria (the borderedbeauty).
„ 4. Epione vespertaria (the dark-bordered beauty).
„ 5. The Caterpillar.
„ 6. Epione advenaria (the little thorn \
„ 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing).
„ 8. The Caterpillar.
„ 9. Aspilates citraria (the yellow belle).
„ 10. A variety.
„ 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle)
„ 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave).
„ 14. The Caterpillar.
„ 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle).
„ 16. Larentia cervinaria (the mallow).
„ 12. The Caterpillar.
„ 1 7. Larentia chenopodiaria (the small muliow).
„ 22, The Caterpillar.
„ 18. Larentia bipunctaria (the chalk carpet).
„ 20. Larentia multistrigaria (the mottled grey).
Plant. 21. Althaea officinalis (the marshmallow).
PLATE LXIU. 30
Insects. — 1. Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet).
2. Cidaria mum'tata (the rufous carpet).
3. Cidaria ferrugata (the red twin spot).
4. Cidaria unidentaria (the dark-barred twin spoi).
5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot).
6. The Caterpillar.
7. Cidaria latentaria (the northern twin spot). j ., 8. Cidaria silicarLa (the striped twin spot).
9. Cidaria miaria (the gi-een carpet).
10. Cidaria oUvata (the beech green carpet).
1 1. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground).
1 2. Cidaria fluctuata (the garden carpet).
13. The Caterpillai-.
14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet).
15. Venusia cambrica (the Welch wave).
16. Karpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow).
17. The Caterpillar.
18. The Chrysalis.
19. Hai-palyce oceUata (the purple bar).
20. The Caterpillar.
21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet).
22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable).
23. The Caterpillai-.
24. Harpalyce subtristata (the common carpet).
25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet).
26. Harpalyce unangulata (the sharp-angled carpet).
LIST OF PLATES.
Insecis.
FtO.
•27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). Harpalyce siKiceat.i (the small phoeuix). Harpalyce corjiata (the broken barred carpet). The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. „ 32. Harpalyce unilobata (the single-lobed).
PLATE LXIV.
Insects. 1. Polyphasia marmoi-ata (the marbled carpetV „ 2. Polyiiliasia centum-notata (the common ni:ir-
bled carpet). „ 3. Polyphasia immanata(a variety ofthepreceding). „ 4. Steganolophia prunata (the clouded carpet). „ o. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysalis. „ 7. Lampropteryx suffumata (the water carpet).
Lampropteryx badiata (the shoulder stripe).
The Caterpillar.
Auticlea Berbcrata (the raspberry carpet).
The Caterpillar.
The Chrysalis.
The Cocoon.
Anticlea rubidata (the flame).
Anticlea siuuata (the royal mantle).
Anticlea derivata (the streamer).
The Caterpillar.
Electra comitata (the dark spinach).
Electra populata (the poplar).
The Caterpillar.
Electra spinachiata (the spinach).
Electra testata (the chevron). -
Electra p\TaUata (the barred straw).
Celma imbutata (the Manchester treble li.-'r).
Anaitis plagiata (the slender treble bai').
Siona dealbata (the black vein).
Galium sp.
38
Plant.
8. 16.
9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27
PLATE LXV.
44
Insects. 1. Abraxas ulmata (the scarce magpie).
2. The Caterpillar.
3. Abraxas pantaria, (a variety of the preceding).
4. Abraxas grossulariata (the magpie).
5. A variety.
6. A variety.
7. The Caterpillar.
8. The Cocoon.
9. The Chrysalis.
10. Melanippe hastata (the argent and sable).
11. The Caterpillar.
12. Melanippe hastulafa.
13. Zerene albicillata (the beautiful carpet).
14. Zerene procellata (the chalk carpet).
15. Zerene adustata (the scorched carpet).
16. Zerene rubiginata (the blue bordered carpet).
1 7. Zerene plumbata (the dark blue bordered cari)et).
Insects. 3. Euthalia impluviata (the May high-flyer). „ 4. The Caterpillar.
„ 5. Euthalia cluLata (the July high-flyer). „ 6. A variety. „ 7. The Caterpillar. ,, S. A rcm.arkable variety of the preceding species
(horriJ.'U'ia). „ 9. Phibalapteryx tersata (the Fern).
„ 10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata (the small waved ambrc)
„ 11. Phibalapteryx lignata (the obliijue carpet).
„ 12. Phibalapteryx liueolata (the obliciue striped).
„ 13. Phibalapteryx angustata (the narrow bordered
carpet).
„ 14. Lozogramma petraria (the brown silver lines).
„ 15. Scotosia vetulata (the brown scollop).
„ 16. The Caterpillar. *
„ 17. Scotosia sparsaria (the small scollop).
„ 18. Scotosia rhamuata (the dark umber).
PLATE LXVII. 50
Insects. 1. Triphosa cervinata (the scarce tissue).
2. Triphosa dubitata (the common tissue).
3. Triphosa cinereata (the ashy tissue).
4. Camptogramma bilineata (the yellow shell).
5. Eucosmia undulata (the scollop shell), b". Cliarissa obscuraria (the dark annulet).
7. The Caterpillar.
8. Cliarissa uilucid.aria (the pale annulet).
9. Charissa pullata (the brown annulet),
10. Charissa serotinaria (the large Mocha).
11. Charissa operaria (the Scotch annulet).
12. Pachycnemia hippocastantiria (the chesnut carpet).
13. Clioesias spartiata (the streak).
14. The Caterpillar.
15. Thera obUijuaria (the chevron).
PLATE LXVI.
Insects. 1. Euthalia miata (the autumn green carpet). „ 2. Euthalia psittacata (the red-green carpet).
48
PLATE LXVIII.
Insects. 1. Thera simulata (the brick carpet).
„ 2. Thera variata (the grey carpet).
„ 3. Thera juniperata (the Juniper carpet).
„ 4. The Caterpillar.
„ 5. Thera couiferata (the Northern carpet).
„ 6. The Caterpillar.
„ 7. Oporabia dilutata (the November moth).
„ 8. A pale variety.
„ 9. Oporabia polata (the pol.ar carpet).
„ 10. C'lieimatobia brumata (the winter moth).
„ II. Clieinmtobia rupicapraria (the early moth).
„ 1 2. Lobophora Polycommata (the spring carpet).
„ 13. The Caterpillar.
„ 17. L. polycommata, from Hiibner's fig.
„ 14. Lobophoi-a lobulata (the early tooth-striped).
„ 15. The Caterpillar.
„ 16. Lobophora rupcstrata (the double-lined).
„ 18. Lobophora hexapterata (the prominent).
„ 19. Lobophora sexalisata (the Bmall seraphim).
„ 20. The Caterpillar.
Plant. 21. Juuiperus communis (the common juniper).
34
b2
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE LX.
PAGE
16
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Insects. |
L |
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16. |
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20. |
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18. |
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24. |
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27. |
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28. |
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29. |
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30. |
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33 |
42. |
Insects.
22.
Hipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald).
The Caterpillar.
Hemithea vernaria (the small emerald).
The Caterpillar.
Hemithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald).
Hemithea cytliisaria (the grass emerald).
The Caterpillar.
Cleora hajularia (the blotched emerald).
The Caterpillar.
Cleora lichenaria (the lime moss).
The Caterpillar.
Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty).
Cleora teneraria (the dotted carpet).
Cleora cinctaria (the ringed carpet).
Cleora pictaria (the gray carpet).
Alcis repandaria (the mottled beauty).
The variety called muraria.
The variety called conversaria.
The Caterpillar.
Alcis sericearia (the satin carpet).
Alcis roboraria (the great oak beauty).
The Caterpillar.
Alois rhomboidaria (the willow beauty).
A dark variety.
The Caterpillar.
The variety called consobriuaria.
Alois consortaria (the pale oak beauty).
The Caterpillar.
Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty).
is the Caterpillar of Campasa margaritaria,
figured in plate 9. is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured
in plate 61.
PLATE LXI.
1. Hemerophila abruptaria (the waved umber).
2. Tephrosia tetragonaria (the square spot).
3. Tephrosia abietaria (the ingrailed). 22 in
plate 60 is the Caterpillar.
4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed).
5. The Caterpillar.
26 Sc 27. Small varieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consonaria and Strigularia, pro- bably late broods.
6. Tephrosia extensaria (the brindled white spot).
7. Tephrosia punetularia (the gray bh-ch).
8. The Caterpillar.
9. Halia vauaria (the common V moth).
10. The Caterpillar.
11. Numeria pulveraria (the barred umber).
12. The Caterpillar.
13. Cabera pusaria (the common white wave).
14. The Caterpillar.
15. A variety called rotundaria.
16. Cabera exanthemaria (the common wave).
1 7 . Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha).
18. Epbyria pendulaiia (the birch mocha).
FIG. F
Insects. 19. A variety.
„ 24 & 25. The Caterpillar and Chrysalis.
„ 20. Ephyra orbicularia (the dingy mocha).
„ 2!. Ephyra porata (the false mocha).
„ 22. The Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied
species.
„ 23. Ephyra trilinearia (the clay-triple lines).
PLATE LXII. 26
Insects 1. Bradyepetes amataria (the blood vein). „ 2. The Caterpillar.
., 3. Epione apiciaria (the bordered beauty). „ 4. Epione vespertaria (the dark-bordered beauty). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ C. Epione advenaria (the little thorn 1. „ 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing). „ 8. The Caterpillar. „ 9. Aspilates eitraria (the yellow belle). „ 10. A variety.
„ 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle) „ 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave). „ 14. The Caterpillar. „ 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle).
Larentia eervinaria (the mallow).
The Caterpillar.
Larentia cheuopodiaria (the small mallov).
The Caterpillar.
Larentia bipuuctaria (the chalk carpet). „ 20. Larentia multistrigaria (the mottled grey). Plant. 21. .■lithEea officinalis (the marshmallow).
PLATE LXIII. 30
Insects. — 1. Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet).
„ 2. Cidaria munitata (the rufous carpet).
„ 3. Cidaria ferrugata (the red twin spot) .
„ 4. Cidaria unidentaria (the dark-barred twin spot).
„ 5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot).
„ 6. The Caterpillar.
„ 7. Cidaria latentaria (the northern twin spot).
., 8. Cidaria silicaria (the striped twin spot).
„ 9. Cidaria miaria (the green carpet).
„ 10. Cidaria olivata (the beech green carpet).
„ 11. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground).
„ 12. Cidaria fiuetuata (the garden carpet).
„ 13. The Caterpillar.
„ 14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet).
„ 15. Veuusia cambriea (the Welch wave).
„ 16. Harpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow).
„ 1 7. The Caterpillar.
„ 18. The Chry^ahs.
„ 19. Harpalyce ocellata (the purple bar).
„ 20. The Caterpillar.
„ 21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet).
„ 22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable).
„ 23. The Caterpillar.
„ 24. Harpalyce subtristata (the coromon carpet).
„ 25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet).
„ 26. Harpalyce unangulata (the shai-p-angled carpet).
LIST OF PLATES.
I>'SECi8. '27. Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). „ 28. Harpalyce silaceata (the small pho3ui.\). „ 29. Harpalyce corylata (the broken barred carpet). „ 30. The Caterpillar. „ 31. The Chrysalis. „ 32. Harpalyce unUobata (the single-Iobed).
PLATE LXIV. 38
Insects. 1. Polyphasia marmorata (the marbled carpetV „ *2. Polyphasia centum-notata (the common mui--
blcd carpet). „ 3. Polyi>liasia immanata (a variety of the preceding ) . „ 4. Steganolophia pranata (the clouded carpet). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysalis.
„ 7. Lamproptery.x suffumata (the water carpet). „ 8. Lamprcpteryx badiata (the shoulder stripe).
The Caterpillar.
Anticlea Berberata (the raspberry carpet).
The Caterpillar.
The Chrysalis.
The Cocoon.
Anticlea rubidata (the flame).
Anticlea sinuata (tlie royal mantle).
Anticlea derivata (the streamer).
The Caterpillar.
Electra comitata (the dark spinach).
Electra populata (the poplar).
The Caterpillar.
Electra spinachiata (the spinach).
Electra testata (the chevron). -
Electra pyraliata (the barred straw).
Celma imbutata (the Manchester treble l).->r).
Anaitis plagiata (the slender treble bar).
Siona dealbata (the black vein). Plant. 27. Galium sp.
Insects.
16. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27
PIG. PAOB
3. Euthalia impluviata (the May high-flyer).
4. The Caterpillar.
5. Euthalia elutata (the July high-flyer).
6. A variety.
7. The Caterpillar.
8. A I'emarkable variety of the preceding species
(horrid.oi'ia).
9. Phibalapteryx tersata (the Fern).
10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata (the small waved ambiv)
11. Phibalapteryx lignat.a (the oblique carpet).
12. Phibalapteryx lineolata (the oblifiue striped).
13. Phibalapteryx angustata (the narrow bordered
cai-pet).
14. Lozogramma petraria (the brown silver lines).
15. Scotosia vetulata (the brown scollop).
16. The Caterpillar. *
17. Scotosia spai-saria (the small scollop).
18. Scotosia rhamnata (the dark umber).
PLATE LXVII.
50
PLATE LXV.
44
Insects. 1. Abraxas ulmata (the scarce magpie).
2. The Caterpillar.
3. Abraxas pantaria, (a variety of the pi-eccding).
4. Abraxas grossulariata (the magpie).
5. A variety. C. A variety.
7. The Caterpillar.
8. The Cocoon.
9. The Chrysalis.
10. Melanippe hastata (the argent and sable).
11. The Caterpillar.
12. Melanippe hastulata.
13. Zerene albicillata (the beautiful carpet).
14. Zerene procellata (the chalk carpet).
15. Zerene adustata (the scorched carpet). IC. Zerene rubiginata (the blue bordered carpet). 1 7. Zerene plumbata (the dark blue bordered cari)et).
PLATE LXVI.
Insects. 1. Euthalia miata (the autumn green carpet). „ 2. Euthalia psittacata (the red-green carpet).
Insects. 1. Triphosa cervinata (the scarce tissue).
2. Triphosa dubitata (the common tissue).
3. Triphosa cinereata (the ashy tissue).
4. Caraptogramraa bilineata (the yellow shell).
5. Eucosmia undulata (the scollop shell).
6. Charissa obscuraria (the dark annulet).
7. The Caterpillar.
8. Charissa dilucidaria (the pale annulet).
9. Charissa puUata (the brown annulet).
10. Charissa serotinaria (the large Mocha).
11. Charissa operaria (the Scotch annulet).
12. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (the chesnut carpet).
13. Chsesias spartiata (the streak).
14. The Caterpillar.
15. Thera obUcjuaria (the chevron).
48
PLATE LXVIII.
Insects, I. Thera simulata (the brick carpet).
2. Thera variata (the grey carpet).
3. Thera junipenita (the Juniper carpet).
4. The Caterpillar.
5. Thera coniferata (the Northern carpet).
6. The Caterpillar.
7. Oporabia dilutata (the November moth).
8. A pale variety.
9. Oporabia polata (the pol.ar carpet).
10. Clieimatobia brumata (the Avinter moth).
11. Clieimatobia rupicapraria (the early moth).
12. Lobophora rulyeommata (the spriug cai-pet).
13. The Caterpillar.
17. L. polycommata, from Hiibner's fig.
14. Lobophora lobukita (the early tooth-striped).
15. The Caterpillar.
16. Lobophora rupestrata (the double-lined).
18. Lobophora hexapterata (the prominent).
19. Lobophora sexalisata (the small seraphim).
20. The Caterpillar.
Plant. 21. Juniperus communis (the common juniper).
54
b2
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE LXIX.
PAGE
58
Insects. 1. Eupithecia Linariata (the beautiful pug).
„ 2. The Caterpillar.
„ 3. Eupithecia pulcheUata (the pretty pug).
„ 4. Eupithecia rectangulata (the green pug).
„ 5. Eupithecia nigro-punctata (the little pug).
„ 6. Eupithecia nigro-sericeata (the black silk pug).
„ 7. Eupithecia coronata (the V pug).
„ 8. Eupithecia strobilata (the double-striped pug).
„ 9. Eupithecia rufifasciata (the red-barred pug).
„ 10. Eupithecia Iserigata (the juniper pug).
„ 11. Eupithecia exiguata (the barberry pug).
„ 12. Eupithecia abbreviata (the short pug).
„ 13. Eupithecia nebulata (the brindled pug).
„ 14. Eupithecia albipunctata (the speclded pug).
„ 15. Eupithecia subumbrata (the small-brindled pug).
„ 16. Eupithecia subfasciata (the subfasciated pug).
„ 17. Eupithecia Tulgata (the common pug).
„ 18. Eupithecia irriguata (the Welsh pug).
Plant. 19. Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax).
PLATE LXX. 62
Insects. 1. Eupithecia subfuscata (the brown grey pug).
„ 3. Eupithecia innotata (the unspotted pug).
„ 3. Eupithecia notata (the dotted pug).
„ 4. Eupithecia elongata (the long-ninged pug).
„ 5. The Caterpillar.
„ 6. Eupithecia simpheiata (the plain pug).
„ 7. Eupithesia pusillata (the small grey pug).
„ 8. Eupithecia absinthiata (the wormwood pug).
„ 9. Eupithecia sobrinata (the Scotch pug).
„ 10. Eupithecia angustata (the narrow-winged pug).
„ 11. Eupithecia plumbeolata (the lead-coloured pug).
„ 12. Eupithecia subfulvata (the tawny pug).
„ 13. Eupithecia cognata (the allied pug).
„ 14. Eupithecia succenturiata (the bordered lime- speck pug).
„ 15. Eupithecia piperata (the peppered pug).
„ 16. Eupithecia centaureata (the lime-speck pug).
„ 17. The Caterpillar.
„ 18. Eupithecia rariegata (the marbled pugl.
„ 19. Eupithecia consignata (the pinion-spotted pug).
„ 20. Eupithecia venosata (the netted pug).
„ ' 21. The Caterpillar.
Plant. 22. Centaurea nigra (common knapweed).
PLATE LXXI 66
Insects. 1. Cleogene niveata.
„ 2. Hyria Auroraria (the purple-bordered gold).
„ 3. Hyria var.
„ 4. Minoa Chserophyllata (the chimney-sweeper).
„ 5. Minoa Euphorbiata (the drab looper).
„ 6. The Caterpillar.
„ 7. Bapta bimaculata (the white pinion spotted).
„ b. Bapta punctata (the clouded silver).
„ 9. The Caterpillar.
„ 10. Aplocera Csesiata (the February carpet).
„ 11. Aplocera, var. flavicinctata.
Insects. 12. Emmelesia decolorata (the sandy carpet).
„ 13. Emmelesia affinitata (the rivulet).
„ 14. Emmelesia turbaria (the middle rivulet).
„ 15. Emmelesia rivulata (the small rivulet).
„ 16. Emmelesia ericetata (the heath rivulet) .
„ 17. Emmelesia blandiata.
„ 18. Emmelesia albulata (the grass rivulet).
„ 19. Emmelesia tseniata.
„ 20. Emmelesia unifasciata (the single-barred rivulet).
„ 21. Emmelesia bifasciata (the double-barred rivulet).
„ 22. Emmelesia rusticata, male (the least carpet).
„ 23. Ditto, female.
„ 24. Emmelesia sylvata (the waved carpet) .
„ 25. Emmelesia Blomeri (Captain Blomer's rivulet).
„ 26. Emmelesia candidata (the small white wave).
„ 27. Emmelesia luteata (the small yellow wave).
„ 28. Emmelesia heparata (the dingy shell).
PLATE LXXII. 72
Insects. 1. Strenia clathi-ata (the latticed heath).
„ 2. Venilia maculata (the speckled yellow).
„ 3. Venilia var. quadrimaculata (the pinion
spotted yellow).
„ 4. Ptychopoda dilutaria (the small fan-footed wave).
„ 5. Ptychopoda var. fimbriolata.
„ 6. Ptychopoda lividata (the single dotted wave).
„ 7. Ptychopoda trigeminata (the treble brown spot).
„ 8. Ptychopoda trigeminata var. (bisetata).
,, 9. Ptychopoda ornata (the lace border).
„ 10. Ptychopoda incanata (the mullein wave).
„ 11. Ptychopoda var. contiguaria (the tooth- striped wave).
„ 12. Ptychopoda immutata (the lesser cream wave).
„ 13. The Caterpillar.
„ 14. Ptychopoda rubricata.
PLATE LXXIII. 7G
Insects. 1. Acidalia osseata (the dark cream wave).
,, 2. Acidalia — var. margine-punctata (the dotted bordered wave).
3. Acidalia virgularia (the small dusty wave).
4. Acidalia subsericeata (the satin wave).
5. Acidalia aversata (the riband wave).
6. Acidaha remutata (the false riband wave).
7. Acidalia — vai'. inornata (the plain wave).
8. Acidalia fumata (the smoky wave).
9. Acidalia lactata (the pale cream wave).
10. Acidalia — var. flos lactata (the cream wave).
1 1 . PoBcilophasia marginata (the clouded border).
12. Var.
13. The Caterpillar.
14. Chlorissa vu-idata (the small grass emerald).
15. Chlorissa thymiaria (the common emerald).
16. The CaterpUhir.
17. Chlorissa putataria (the little emerald).
18. Timaudra imitai-ia (the small blood vein).
19. Timaudra variegata (the subangled wave).
20. Timandia emutaria (the dusky wave).
LIST OF PLATES.
pro. PAG
Insects. 21. Macaria notata (the peacock).
22. The Caterpillar.
23. Macaria altcrnata (the sharp angled peacock).
24. JIaearia litm-ata (the ta«uy barred angle).
25. The Caterpillar.
26. Aula emarginata (the scolloped double line).
27. Ennomos Hexula (the beautiful hook tip).
28. Macaria limbata (the bordered chetiue).
29. Macaria pr.-eatomata (the dingy angled). .10. Macaria subrufata (the slender-shaped rufous). 31. Macaria unipunctata (the white spot).
PLATE LXXIV.
82
I.NSKCis. 1. Platypterjx lacertula (the scallop hook tip).
„ 2. The CaterpilK-ir.
„ 3. Platypterjx, — var. Cultraria (the pale scallop hook
tip).
„ 4. Drepana falcataria (the pebble hook tip).
„ 5. The Caterpillar.
„ 6. Drepana hamula (the oak hook tip).
„ 7. Drepana unguicula (the barred hook tip).
„ 8. Cilix compressa (the Chinese character).
„ 9. Hypena prohoscidalis (the snout eggar likeness).
„ 10. The Caterpillar.
„ 11. Hj-pena obesalis (the pinion snout).
„ 12. Hj'pena rostralis (the buttoned snout).
,, 13. The Catei-piUar.
„ 14. Hypena palpalis (the dark snout).
„ 15. Hypena crassalis (the beautiful snout).
„ Ifi. Macrochilia cribralis (the dotted fan-foot).
„ 17. Pechipogon barbalis (the common fan-foot).
„ IS. The Caterpillar.
„ 19. Paracolax derivalis (the clay fan-foot).
„ 20. Paracolax tarsicrinalis (the fan-foot).
„ 21. Paracolax nemoralis (the small fan-foot).
PLATE LXXV. 88
Insects. 1. CEthm emortualis (the olive crescent).
2. The Caterpillar.
3. Colobochylia salicalis (the lesser bell).
4. Synaphe angustalis (the smaU snout).
5. Cledeobia albistrigalis (the white line snout).
6. Cledeobia costa^strigalis (the dark line snout).
7. Camplylochila undulalis (the waved tabby).
8. Caraptylochila bistrigalis (the twin-striped tabby).
9. Aglossa pinguinalis (the large tabby).
10. Aglossa cupreolatus (the small tabbyX
11. Aglossa dimidiatus (the tea tabby).
12. Aglossa Streatfeildii (Streatfeild's tabby).
1 3. Pyralis farinalis (the meal moth).
14. Pyralis glaucinalia (the double striped).
15. Pyrahs pictalis (the painted-meal moth).
16. Hj-psopygia costalis (the gold fringe).
17. Agrotera flammealis (the rosy-flounced).
PL.\TE L.XXVI. 92
Insects. 1. Simaethis Fabriciana (the autumn nettle-tap). „ 2. Simaethis pariana (the double barred nettle-tap).
Insects. 3. The Caterpillar.
4. The Cocoon.
5. Simaethis lutosa (the early nettle-tap). G. Simaethis Myller.ana (Myllcr's nettle-tap). *
7. Simai-this punctosa (the narrow silver- dotted)
8. Anania octomaculata (the white spot).
9. Eunychia aoguiualis (the wavy-barred sable).
10. Ennychia cingulata (the silver-barred sable).
11. Ennychia rufo-fascialis (the flounced).
12. Pyrausta purpuralis (the crimson and gold).
13. Pyrausta punicealis (the purple and gold).
1 4. The Caterpillar.
15. Pyrausta ostrmalis (the scarce purple aud gold).
16. Pyrausta porphyrialis (the porphyry).
1 7. Pyrausta cespitalis (the straw-barred).
18. Pyrausta sordidalis (the dingy straw-barred).
19. Diasemia literalis (the lettered China mart).
20. Hydi-ocampa potamogata (the brown China mark).
21. Hydrocampa Nymphieata (the beautiful China maik).
22. The Caterpillar.
23. The Caterpillar in its sheath or case.
24. Cataclysta lemnata (the small China mark).
25. The Female.
26. Paraponyx stratioiata (the ringed China mark).
27. Phlyctoenia sambucalis (the garden China mark).
28. The Caterpillar.
29. Eudioptis lueernalis (the transparent China mark).
30. Nomophila hybridalis (the rush veneer).
PLATE LXXVII. 98
Insects. 1. Eurrhypara urticata (the small magpie). „ 2. The Caterpillar.
„ 3. Jlesographe forficalis (the garden pebble). „ 4. The Caterpillar. „ 5. Margaritia diversalis (the yellow under-winged
pearl). „ 6. Margaritia asinalis (the dingy pearl). „ 7. Margaritia lancealis (the long-winged pearl). „ 8. Margaritia vertiealis (the mother-of-pearl). „ 9. Margaritia centro-strigalis (the central-striped
pearl).
„ 10. Margaritia cinctalis (the lesser pearl).
„ 11. Margaritia palealis (the sulphur).
„ 12. Margaritia Iiyalinalis (the scarce pearl).
,, 13. Margaritia angustalis (the narrow-winged pearl).
„ 14. Margaritia terminalis (the bordered pearl).
„ 15 Margaritia glabralis (the dingy pearl).
„ 16. Miirgaritia jiallidalis (the delicate pearl).
„ 17. Margaritia flavalis (the gold China mark).
„ 18. Margaritia oehrealis (the small straw China
mark).
„ 19. Nascia cilialis (the orange cloud).
„ 20. Margaritia ferrugalis (the rusty dot).
PLATE LXXVIII. 102
Insects. 1. Margaritia fulvalis (the fulvous dot).
„ 2. Margaritia verbascahs (the rusty China mark).
LIST OF PLATES.
FIG. PAGI
Insects. 3. Margaritia longipedalis (the long-legged pearl).
4. Margaritia pulveralis (the dusted pearl).
n. Margaritia fuscalis (the cinereous pearl).
6. Margaritia fimbrialis (the edged pearl).
7. Margaritia institialis (the pale straw).
8. Margaritia stramentalis (the chequered straw).
9. Margaritia margaritalis (the clouded yellow peai'l).
10. The Caterpillar.
11. Jlargariiia serieealis (the straw dot).
12. Margaritia alpinalis (the Alpine pearl).
13. Margaritia sticticalis (the diamond spot).
14. Margaritia olivalis (the white brintJled). -
15. JIargaritia pruualis (the clouded peari).
16. The Caterpillar.
1 7. Cyneda dentalis (the starry brindled).
18. The CaterpUlar.
19. Nola strigiUalis (the least black arches).
20. Nola mouachalis (the small black arches).
21. Nola cucuUatella (the short cloaked).
22. Nola fuliginalis (the dusky cloaked). Plant. 23. Echium vulgare~(common bugloss).
Insects.
PLATE LXXIX. 108
Hylophila prasinana (green silver lines).
The Caterpillar.
The Cocoon.
Hylophila quercana (scarce silver lines). „ 5. The Caterpillar. „ 6. The Chrysahs. „ 7. Earis chlorana (small green oak). „ 8. The Caterpillar. „ 9. The Cocoon.
„ 10. Tortrix viridana (pea-green). •f~ „ 11. TortrLx palleana (plain yellow). „ 12. Tortrix viburnana (viburnian).
13. Tortri.x Pillerana (Filler's). „ 14. The Female.
„ 15. Tortrix galiana (the glossy golden brown). „ 16. The Female.
„ 17. Lozotoenia Forsterana (Forster's). „ 18. Lozotoenia sorbiana (the hazel tortrix). „ 19. Lozotoenia lieparana (the dark oblique bar). „ 20. Lozotosnia cinnamoneana (the cinnamon). „ 21. Lozotoenia ribeana (the common oblique bar). „ 22. Lozotoenia grossulareana (gooseberry). „ 23. Lozotoenia cerasana (the hollow oblique bar). „ 24. The Caterpillar. „ 25. The Cocoon.
„ 26. Lozotoenia corylana (great chequered). „ 27. Lozotoenia croceana (saffron). „ 28. Lozotoenia Itevigana (glossy oblique bar).
PLATE LXXX. 110
Insects. 1. Lozotoenia nebuUma (the rose tortrix).
„ 2. Lozotoenia subocellana (the ocellated oblique bar).
„ 3. Lozotoenia rosana (the great brown).
„ 4. Lozotoiuia crata:gaua (the hazel-barred).
„ 5. Lozotoenia oporana (the great hook-tip).
Insects 6. Lozotoenia xylosteana (the forked red-bar). „ 7. Lozotoenia roborana (the oak red-bar).
„ 8. Lozotoenia obliquana (the obhque bar) . „ 9. Lozotoenia costana (the straw obhque bar).
„ 10. Lozotoenia biustulana (the double-spotted
obhque bar).
„ 11. Lozotoenia Modeeriana (Modeer's bar).
„ 12. Lozotoenia acerana (the maple).
„ 13. Lozotoenia trifasciana (the afternoon tortrix).
„ 14. Lozotcenia Grotiana (the Grotian tortrix).
„ 15. Lozotoenia ochreana (the saffron).
„ 16. Lozotcenia crueiana (the red cross).
„ 17. Lozotoenia Holmiana (the Holmian).
„ 18— 19. The Caterpillars.
„ 20. Lozotoenia Schreberiana (the Schreberian).
PLATE LXXXI. 114
Insects. 1. Philedone Gerningiana (the Gerningian). „ 2. Pluledone Wallierana (the Walkerian). „ 3. Pffidisca rotundana (round tipped red-bar). „ 4. Psedisca angustiorana (narrow winged red-bar). „ 5. Piedisca sylvana (the red blotch-back). „ 6. Pfedisea porphyrana (bi'ight oblique barred). „ 7. Pjedisca nebulana (clouded iron). „ a. PsediscaWellensiaua (the barred blotch-back).
„ 9. Paedisca ssthiopiana (the Negro).
„ 10. Pcedisca scriptana (the short barred white).
„ 11. PiEdisca semifasciaua (the short barred grey).
„ 12. Anthithesia corticana (the marbled long cloak).
„ 13. Anthithesia betulana (the birch long cloak).
„ 14. Anthithesia tripunctana (the common long
cloak).
„ 15. Anthithesia pruniana (the lesser long cloak).
„ 16. The Caterpillar.
„ 17. Anthithesia puUana (the dingy marbled).
„ 18. Anthithesia marginana (the bordered long
cloak).
., 19. Antithesia oblongana (the narrow long cloak).
20. Antithesia gentianasana (the Gentian).
„ 21. The Caterpillar.
,, 22. Antithesia salicella (the white backed).
PLATE LXXXII.
118
Insects.
— 1. Spilonota nubiferana (the clouded white). 2. Spilonota cynostabella (the black cloaked). S. The Caterpillar.
4. Spilonota aquana (the browB cloaked).
5. The Caterpillar.
C. Spilonota trimaculana (the triple blotched).
7. Spilonota comitana (the cream short-cloaked).
8. Spilonota fcenella (the white foot).
9. Spilonota Pflugiana (the Pflugian).
10. Spilonota Stra^miana (the Stiteraian).
11. Spilonota rusticana (the tawny blotch back).
12. Spilonota trigemiuana (the throe spotted).
13. Spilonota sticticana (the brown bi.tch back).
14. Spilonota Costipunctana (the lesser blotch back).
15. Spilonota argyi'ana (the silver blotched back).
LIST OF PLATES.
PIG. PAGE
Insects. 16. Spilonota quadrana (the Highland blotch back). ., 17. Spilonota tetragonana (the four-angled blotch
back). ,, 18. Spilonota nigricostana (the black-edged marble). „ 19. Spilonota ustulana (the scorched blunt wing). „ 20. Heusimene fimbriana (the browTi bordered).
PLATE LXXXIII.
122
Insects. 1. Pseudotomia obscurana (the obscure blotch
back). „ 2. Pseudotomia frateruana (the ashy silver barred). „ 3. Pseudotomia nigro-punctana ( the black dotted). „ 4. Pseudotomia atromargana (the black bordered). „ 5. Pseudotomia strobilella (the light silver striped). „ ft. Pseudotomia sequana (the silver blotch back). „ 7. Pseudotomia Petiverella (the Petiverian). „ 8. Pseudotomia Lunulana (the crescent). „ 9. Pseudotomia simpliciana (the plain silver
fringed). „ 10. Pseudotomia Jacquiniana (the Jacquinian). „ 11. Pseudotomia strigana (the plain gold fringed). „ 12. Pseudotomia atropurpur.Tna (the purple black). „ l.S. Pseudotomia nigricana (the black striped edge). „ 14. Pseudotomia obscurana (the dingy). „ 15. Pseudotomia proximana (the pale brown striped
■edge). „ 16. Pseudotomia puncticostana (the sector spotted). ,, 17. Pseudotomia populana (the pigmy Y). „ 18. Pseudotomia Ephippana (the three angled blotch
back). „ 19. Pseudotomia Trauniana (the Traunian). „ 20. Pseudotomia notata (the bkack and white). ,, 21. Pseudotomia Compositella (the triple striped
blotch back). ., 22. Pseudotomia Gundiana (the Gundian). „ 24. Pseudotomia Lediana (the Ledean). „ 25. Pseudotomia nitidana (the dark silver striped). „ 26. Pseudotomia aurana (the double orange spot). PlANT. 27. Agrostcmma gittago (common com cockle).
PLATE LXXXIV. 126
I.NSECTS. 1. Steganoptycha tetraquetrana (the square barred
single dot). 2. Steganoptycha Angulana (the angle striped
single dot). ,, 3. Steganoptycha Unipunctana (the marbled single
dot). „ 4. Steganoptycha triquetrana (the angle barred
single dot). ., 5. Steganoptycha Bccberana (the Bteberian). „ 6. Steganoptycha pavonana (the blotch backed
grey). ., 7. Steganoptycha Cospidana (the pointed bar). „ 8. Steganoptycha Rhombifasciana (the square bar). „ 9. Steganoptyclia Cinereana (tlie mottled grey). „ 10. Steganoptycha .Stictana (the spotted red). „ 11. Steganoptycha Ketusana (the variable red). „ 12. Steganoptyclia subuncana (the Red Hook-tip). I'LiKT. 13. Lychnis flos-cuculi (the cuckoo flower or ragged
robin).
PAGE
PLATE LXXXV. 128
PIO.
Insects. I. Anchylopera obtusana (the blunt-winged blotch back). „ 2. Anchylopera unculana (the hook-tipped blotch back).
3. Anchylopera Lundiana (the Lundian).
4. Anchylopera Lyellana (Lyell's).
5. Anchylopera fractifasciana (the broken-barred). G. Anchylopera siculana (the hook-tipped streak).
7. The Caterpillar.
8. Tlie Caterpillar in another stage.
9. Anchylopera rtiminutana (the festoon Tortrix).
10. Anchylopera funulana (the dark festoon).
11. Anchylopera uncana (the bridge).
12. Anchylopera ustomaculana (the Loch Ranoch).
13. Anchylopera biarcuana (the double-arched).
14. Anchylopera derasana (the naked winged).
15. Anchylopera cuspidana (the sharp angled).
1 6. Philalcea ramella (the hooked marble).
17. The C.iterpillar.
18. Philalcea nigromaculana (the beautiful marble).
19. Philalcea nevana (the spotted short cloak).
20. Philalcea sociana (the white short cloak).
21. Philalcea amoenana (the marbled short cloak).
22. P ilalcea Paykulliana (the Paykullian).
23. Philalcea fimbriana (the double crescent).
24. A variety.
25. Philalcea bilunana (the hoary double crescent).
26. Philalcea subocellana (the retuse marble).
27. Philalcea asseclana (the obtuse marble).
28. Philalcea Mitterbacheriana . 29 & 30. Varieties, (the Mitterbachian).
Plant. 31. Rhamnus Catharticus (Buckthorn).
PLATE LXXXVI. 134
Insects. 1. Roxana arcuana (the arched).
2. Carpocapsa pomonelia (the codling moth).
3. The Caterpillar.
4. Carpocapsa splendana (the splendid).
5. Carpocapsa grossana (the smoky marble). G. Carpocapsa aspidiscana (the spotted).
7. Carpocapsa Woeberana (the W'eberiau).
8. The Caterpillar. 9, 10 & 1 1 . Chrysalis.
12. Carpocapsa Rheediella (the Rheedian).
13. Carpocapsa ulicetana (the light-striped edge).
14. Carpocapsa hypericana (the yellow-striped edge).
15. The Caterpillar.
16. Carpocapsa Leplastriana (the Leplastrian).
17. Carpocapsa perlepidana (the beautiful crescent).
18. Carpocapsa Juliana (Bentlcy's marble tortrix). Plant. 19. Hypericum pulchrum (St. John's Wort).
PLATE LXXXVI I. 136
Lnsects. 1. Carpocapsa stelliferana (the Starrj' Tortri.\).
„ 2. Carpocapsa pupillana (the Wormwood Tortrix).
„ 3. Carpocapsa fulvana (the fulvous-sealed).
„ 4. Carpocapsa cana (the hoary-sealed).
„ 5. Carpocapsa Scopoliana (the Scopolian).
LIST OF PLATES
Insects. 6. Carpocapaa rufana (the red-sealed).
„ 7. Bactra egenana (the dusty drab).
„ 8. Bactra pauperana (the spotted drab).
., 9. Bactra egestana (the lesser drab).
„ 10. Bactra fuscana (the brown drab).
„ 11. Ablabia expallidana (the pale dri,b).
„ 12. Bactra Uliginosana (the darklmg drab).
„ 13. Ablabia quadripunctana (the dotted drab).
Plant. Pyrus domestica (True-service tree).
PLATE LXXXVIII.
140
Insects. 1. Cnephasia asinana (the large gray elm).
„ 2. Cnephasia longana.
„ 3. Pale variety (the long-winged).
„ 4. Cnephasia ictericana.
„ 5. Variety (the jaundiced drab).
„ 6. Cnephasia sinuana (the waved elm).
„ 7. Cnephasia Penziana (the Penzian).
„ 8. Cnephasia interjectana (the lesser gray elm).
„ 9. Cnephasia Logiana (the Logian).
„ 10. Cnephasia obsoletana (the obscure-elm).
„ 11. Cnephasia rectifasciana (the straight-barred elm).
„ 12. Cnephasia curvLfaseiaua (the curve-barred elm).
„ 13. Cnephasia littoralis (the mottled coast Tortrix).
„ 14. Cnephasia nubilana (the smoky gray). \
„ 15. Cnephasia perfuseana (the deep brown).
„ 16. Cnephasia cinerana (the pale ash).
Plant. 17. Saxifraga geum (kidney-leaved saxifrage) .
PLATE LXXXIX. 144
Insects. ) . Sericoris quadrimaculana (the blotched drab).
„ 2. Sericoris striana (the straight-barred).
„ 3. Sericoris fasciolana (the small barred).
„ 4. Sericoris urticana (the barred nettle).
„ 5. Sericoris micana (the sliver dotted) .
„ 6. A common variety.
„ 7. Sericoris alternana (the alternate barred).
„ 8. Sericoris undulana (the silver striped).
„ 9. Sericoris gramineana (the great barred).
„ 10. Sericoi'is cespitana (the meadow barred).
„ 11. Sericoris poHtana (the red barred gray).
„ 12. Sericoris pulcheUaua (the dark ban-ed gray).
„ 13. Sericoris fuUgana (the smoky barred).
„ 14. Sericoris subsequana (the faint silver striped).
„ 15. Sericoris myi'tUlana (the bilberry).
„ 16. Sericoris aurofasciana (the gold barred).
„ 17. Sericoris bifasciana (the double-b.iri-ed orange) .
„ 18. Sericoris furfurana (the mottled bran) .
„ 19. Sericoris marmorana (the marbled dog's tooth).
Plant. 20. Silene inflata (the inflated catchfly).
PLATE XC.
Insects. 1. Notocelia Udmanniana (the Udmauuian).
„ 2. Poecilochroma Solandriana (the Solandrian).
„ 3. Poecilochroma trapezana.
„ 4. A pale variety.
„ 5. A medium var.
146
Insects. 6. The Caterpillar.
„ 7. PcecUochi'oma Communana, (the marbled dia- mond back)
„ 8. Light var. (the cock's head).
„ 9. Poecilochroma piceana (the shining pitch).
„ 10. Poecilochroma vittana (the Niton Tortrix).
„ !1. Poecilochroma semifuscaua (the half brown).
„ 12. Poecilochroma maculana (the black double- blotched).
„ 13. Poecilochroma maurana (the great double bar).
„ 14. Ptycholoma Lecheana (the Lechean).
„ 15. Ptycholoma obsoletana (the obsolete).
PLATE XCI. 150
Insects. 1. Euchromia purpurana (the purple).
2. Euchromia fulvipunctaua (the tawny-dotted).
3. Euchromia ericetaua (dark var.)
4. Light variety.
5. Lophoderus ministranus (the yellow-barred iron).
6. Lophoderus subfascianus (the pale-barred iron).
7. Sarrothripus degeneranus.
8. The Caterpillar.
9. The Cocoon.
10. The Chrysalis, (the Large marbled).
11. Sarrotliripus undulanus (the waved-marbled).
12. Sarrothripus dilutanus (the large brown).
13. Sarrothripus Lathamianus (the Lathamian).
14. Sarrothripus lUcanus (the large Holly).
15. Sarrothripus Afzelianus (the Afzelian).
16. Sarrothripus ramosanus (the twigged bar).
17. Sarrothripus Stonanus (Mr. Stone's bar).
PLATE XCII.
152
Insects.
1. Peronea
2. Peronea
3. Peronea
4. Peronea
5. Peronea
6. Peronea
7. Peronea
8. Peronea
9. Peronea
10. Peronea
11. Peronea
12. Peronea
13. Peronea
14. Peronea
profanana (the rusty button), semiustana (the half scorched), striana (the brown button), substriana (the striped button). Bentleyana (Bentley's button), vittana (the streaked button), spadiceana (the bay-shouldered button), brunneana (the brown button). Desfoutainana (the Desfontainian). consimilana (the pale bay button), fulvocristana (the tawny-crested button), albovittana (the white-streaked button), fulvovittana (the tawny-streaked button), cristalana (the barred button).
PLATE XCIII.
154
Insects.
1. Peronea subcristalana (the dull button).
2. Peronea cristana (the white button).
3. Peronea Albipunctana (the white spotted button).
4. Peronea Chantana (Chant's button).
5. Peronea Subvittana(the obscure streaked button).
6. Peronea insulana (the insulated button) .
7. Peronea divisana (the half. coloured button).
8. Peronea strigana (the streaked buff-edged).
LIST OF PLATES.
Insects. 9. Peronea radiana (the buff-edged).
„ 10. Peronea centrovittana (the ceotre-streaked button).
„ H. Peronea ramostriana (the braaclied button).
„ 12. Peronea combustana (the flame button).
„ 13. Peronea Albistriana (the gray streak). Pl*.nt. H. Lysimachi^ nemorum (Wood Loosestrife).
PL.iTE XCIV. 15G
In.sects. 1. Peronea autumnana (the autumnal button).
„ 2. Peronea ruficostana (the red-edged button).
„ 3. Peronea alboflamraana (the white dash).
„ 4. Peronea coronana (the marbled chesnut).
„ 5. Peronea BjTingerana (the Byringerian).
„ 6. Peronea umbrana (the dark-streaked buttun).
„ 7. Peronea Leucophtcana (the black dash).
„ 8. Peronea subcristana (the half-crested button ).
„ 9. Peronea mannorana ( the silver gray).
„ 10. Peronea latifasciana (the broad-barred).
„ 11. Peronea favillaceana (the ash-coloured).
„ 12. Peronea reticulana (the chequered-gray).
„ 13. Peronea tristana (the lesser ash.coloured).
Plant. 14. Primula farinosa (Bird's-eye Primrose).
PLATE XCV. 160
Insects. I. Peronea albicostana (the white-edged button).
„ 2. Peronea bistriana (the double-bay-streak).
„ 3. Peronea similana (the pale-edged button).
„ 4. Peronea plumbana (the lead-coloured).
„ 5. Peronea trigouana (the three-dotted), Boscana of Haworth.
„ 6. Peronea Logiana (the Logian).
„ 7. Peronea SchaUeriana (the Schallerian).
„ 8. Peronea rufana (the red triangle).
„ 9. Peronea asperana (the white-shouldered).
„ 10. A new variety of asperana.
„ 11. Peronea borana (the crested buff).
„ 12. Peronea variegana.
„ 13. A dark variety. (The common rough-wing).
„ 14. Peronea obsoletana (the obscure button).
„ 15. Peronea Leacliiana (the Leachian).
., 16. Peronea Capueina.
„ 17. Peronea albana.
Plant. 18. Galeobdolon lutenm (yellow archangel).
I.vsECTS. 13. Leptogrammatricolorana(thetricoloured green). „ 14. Leptogramma fulvomixtaoa (the tawny and green). Plant. 15. Lychnis diurna (the red-flowered Lychnis).
PLATE XCVI.
162
Insects.
1 . Acleris costimaculana.
2. Acleris aspersana.
3. A small variety.
4. Acleris gnomana.
5. A speckled variety (the dial).
6. Acleris tripunctulana (the rusty treble spot).
7. Acleris bifldana (the forked stripe).
8. Acleris cerusana (the white treble spot).
9. Acleris scabrana (the gray rough wing).
10. Leptogramma literana (the black-spri;;ged green).
11. Leptogramma squamana (the green-tufted).
12. Leptogramma irrorana (the sprinkled green). II.
Plant.
Insects.
Insects.
PLATE XCVII.
164
Insects.
Plant.
1. Teras emargana (the chequered notch-wing).
2. Teras excavana (the ii-on notch-wing).
3. Teras effractana (the common notch- wing).
4. Tei-as caudana.
5. Caterpillar (the mallow notch-wing).
6. Teras ochracea (the pale ochre notch-wing).
7. Dictyopteryx contamiuana (the chequered pebble).
8. Dictyopteryx ciliana (the white-fringed).
9. Dictyopteryx rhombana (the dark chequered).
10. Dictyopteryx plumbana (the clouded straw).
11. Dictyopteryx Loeflingiana (the Lajflingian)
12. Dictyopteryx Forskaliaua (the Forskalian). l.i. Dark variety.
14. Capua ochraceana (the ochreous).
15. Cynosurus cristatus (crested dog's-tail grass).
PLATE XCVIII. 16.1
1, 2. Cheimatophila castaneana (the chestnut).
3. ArgjTotoza Bergmanniana ( the Bergraannian).
4. ArgjTotoza Hoffmanseggiana (the Hofi'manseg-
gian).
5. Argjrotoza Conwayana (the Conwayi.au).
6. ArgjTotoza subaurantiana (the gold-varied).
7. ArgjTotoza Daldorfiana (the Daldorfan).
8. Argyrotoza apicalis (the clay-tipped).
9. Argyrolepia Lathoniana (the silver-spotted).
10. Argyrolepia margaritana (the orange-barred
pearl).
11. Argyrolepia aeneana (the silver broad bar).
12. Argyrolepia bistrigana (the two-striped).
13. 14. Argyrolepia tesserana (the tessellated). 15. Argyrolepia decimana (the ten-dotted).
PLATE XCIX. 170
1. Orthotaenia Turionana (the orange-spotted).
2. The CaterpUlar.
3. Orthotajnia geminana (the scarce orange^potted).
4. The Caterpillar.
5. A disease in the pine caused by the Caterpillar.
6. Moth in repose.
7. Orthofsenia Bentleyana (the Bentleyan).
8. Orthotaenia Ilaworthana (the silver-marbled).
9. Orthotaenia Resinella (the spotted Pine).
10. Orthotsenia Pinetana.
11. Orthotaenia Lepidana.
12. Orthotaenia Comitana (the streaked Pine).
13. Soaall dark variety.
14. Orthotjcnia Piceana.
15. Rhyacionia Hastiana (the Hastian). IG. Rhyacionia fiavofasciana.
17. A branch of Pine showing the manner in which the caterpillars feed and injure the yovmg shoots.
XIV
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE C.
PAGE
172
Insects. 1 . EupoecUia maculosaoa.
„ 2. A dark variety (the small black spotted) .
„ 3. Euposcilia dubitana (the doubtful).
„ 4. EupoecUia augustana (the barred marble).
„ 5. Eupoecilia nana (the barred dwarf).
„ 6. Eupcecilia pygma;ana (the dingy dnarf).
„ 7. Eupa3cilia permixtana (the orange and black).
„ 8. Eupoeeilia sodaliana (the brindled marble).
„ 9. Phtheochroa rugosana (the rough wing).
„ 10. Coehylis roseana (the rosy).
„ 1 1. Coehylis subroseana (the dingy rosy).
„ 12. Coehylis ruficiliana (the red fringe).
„ 13. Coehylis griseana (the oblique barred gray).
„ 14. Coehylis rupicola (the chalk cliff Tortrix).
„ 15. Coehylis Vectisana (the Isle of Wight Coehylis).
Plant. 16. Aira Alpina (smooth alpine hair grass).
PLATE CI. 176
Insects. 1. Lozopera altemana (the alternate-barred Tortrix).
„ 2. Lozopera Dubrisana (the Dover Straw).
„ 3 & 4. Small varieties of ditto.
„ 5. Lozopera Marmoratana (the marbled straw).
„ 6. Lozopera Straminea (the short-barred straw) . '
„ 7. Lozopera Smeathmanniana (the Smeathman- nian).
„ 8. Lozopera Franeillana (the Francillanian).
„ 9. Lozopera badiana (the chestnut straw).
„ 10. Lozopera Baumanniana (the Baumannian).
„ 11. Xanthosetia Zoegana (the Zoegian).
„ 12. Xanthosetia ferrugana (the clouded iron).
„ 13. Xanthosetia hamana (the hook-marked straw).
J, 14. Xanthosetia diversana (the crossed straw).
„ 15. Xanthosetia inopiana (the plain drab).
„ \ti. Xanthosetia Luteolana.
„ 17. Phibalocera Quercaua (the long-homed) .
„ 18. Hypercallia Christiernana (the Christiernian).
Plant. 19. Cynosurus cristatus (Crested Dog's-tail grass).
PLATE CII. 180
Insects. 1. Orthotojha Venosa (the dark-veined long- winged).
„ 2. Depressaria Heracleana (the cow-parsnip).
„ 3. Depressaria Umbellana (the large-streaked).
„ 4. Depressaria Venosa (the wainscot fiat body).
„ 5. Depressaria Nervosa (the coarse wainscot).
„ 6. Depressaria Apicella (the brindled flat body).
„ 7. Depressaria badiella (the brown-brindled flat body).
„ 8. Depressaria Characterosa (the lesser flat body).
„ 9. Depressaria carduella (the thistle flat body).
„ 10. Depressaria Pulverella.
„ 11. Depressaria Sparmanniana (the straw-coloured).
„ 12. Depressaria imraaculaua (the spotless flat body).
„ 13. Depressaria Yeatsiana (the Yeatsian).
„ 14. Depressaria ocellana (the red letter).
Plant. 1 5. Rosa villosa (the apple-bearing rose).
PLATE CIII.
PAGB 182
Insects. 1. Depressaria applaua (the common flat-body).
„ 2. Depressaria putridella (the brown veined).
„ 3. Depressaria atomella (the powdered).
J, 4. Depressaria costosa (the dingy sti'aw).
„ 5. Depressai'ia Alstroemeriana (the Alstroemerian).
„ 6. Depressaria irrorella (the dusted flat-body).
„ 7. Depressaria liturella (the purple flat-body).
„ 8. Depressaria Bluntii (Blunt's flat-body.)
„ 9. Depressaria purpurea (the lesser purple).
„ 10. Depressaria albipunctella (the rufous brindled).
,, 11. Depressaria Damella.
„ 12. Depressaria gilvella (the brindled straw).
,, 13. Depressaria curvipunctosa (the curve-dotted).
„ 14. Depressaria propinquella.
,, 15. Anacampsis Malvclla.
„ 16. The Caterpillar.
Plant. 17. The larva of Anacampsis Malvella is represented on a species of Mallow ; as figured by Fisher.
PLATE CIV. 184
Insects. 1. Anacampsis juniperella (the juniper). „ 2. The Caterpillar. „ 3. Anacampsis laticinctella (the poplar).
,j 4. variety.
„ 5. the caterpillar.
„ 6. Anacampsis rusticella (the dusted black).
„ 7. Anacampsis longicornis (the long-horned).
J, 8. Anacampsis Listerella (the Listerian).
„ 9. Anacampsis nebulea (the dotted bro«Ti).
„ 10. Anacampsis Betulea (the birch).
„ 11. Anacampsis rhombella (the black speckled gray).
„ 12. Anacampsis cinerella (the cinereous).
„ 13. Anacampsis Ericse.
„ 14. Anacampsis zephyrella (the powdered gray).
„ 15. Anacampsis terrella (the subcinereous).
„ 16. The Caterpillar.
„ 17. Anacampsis lutarea (the clay-coloured).
,, 18. Anacampsis Annulicornis (the ring-horned).
,j 19. Anacampsis sericornis,
„ 20. Anacampsis dodecella (the small black speckled
gray).
„ 21. Anacampsis MouSetella (the dotted gray).
„ 22. Anacampsis aspera (the rough).
„ 23. Anacampsis domestica (the domestic).
Insects.
Pla
PLATE CV. 188
1 . Anacampsis affinis (the brindled brown) .
2. Anacampsis diffinis (the greater brindled brown).
3. Anacampsis lactreella (the cream-shouldered).
4. Anacampsis sarcitella (the white-shouldered).
5. Anacampsis laueeolella (theblack-dotted woollen).
6. Anacampsis Hiibueri (the Hiibnerian).
7. Anacampsis contigua (the light-brindled-brown).
8. Anacampsis sequax (the dark-brindled-brown).
9. Anacampsis proxima (the beautiful briudled-
brown).
10. Anacampsis tricolorella (the fri-coloured).
1 1. Epimedium Alpiuum (Alpine Barrenwood).
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE CVI.
PAOB
188
Insects. 1. Anacampsis luctuella (the crescent-shouldered).
„ 2. Anacampsis subrosea (the little blossom).
„ 3. Anacampsis decorella (the neat).
„ 4. Anacampsis marmorea (the beautiful marble).
„ 5. Anacampsis guttifera (the white-dotted black).
„ 6. Anacampsis aira (the little black).
„ 7. Anacampsis subocellea (the ejelet).
„ 8. Anacampsis maculella (the short-barred white).
„ 9. Anacampsis treraella (the horse-shoe).
„ 10. Anacampsis Lvellella.
Plji.nt. 11. Anemone ranunculoides (yellow-wood Anemone).
PLATE CVIL 190
l.N'SECTS. 1. Anacampsis nivella (the black-dotted white). „ 2. Anacampsis aleella (the black-clouded). „ 3. Anacampsis interruptella (the brown streak). „ 4. Anacampsis fulvescens (the tawnj). „ 5. Anacampsis fuscescens (the faint-dotted brown). „ 6. Anacampsis alternella (the black-spotted white). „ 7. Anacampsis angustella (the black-spotted brim- stone).
8. Anacampsis albimaculea (the white-spotted black) .
9. Anacampsis quadripuncta (the four-spotted).
10. Anacampsis bifasciella (the two-banded).
11. Anacampsis padifohella.
12. Anacampsis fugacella.
13. Anacampsis .^thiops.
14. Anacampsis fuscipeimis.
15. Anacampsis costella.
Plant. 16. Chlora perfoUata (jellow wort).
PLATE CVIII. 192
l.vsECTS. 1. Lophonotusfascienlellus (the prominent Tinea).
„ 2. Acria emarginella (the notch-winged).
„ 3. Chelaria rhomboidella (the lobster- clawed).
„ 4. Cleodora silacella (the dingy straw).
„ 5. Cleodora rufescens (the dwarf wainscot).
„ 6. Cleodora nebulea (the clouded wainscot).
„ 7. CTeodora ochroleucella (the pale ochreous wainscot).
„ 8. Cleodora lucidella (the Incid wainscot).
„ 9. Cleodora falciformis (the hook-tipped).
„ 10. Acompsis unitella (the brown gold).
„ 11. Acompsis cinerella (the ash-coloured).
„ 12. Acompsis tinctella (the tinted).
„ 13. Macrochila fasciella (the long-winged).
„ 14. Macrochila parenthesella (the parenthesis).
„ IS. Macrochila marginella (the white-bordered). 10. Macrochila bicostella (the light streak). Plant. 17. Gentiana amarella (bitter Gentian).
PLATE CIX. 194
Insects. 1. Aplota palpella (the dingy streak).
„ 2. Jlacrochila Robertsonella (the Robertsonian).
„ 3. Enicostoma Thunbergana (the Thunbergian).
„ 4. Alabonia GeoffroyeUa (the Geoffrojian).
FIG. PAGE
Insects. 5. (Ecophora Oliviella (the OliTierian).
„ 6. (Ecophora sulphureUa (the yellow underwing).
„ /. Adela Latreillella (the Latreillian).
„ 8. Adela Sultzella (the Sultzian).
„ 9. Adela Degeerella (the Degeerian).
„ 10. Adela fasciella (the copper japan).
„ 11. Adela cuprella (the scabious long-horn).
„ 12. Adela viridella (the green long-horn).
„ 13. Adela Frischella (the Frischian).
„ 14. Adela Swammerdamella (the Sw.ammerdamian).
„ 13. Adela Panzerella (the Pauzerian).
„ 16. Adela Robertella (the pale brown long-horn).
Pla.st. 17. The Rock Cress.
PLATE ex. 198
Insects. 1. Cochleophasia tessellea (the pale tesselated brown).
2. The Female.
3. Cochleophasia pubicornis (the pale dovray- horned).
4. Oporinia tortrieella (the pale chequered).
5. Oporinia nubilea (the clouded brown).
6. O.xypate gelatella (the autumnal dagger).
7. Dasystoma salicella (the rosy-day).
8. Cheimophila Phryganella (the drab-day).
9. Diurnea Fagella (the March dagger).
10. A large vai'iety.
11. Female.
12. Diurnea Novembris (the November dagger).
13. Semioscopis Avellanella (the hazel).
14. Semioscopis Steinkelnerana (the Steinkelnerlan).
15. Anesychia Echiella (the bordered Ermine).
16. Anesychia pusiella (the beautiful Ermine).
17. Anesychia dodecea (the scarce Ermine).
18. Anesychia funerella (the Funereal).
19. Anesychia cristella.
20. Yponomeuta Evonymella (the full-spotted Ermine).
21. Yponomeuta irrorella (the Surrey Ermine).
22. Yponomeuta coguatella (the allied Ermine).
23. Yponomeuta rosella (the few. spotted Ermine).
24. Yponomeuta padella (the common Ermine).
25. Yponomeuta plumbella (the Kent Ermine).
PLATE CXI.
202
Insects.
1. Telea Curtisella (the Curtisian).
2. Telea Ambiguella (the small brown bar).
3. Telea Cratiegella (the whitethorn bar).
4. Telea Leucatella (the small white bar). .5. Telea Coraptella (the peacock's feather).
6. Telea Lutarella (the muddy ermine).
7. Telea Subfasciella (the slight barred).
8. Telea Cffisiella (the purple-edged).
9. Ederesa Semifusca (the long-winged white-back).
10. Ederesa Mendicella (the purple white-back).
11. Ederesa Albistria (the purple white-streak).
12. Ederesa pruuiella (the white-back).
13. Ederesa tetrapodella (the blotched white-back).
c2
LIST OF PLATES.
Insects. 14. Ederesa semipurpurella (the balf-purple).
„ 15. Ederesa Curvella (the briadled white-back
ermine).
„ 16. Ederesa Clematella (the barred-white").
„ 17. Ederesa Ossea (the cream-coloured).
„ 18. Ederesa Oceilea (the eyed wliite-back).
„ 19. Argyrosetia Goedartella (the Goedartian).
„ 20. Argyrosetia semifasciella (the short gold-bar).
„ 21. Argyrosetia Brockella (the gold IW.)
„ 22. Argyrosetia literella (the Greek-lettered gold).
„ 23. Argyrosetia Aurivitella (the golden riband).
„ 24. Argyrosetia Aurifaseiella (the gold-banded).
„ 25. Argyrosetia I. V. ella (the gold IV.)
PLATE CXII. 205
Insects. ]. Argyromiges Blancardella (the Blancardian). „ 2. Argyromiges Schreberella (the Schreberian). „ 3. ArgjTomiges Cydonidla (the bright speckled
gold). 5, 4. Argyromiges Klemannella (the Klemannian). „ 5. Argyromiges Mespilella (the silver spotted
gold). „ 6. Argyromiges Raiella (the RayianV „ 7. ArgjTomiges tristrigella (the treble spotted
gold). „ 8. Argyromiges trifasciella (the tawny treble bar). „ 9. Argyromiges Han-isella (the Harrisian). „ 10. Argyromiges Cramerella (the Cramerian). „ 11. Argyromiges hortella (the porcelain). „ 12. Argyromiges sylvella (the dark porcelain). „ 13. Argyromiges cneulipenella (the cuckoo's
feather). „ 14. Argyromiges Corylifoliella (the hazel red). „ 15. Argyromiges Ulmifoliella (the elm red). „ 16. Argyromiges Alnifoliella (the alder red) . „ 17. Argyromiges Obscurella (the dull red). „ 18. Argyromiges rufipuuctella (the red and white
barred). „ 19. ArgjTomiges Autumnell.\ (the autumnal). „ 20. Argyromiges Nivella (the snowy). „ 21. Argyromiges semiaurella (the pale gold dot). „ 22. Argyromiges unipunctella (the simple dot). „ 23. Argyromiges Spartifoliella (the golden dot). „ 24. ArgjTomiges Clerckella (the Clerckian). „ 25. Heribeia Haworthana (the Haworthian). „ 26. Heribeia humerella (the shoulder stripe). „ 27. Heribeia Forsterella (the Fosterian). „ 28. Heribeia simpliciella (the simple shoulder
stripe). „ 29. Heribeia Cognatella (the allied shoulder stripe). „ 30. Microsetia Sub-bistrigella (the double silver
bar). „ 31. Microsetia Obsoletella (the obscure dot). „ 32. Microsetia exiguella (the small dot). „ 33. Microsetia Cinereo-punctella (the grey dotted
brown). „ 34. Microsetia stipella (the triple gold spotted). „ 35. Microsetia guttella (the white spotted sable). „ 36. Microsetia quadrella (the silver spotted sable).
FIG. PAI
Insects. 37. Microsetia sequella (the silver blotched).
38. Microsetia pulchella (the small argent ai:d sable).
39. Microsetia bella (the beautiful argent and sable).
40. Microsetia nigrella (the small double silver bar).
41. Microsetia trimaculella (the cream spotted sable).
42. Microsetia sub-bimaculella (the brown spotttd sable).
43. Microsetia nigrociliella (the black edged sable).
44. Microsetia unifasciella (the silver barred brown).
45. Microsetia mediofasciella (the central silver bar).
46. Microsetia posticella (the pigmy silver bar).
47. Microsetia aurella (the diamond barred pigmy ).
48. Microsetia floslactella (the creamy pigmy).
49. Microsetia atricapitella (the black-headed pigmy).
50. Microsetia ruficapitella (the red-beaded piguiy).
51. Microsetia violacella (the violet pigmy).
52. Microsetia pygmjeella (the least pigmy).
53. Microsetia sericiella (the satin pigmy).
54. Microsetia aurofasciella (the gold banded).
55. Microsetia Gliechella (the Gleichian). 55. Microsetia Pfeifferella (the four spotted gold).
PLATE C.XIII.
2i4
Insects. 1. Glyphipteryx Linnseella (the Linnsean).
„ 2. Glyphiptery,\ Roesella (the Roeselian).
„ 3. Glyphipteryx Zinckeila (the Zinckian).
„ 4. Glyphipteryx SchEefferella (the SchEefferiau).
„ 5. Glyphipteryx bimaculella (the orange blotched
black).
„ 6. Glyphipteryx eximia (the nonpareil).
„ 7. Glyphipteryx metallella (the metallic) .
„ 8. Glyphipteryx subcuprella (the coppery).
„ 9. Gh'phipteryx auroguttella (the gold dotted).
„ 10. Glyphipteryx variella (the variable).
„ 11. Gh'phipteryx termiuella (Z)a/e).
„ 12. Pancalia Leuwenhoekella (the Leuwenhoekian).
„ 13. Pancalia Latreillella (the LatreUlian).
„ 14. Pancaha Woodiella (the Woodian).
„ 15. Pancalia fusco-senea (the brown brassy).
„ 1 6. PancaUa fusco-cuprea (the brown copper).
„ 17. Pancalia Meri.anella (the Merianian).
„ 18. Callisto guttea (the white spotted brown).
„ 19. Callisto Fyeslella (the Fuessliau).
„ 20. Callisto fusco-cuprella (the browB copper).
„ 21. Callisto fusco-viridella (the brown green).
„ 22. Harfagus cinctella (the silver-barred sable).
„ 23. Harfagus aJbistrigella (the white striped sable).
„ 24. Astyages grandipenuis (the great raven feather).
„ 25. Astyages cylindrella (the buff-blotched slender).
„ 26. Astyages coracipennella (the small raven feather).
„ 27. Astyages serratella, (the notched horn).
„ 28. Astyages obscurella (the brown feather).
I.IST OF PLATES.
Fie. PACK
Insects. 29. Astyages Grj-phipennella (the vulture feather^.
„ 30. Astyages Intarea (the shining clay).
„ 31. Astyages ochroleucella (the pale shining clay).
„ 32. Astyages nigricella (the black fringed clay).
„ 33. Astyages fiavicaput (the yellow-headed black).
„ 34. Chrysocory sangustipeunella(thenarrow-wiiiged).
„ 35. Metallosetia Spissicornis (the thick-horned green).
„ 36. Metallosetia Trifolii (tlie Trefoil).
„ 37. Jletallosetia brevicornis (the short-horned).
., 38. Porrectaria Anitipennella (the goose feather).
„ 39. Porrectaria Otidipennella i the bustard featlier).
„ 40. Porrectaria Anseripennella (the duck feather).
„ 41. Porrectaria SiruthioDipennella (the ostrich
feather).
„ 42. Porrectaria oruatipennella (the silver-streaked
liook tip).
„ 43. Porrectaria Ochrea (the silver-streaked).
PL.\TE CXIV. 222
Insects. 1. Porrectaria gailipennella (the cock's feather). „ 2. Porrectaria lineolea (the red-specked). „ 3. Porrectaria albicosta (the white-edged). „ 4. Porrectaria leucapennella (the lead-coloured). „ 5. Porrectaria argentula (the silvered) . „ 6. Aphelosetia aui-itella (the eared). „ 7. Aphelosetia cygnipennella (the swan's feather). „ 8. Aphelosetia semialbella (tlie half white). „ 9. Aphelosetia triatomea (the treble-atomed white).
„ 10. Aphelosetia floslactis (the cream-coloured).
„ 11. Aphelosetia nifocinerea (the red brindled).
„ 12. Aphelosetia olaeella (the small shining brown).
„ 1.3. Aphelosetia luci lelia (the lucid).
., 14. Aphelosetia rufipennella (the red feather).
,, 15. Aphelosetia fulvescens (the tawny).
„ 16. Aphelosetia marginea (the bordered straw).
„ 17. Batia lambdella (the tawny crescent).
„ 18. Batia lunaris (the lesser tawny crescent).
„ 19. Batia formosella.
„ 20. Batia lutarella (the clay).
„ 21. Batia saturatella (the dark clay).
„ 22. Batia Panzerella (the Panzerian).
„ 23. Batia flavifrontclla (the yellow head).
„ 24. Acbroia alvearia (the honey).
„ 25. Galleria cereana (the honeycomb).
„ 26. The Caterpillar.
„ 27. Ilythia sociella (the pale-shouldered).
„ 28. Ilythia anella (the twin-spot).
„ 28. Senta flammea (the flame).
„ 30. Senta sericea (the silken).
n 31. The Caterpillar.
„ 32. Eudorea Portlandica.
„ 33. Eudorea cembrella (the large gray).
„ 34. Eudorea subfusca (the drab gray).
„ 35. Eudorea dubitalis (the hoary gray).
„ 36. Eudorea pjTalella (the yellow stigmaed gray).
„ 37. Eudorea tristrigella (the three-streaked gray).
„ 38. Eudorea pallida (the pale gray).
„ 39. Eudorea lineola (the striped gray).
„ 40. Eudorea mnrana (the wall-gray).
„ 41. Eudorea resinea (the resin gray).
PLATE CXV.
PAGE
228
PIG.
Insects. 1. Eudorea Angustea (the narrow-winged gray).
„ 2. Eudorea pusilla.
„ 3. Eudorea Mercurella (the small gray).
„ 4. Phycita uebulella (tlie ermine knot horn).
„ 5. Phycita biusevella (the double-blotched).
„ 6. Phycita dilutella (the powdered knot horn).
„ 7. Phycita elutella (the cinereous knot horn).
„ 8. Phycita rufa (the rufous kuot horn) .
„ 9. Phycita angustella (the small ermine knot horn).
„ 10. Pliycita semirufa (the reJ-streaked knot horn).
„ U. Phycita bistriga (the double stripped red knot
horn).
„ 12. Phycita tumidana (the warted knot liorn).
„ 13. Phycita fascia (the broad barred knot horn).
„ 14. Phycita advenella (the marbled broad barred
knot horn).
„ 15. Phycita marmorea (the marbled knot horn).
„ 16. Phycita porphyrea (the porphyry kuot horn).
„ 17. Phycita consociella (the allied knot horu).
„ IS. Phycita Rhenella (the dove-coloured kuot horn).
„ 19. Phycita Pinguis (the tabby kuot horn).
„ 20. Phycita hostilis (the varied knot horn).
„ 21. Phycita formosa (the beautiful kuot horn).
„ 22. Phycita stigmatella.
,, 23. Phycita obtusa (the blunt-winged knot horn).
„ 24. Phycita obscura (the obscure knot horu).
„ 25. Phycita ornatella (the speckled knot horn).
„ 26. Phycita Abietella (the pine knot horn).
„ 27. Phycito Roborella (the doited knot horn).
„ 28. Phycita Legatella (the plain knot horn).
„ 29. Phycita fusca (the brown knot horn).
., 30. Phycita tristrigella (the three-streaked knot
horn).
„ 31. Phycita palumbella (the mealy knot horn).
„ 32. Homceosoma gemma (the twin barred kuot horn) .
„ 3.3. Homoeosoma cinerea.
„ 34. Nemophila Hybridalis (the rush veneer).
„ 35. Oncocera Cardui (the thistle ermine).
„ 36. Oncocera Caruella (the rosy veneer).
„ 37. Oncocerasanguinella (the buff-edged rosy veneer).
„ 38. Ara.ves Sliniosella (the Hame veneer).
„ 39. Araxes Lotella (the pale-edged flame veneer).
„ 40. Araxes Ocellea (the necklace veneer) .
„ 41. Araxes Alienella (the mouse-coloured veneer).
„ 42. Prionapteryx nebulifera (the clouded veneer).
PLATE CXVI. 234
Insects. 1. Crambus Lythargyrellus (the dark streaked satin veneer).
„ 2. Crambus Argyreus (the streaked satin veneer).
„ 3. Crambus Arbustorum (the yellow satin veneer).
„ 4. Crambus Argeutellus (the white satin veneer).
„ 5. Crambus dealbellus (the ivory veueer).
„ 6. Crambus tentaculelius (ihe Portland veneer).
„ 7. Crambus hamellus (the pearl streak veneer).
„ 8. Crambus pascuellus (the inlaid veneer).
„ 9. Crambus scoticus.
10. Crambus ericellus (the heath veneer).
XV III
LIST OP PLATES.
FIG. rA
Insects, 11. Crambus pratellus (the dark inlaid veneer). „ 12. Crarabas angustellus (the narrow winged
veneer). „ 13. Crambus hortuellus (the garden veneer). „ 14. Crambus cespitellus (the straw coloured veneer). „ 15. Crambus montanellus (the dark mountain
veneer). „ 16. Crambus marginellus (the bordered veneer). „ 17. Crambus Latistrius (the broad streaked veneer). „ 18. Crambus pinetellus (the pearl veneer). „ 19. Crambus Chrysonuehellus (the powdered veneer). „ 20. Crambus rorellus (the chalk hill veneer). „ 21. Crambus falsellus (the chequered veneer). „ 22. Crambus lutfeellus (the barred veneer). „ 23. Crambus tristis (the dingy veneer). „ 24. Crambus inquinatellus (the elbow striped veneer). „ 25. Crambus aridellus (the chalk veneer). „ 26. Crambus selasellus (the dark edged veneer). „ 27. Crambus Obtusellus (the blunt winged veneer). „ 28. Crambus petrificellus (the common veneer). ,, 29. Crambus aquilellus (the dusky yellow veneer). „ 30. Crambus palseellus (the large yellow veneer) . „ 31. Crambus culmorum (the brown edged veneer) , „ 32. Crambus fuscelinellus (the brown veneer). „ 33. Crambus nigristriellus (the black streaked
veneer). „ 34. Crambus culmellus (the small straw-coloured). „ 35. Crambus cerusellus (the dark dwarf veneer). „ 36. Crambus pygm8eus. „ 37. A dark variety (the pigmy veneer). „ 38. Crambus radiellus (the streaked mountain
veneer). J, 39. Crambus margaritellus (the pearl streaked
veneer) .
PLATE CXVII.
240
Insects — 1. Chilo forficeUus (the aquatic veneer).
„ 2. Chilo fumeus (the smoky veneer).
„ 3. Chilo punctigerellus (the dark wainscot veneer).
„ 4. Chilo phragmitellus (the wainscot veneer).
„ 5. Chilo gigantellus (the gigantic veneer) .
„ 6. Theristis Acinacidella (the narrow-winged
veneer).
„ 7. Theristis nemorella (the pale hook-tip veneer).
„ 8. Harpipteryx dentella (the tooth-streaked hook-tip).
„ 9. Harpipteryx falcella (the dark hook-tip) .
„ 10. Harpipteryx Scabrella (the wainscot hook-tip).
„ 11. Hj-psolopha Asperella (the chequered hook-tip) .
„ 12. Hypsolopha Antennella (the netted hook-tip).
„ 13. Hypsolopha Persicella (the double-barred).
„ 14, Choetochilus costellus (the white shouldered).
„ 15. Choetochilus fissellus (the broad streak).
„ 16. Choetochilus radiatellus (the radiated).
„ 17. Choetochilus Variellus (the variable autumn).
„ 18. A variety.
„ 19. Choetochilus sylvellus (the wood autumn).
„ 20. Choetochilus rufimitrellus (the red headed
autumn).
„ 21. Choetochilus maurellus (the dingy autumn).
„ 22. Choetochilus vittelius (the black back).
FIG. piGK
Insect. 23. Choetochilus seqnellus (the small merveille du
jour). Plant — 24. Silene Quinqnevulnera (variegated catchfly).
PLATE CXVIII. 244
Insects. 1. Cerostoma porrectella (the gray streak).
„ 2. Cerostoma annulatella (the annulated).
„ 3. Cerostoma maeulipennis (the spotted winged).
„ 4. Cerostoma Xylostella (the honeysuckle).
„ 5. Tinea tapetzella (the black-cloaked woollen).
„ 6. Tinea semifulvella (the fulvous-tip).
„ 7. Tinea ustella (the white-backed black).
„ 8. Tinea flavieostella.
„ 9. Tinea fuscipuncteUa (the brown-dotted woollen).
„ 10. Tinea pellionella (the single-spotted woollen).
„ 11. Tinea nigripunctella (the many-spotted yellow).
„ 12. Tinea albipunctella (the white-speckled black).
„ 13. Tinea fiavescentella (the triple-spotted buff).
„ 14. Tinea lappella (the triple-spotted yellow).
„ 15. Tinea sulphurella (the sulphur).
„ 16. Tinea destructor (the destructive).
„ 1 7. Tinea cloaeella (the dark-mottled woollen).
„ 18. Tinea granella (the mottled woollen).
„ 19. Tinea parasitella (the light-brindled woollen).
„ 20. Tinea corticella (the bark).
„ 21. Euplocamus mediellus (the agaric).
Plant. 22. Cucubalus Baecifer (Berry-bearing Campion).
PLATE CXIX. 248
Insects. 1. Lepidocera Birdella (Mr. Bu-d's).
2. Lepidocera mediopectinella (the middle feathered).
3. Lepidocera taurella (the little bull).
4. Lepidocera cheuopodiella (the spotted bull).
5. Incurvaria masculella (the feathered diamond- back).
6. Incurvaria pectinella (the feathered twin spot),
7. Incurvaria Oehlmanniella (Oehlmann's).
8. Incurvaria spuria (the spurious treble-spot).
9. Incurvaria tripunetella (the trebled-spotted).
10. Incurvaria rufimitrella.
1 1 . Amaurosetia oppositella (the two-spotted brown) .
12. Amaurosetia quadripunctella (the double-spotted brown).
13. Amaurosetia minutella (the double gold-spotted),
14. Amaurosetia cerusella (the triple-spotted white).
15. Amaurosetia Albinella (Albin's).
16. Amaurosetia Megerlella (Megerle's).
1 7. Amaurosetta albifrontella (the white fronted). Plant. 18. Fumaria officinalis (common Fumitory).
PLATE CXX,
250
Insects.
1. Lampronia Capitella, (the triple-spotted black).
2. Lampronia prselatella (the spotted violet).
3. Lampronia flavipunctella (the 4-spotted brown).
4. Lampronia formosella.
5. Lampronia Margiue-punetella (the dotted border).
6. Lampronia Melanella (the white-spotted black).
LIST OF PLATES.
Insects. 7. Lampronia Atrella (the dingy black speckled).
„ 8. Lampronia Corticella (the golden-speckled black).
„ 9. Lampronia rupella (the four-spotted black).
„ 10. Eriocephalasubpurpurella(thepurpleunderwing).
„ 11. Eriocephala serai-purpui'ella (the half-purplish undcrwing).
„ 12. Eriocephala purpurella (the purple upperwiug).
„ 1 3. Eriocephala auropurpurella (the gold-brindled purple).
„ 14. Eriocephala rubroaurella (the red-gold).
„ 15. Eriocephala Hellwigella (the red-barred gold).
„ 16. Eriocephala sanguiuella (the scirlet-barred gold).
„ 17. Eriocephala Calthella (the small-gold).
,, 18. Eriocephala Concinnella (the neat).
„ 19. Eriocephala Seppella (.Sepp's).
„ 20. Eriocephala Ammanella (the single-spotted gold).
„ 21. Eriocephala bistrigella (the silver-striped gold).
Plant. 22. Corydalis lutea (the Yellow Fumitoi-j).
PLATE CXXI.
254
Insects, 1. Euspilaptery.x auroguttella (the gold dotted).
„ 2. Gracillaria nebulea (the nebulous slender).
„ 3. Gracillaria meleagripennella (the turkey's fea- ther).
„ 4. Gracillaria syringella (the confluent bai'red).
„ 5. Gi-acillaria einerea (the double-barred slender).
„ 6. Gracillaria V-flava (the yellow V).
„ 7. Gracillaria versicolor (the changeable).
„ 8. Gracillaria substriga (the obscure streaked).
„ 9. Gracillaria semifascia (the semi-white bar).
„ 10. Gracillaria purpurea (the triangle-marked purple).
Plant. 11. Verbascumpulverulentum(thepowderedmullein).
PLATE CXXII.
256
Insects.
Plant.
1. Gracillaria stigmatella (the triangle-marked red).
2. Gracillaria ochracea (the triangle-marked ochre).
3. Gracillaria Thunbergella (Thunberg's).
4. Gracillaria hemidactylella (the mottled red).
5. Gracillaria rufipennella (the dull red).
6. Gracillaria elongella (the plain red>.
7. Gracillaria violacea (the slender violaceous).
8. Gracillaria roscipennella (the livid slender).
9. Gracillaria leucapcnnella (the pale slender).
10. Gracillaria sulphurella (the sulphur).
11. Gracillaria pra^angusta (the poplar slender).
12. Geranium Robertianum (Herb-Robert).
PLATE CXXIII. 258
Insects. 1. Agdistes Bennetii (the plumeless plume).
„ 2. Pterophorus Pentadactj lus (the large white plume).
Insects. 3. Pterophorus Spilodactylus (the worm-wood
plume). 4. Pterophorus Galactodactylus (the spotted white
plume). .■>. Pterophorus Bipunctidactylus (the grey-wood
plume). fi. Pterophorus Fuscodactylus (the brown wood
plume).
7. Pterophorus Pterodactylus (the common plume).
8. The Caterpillar.
9. The Chrysalis.
10. Pterophorus Monodactylus (the hoary plume).
11. Pterophorus Tephradactylus (the plain plume).
12. Pterophorus Tridactylus (the dotted-bordered plume).
13. Pterophorus Niveidactylus (the snowy plume).
14. Pterophorus Tetradactylus (the white-shafted plume).
15. Pterophorus Carphodactylus (the citron plume).
16. Pterophorus Ochrodactylus (the ochreous plume).
17. Pterophorus Leucodactylus (the lemon plume).
18. Pterophorus Lunredactylus (the crescent plume).
19. The caterpillar of Porrectaria Anatipenella,
figured in Plate 113, fig. 38. Plant. 20. Convolvulus Arvensis (common Bindweed).
PLATE CXXIV.
260
Insects. 1. Pterophorus pallidaetylus (the pale-plume).
., 2. Pterophorus migadactylus (the chalk-pit plume). „ 3. Pterophorus similidactylus (the du.sky-plume). „ 4. Pterophorus trigonodactylus (the triangle plume). „ 5. Pterophorus rhododactylus (the rose-plume). „ 6. The Caterpillar. „ 7. The Chrysalis.
„ 8. Pterophorus calodactylus (the beautiful plume) . 9. The Caterpillar.
10. The Chrysalis. „ 11. Pterophorus tesserad,actylus (the marbled- plume). ., '12. Pterophorus punctidactylus (the brindled-plume).
13. Pterophorus eosmodactylus (the dark-brindled plume). „ 14. Pterophorus didaetylus (the spotted rusty plume). ., 1 5. Pterophorus heterodactylus (the spotted black
plume). „ Hi. Pterophorus microdactylus (the small plume). „ 17. The CaterpiUar.
„ 18. Pterophorus microdactylus (the Chrysalis) . „ 19. Alucita hexadactyla (the six-cleft plume). „ 20. Alucita polydactyla (the many-cleft plume). „ 21. Alucita paicilodactyla (the dark six-cleft plume). Plants. 22. Gentiana acaulis (Dwarf Gentian).
„ 23. Ononis procurrens (trailing Rest-Harrow).
BRITISH MOTHS
THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS.
FAJIILY X. GEOMETRID^.
This family is of scarcely less extent than the Noctuidse, from which, as well as from the Linnaean Bombyces, its species are distinguished by the general weakness of structure and slenderness of body, but more particu- larly by the remarkable peculiarities and geometric mode of progression of the caterpillars ; whence has been derived the family name, derived from the Greek, and meaning " measurers of the ground." The head is of moderate size ; the maxillae short and weak, being nearly membranous ; the labial palpi small and cylindrical • the antennce variable, being strongly bipectinated in the males of some species, but simple in otliers ; the wings are of large size and of various outline, being often extended horizontally, although in a few species they are carried vertically. We here find no traces of the curious characteristic markings of the Noctuidse : the thorax is never crested ; the legs are slender ; the anterior tibife being armed internally with a spur, and the posterior with two pairs of those appendages.
The caterpillars are called loopers, or geometricians, and have generally three pairs of pectoral, and only one (the hindmost) pair of ventral prolegs, with a pair of anal feet ; and hence, in walking, they first fix themselves firmly by means of their anal and ventral feet ; they tlien extend the body to its greatest length, fixing themselves by their fore feet, and then drawing the hind part of tlie body as close after them as possible, so as to form an arch, like a pair of compasses, fixing their hind feet, and proceeding again as before. Their muscular power is very great, and hence their positions during repose are very striking. Fixing themselves by their anal feet alone, they extend their bodies in a straight line, directed upwards, and holding themselves at an angle in this position for a great length of time. This, together v^'ith their obscure colours and the warts which their bodies exhibit, renders it often quite difficult to distinguish them from the twigs of the trees on which they feed. Mr. Stephens describes the larvae of some genera as possessing twelve, and others fourteen feet ; and in a species figured by De Geer (Mem. torn. i. pi. 25, fig. 1 — 7), the larva has three pairs of ventral feet, the first and second of which are very minute. These caterpillars vary in their outward appearance, as will be seen by comparing our different plates. They feed on the leaves of various trees and plants, and have the instinct, when alarmed, of dropping from the leaves and suspending themselves by a thread, which enables them to remount when the danger is past. The chrysalides are of a conical form, with the head rounded. They are either naked or suspended by the tail, or inclosed in a very slender cocoon, which is rarely subterranean, and ofttimes placed amongst dry leaves, &c.
In the perfect state, these insects offer very little variation in their habits, fl3nng sluggishly in the twilight or when disturbed during the day, and quickly settling again amongst the foliage of woods and hedges. la
VOL. II. B
2 BRITISH MOTHS
their colours they are much more beautifully ornamented than the Noctuidae, and many species have a broad wavy band across the fore wings, whence they have obtained the name of carpet-moths ; they never exceed a moderate size. In a few species, the females are almost or entirely destitute of wings, and some of these, as Cheimatobia brumata, are exceedingly injurious to fruit-trees, devouring the tender shoots and leaves in the sprincr (see Kollar's work on Noxious Insects) ; whilst Bupalus piniarius is sometimes equally destructive in the pine-forests of Germany. (See Silbermann, Eev. Ent. No. 9.)
Of the relations of these insects but little can be said. The larger species with feathered male antenns, as Latreille long ago remarked, exhibit so strong a relation to some of the Bombycidse, that it would be rash, looking at the imagines alone, to assert that the relation was not one of affinity. The terminal Noctuida, as we have already shown, are, in several respects, very much allied to this family, whilst some of our fanciful entomologists have imagined a relation between the swallow-tailed butterfly and the swallow-tailed moth, because each of their hind wings happens to terminate in an elongated appendage.
llr. Curtis proposes to divide these insects into two families, characterised by the structure of the male antenna, but such a step would imnaturally break many strong relations, as pointed out by Mr. Stephens in his " Illustrations," (vol. iii. p. 143). Platypteryx constitutes an anomalous group, which, in the imago state, seems to be one of the types of form of this family ; but its larva is altogether distinct, and more nearly resembles that of Cerura. But this relation is so slight, that Latreille has evidently confounded analogy with affinity, in uniting them into one tribe, which he named Aposura, the larvee being destitute of anal feet.
The comparatively little which is known of the transformations of this family, and our ignorance of the exotic groups, arising from the neglect with which the smaller exotic Nocturnal Lepidoptera liave been treated, render the classifications hitherto proposed of these, and indeed of all the subsequent families of moths, very unsatisfactory. An elaborate examination of their characters, as exhibited in their different states, and extended over the exotic as well as native species, will alone determine the propriety of the establishment of many of the genera which have already been proposed, and which are adopted in the following pages.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LVII.
Insrcts. — Fig, 1. Psodos trepidaria (the black mountain-moth). ,, Fig. 2. Psodos alpinata (the gold four-spot). ,, Fig. 3. Speranza brunneata (the Rannoch Looper). ,. Fig. 4. Speranza Limbaria (the frosted yellow). 5.
The Caterpillar, ,, Fig. 6. Bupalus piniarius (the bordered white). 7. The
Female. ,, Fig, 8. Fidonia atomaria (the common heath). 9,
Another variety. 10. A Female, ,, Fig, 11, Fidonia fuliginaria (the waved black). 12, The
Caterpillar, ,, Fig, 13. Fidonia ericetaria (the bordered gray). 14. The
Female, ,, Fig, 15, Ma;sia Favillacearia (the gray scalloped bar), ,, Fig, IG, Hybernia leucophearia (the spring usher). 17.
A variety. ,, Fig. 18. Anisopteryx jEscularia (the March moth). 19,
The Female, ,, Fig. 20. Hybernia Capreolaria (the dotted border). 21.
The Female. 22. The Caterpillar. T, Fig. 23. Hybernia prosapiaria (the ecarce umber). 24. The Female.
Insects. — Fig. 25. Hybernia defoliaria (the mottled umbre). 2C. A variety. 27. A variety. 28. The Female. 29, The Caterpillar,
Plants — Fig. 30, Cytisus scoparius (common broom).
The whole of the insects figured in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, who has, on this and numerous other occasions, most liberally allowed me to talte all the insects I required to my own house, for the purpose of copying even unique specimens of great value. I have only given three varieties of Atomaria, but they are three of the most striking; for to give every intermediate gradation connecting the three distinctly-marked varieties figured, would have filled the plate. The females vary as much as the males. The same remark will apply to Defoliaria, with the exception of the female, which is apterous. The female of Capreolaria from a specimen sent me by Mr. H. Doubleday, is, he informs me, usually placed in cabinets as the female of Leucophearia; but he has had abundant opportunities this spring of proving that such is not the case. The female of Leucophearia, Mr. E, Doubleday informs me, is perfectly apterous.
The caterpillars are from Hiibner and Freyer. H. N. H.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 3
PSODOS, Treitschke. The wings are broad and rounded ; the antennae simple in both sexes ; the spiral tongue long and slender ; the palpi small, porreeted, and densely clothed with long hairs, the terminal joint being very minute. Mr. Curtis considers this genus as forming the connecting link between this family and the Noctuidae, by means of the genus Brepha ; but Boisduval places it at the end of the Gcometridaj, regarding it as forming the passage to the Pyralidse by means of tlie genus Ilercyna. The transformations are, unfortunately, unknown. The species are Alpine. Boisduval separates Equestrata, under the generic name of Torula, on account of the difference in the markings and habit of the wings.
Species 1. — Psodos thepidaria''. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 1.) — Expanse, J. inch. Blackish brown ; fore wings rather narrow, sooty black at base, with a very short, almost obsolete black line ; a nearly central, oblique, dark fascia, with crenated edges ; dilated towards the costa, inclosing a black dot ; beyond this, in certain lights, is to be seen a broad, nearly obsolete striga, of a pale blackish hue, terminating in a black costal spot : hind wings nearly concolorous, blackish brown, but with indications of spots and strigaa, as in the fore ones ; apical margin of all the vrings spotted with black. Very rare. Found, at the end of June and beginning of July, on the summit of the mountains of Scotland.
■ SvNoNTME. — Geametra trcpidaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, Ind. Eat. fig. 449.
Species 2. — Psodos alpinata''. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 2.) — Expanse one inch. All the wings brown black, with a large, irregularly oval patch of orange beyond the middle of each wing. Probably not truly British. Two specimens in Mr. Curtis's collection are stated by Haworth to have been taken at Hoi wood, (Holywell,) near Bromley, in Kent, by Mr. Plastead. It is found on the Alps in July.
'■ Synonymes.— GeoTTie/ro alpinata, Wien. Vera.; Treitschke ; Geome<ro eyues/ra/a, Fabricius; Curtis, Brit. Eut. pi. 42'1 ; Ha-
Hiibner; Stephens; Wood, fijr. 450. worth.
Geometra equesiraria, Esper; Boisduval.
SPERANZA, Curtis. The antenna are bipectinated in the males ; the pectinations rather short, and scarcely extending to the apex ; the spiral tongue long and slender ; the palpi porreeted, thickly clothed with scales, not concealing the terminal joint, which is distinct, small, and oval. The body is slender ; the wings somewhat triangular ; the fore ones with a tubercle on the upper side, near the base. The caterpillars are slender, lineated, and smooth ; resting, extended at full length along the branches ; the perfect insects fly by day, and when at rest carry their wings erect.
Species 1.— Spebanza britnneatac.— (Plate LVII., Fig. 3.)— Expanse, 10 or 11 Unes. Fore wings in the male dirty orange, with four very indistinct, dusky, sinuated, transverse strigse, and a small duskyspot in the middle; hind wings paler, with two very obscure dusky strigBB, and a central spot. The female dull orange, with the -/.s'. strigffi broader and more distinct. Found, about the middle of July, "flying in the beat of the day over high heath which covers the hiUocks amongst the pine-trees in Blackwood, near the shores of Loch iiannoch." — (Curtis, loc. cit.)
' Syhosymes.— Geomrtroir«nnea(a,Thuiiberg.; Stephens; Wood, , Speranza syharia, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pL 225. Eg. 451. 1 ? £«pis(er)a (Bdv.) quinqimriii, Hiib. (pinetaiia HDb. $ ).
b2
4 BRITISH MOTHS
Species 2. — Speranza limbaria''. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 4, 5.) — Expanse, If inch. Wings clay-colonred ;
fore wings with the fore margin thickly irrorated with brown specks, and a brown apical border ; hind wings also J'id<rrt-<Lt^ thickly covered with brown scales, especially in the females. The caterpillar very slender, smooth, and green-brown,
/rru/t-i' with yellov^ longitudinal stripes. It feeds on the broom, and the perfect insect flies by day, frequenting broom- ed, 3, fields in the beginning of May and end of July, (Boisduval says in June). Mr. Haworth appears to have
made some strange mistake in his description of this well-known insect.
** Synonvmes. — J*Aa/iEfta /imjaria, Fabiicius ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 452. Geometra co?ispicuata, Wien. Yeiz. ; Hiibner; 117, 118.
afcHiO
BUPALUS, Leach. FIDONIA, p. Boisduval. The fore wings are elongate triangular, varied with yellow and dusky markings ; the body slender, and the antennae strongly bipectinated to tlie tips in the males ; the palpi are very short and concealed by the hairs of the front of the head ; the females are larger than the males, with simple antennse ; as in tlie foregoing genus, the males have a tubercle at the base of the wings, and they carry them erect wlien at rest ; the caterpillars are also longitudinally streaked, and they repose at full length on the branches.
Species 1. — Bupalus piniarius^ — (Plate LVII., Figs. 6, 7.) — Expanse of the fore vnngs, H-l| inch. Fore wings in the male dark brown, with an elongate triangular pale buff patch in the discoidal area, and a 0 larger irregular one occupying the greater part of the vvdngs towards the anal angle ; its edges irrorated with
brown; hind wings brown, with a large buff thickly irrorated patch, extending from the anal margin beyond the middle of the wing, and with its apical margin scalloped and preceded by a slender irregular fascia : female, with the ground-colour dirty reddish brown, with the dark markings much less distinct. Caterpillar green, with five white and yellowish lines ; it feeds on fir-trees ; the perfect insect flying in fir plantations, especially in the north of England, in June.
e Synonyme. — PhaltBna Geometra Piniariaj Linnaeus; Donovan, 10, pi. 336; HUbner ; Haworth; Stephens; "Wood,
Ind. Ent. fig. 453, bis.
FIDONIA, Teeitschke. The wings are rather short, broad, and rounded ; thickly irrorated with dark atoms, forming more or less distinct striga; ; the anteunse strongly bipectinated in the males, the pectinations extending almost to the tip ; the palpi very short and hairy, and the body slender. The females are winged, and of equal size with the males, having the antennae very slender. The larv» are described as having ten legs and smooth, that of F. fuliginaria, however, appears to be setose.
Species 1. — Fidonia ATOMARiAf. — (Plate LVII., figs. 8, 9, 10.) — This species measures from 1^!^ to 1|^ inch in the exjianse of the fore wings, which are extremely variable, botli in their white or buff ground-colouring, and in the strength of the dark irrorations with which they are so strongly covered, and which unite in forming four very irregular bars across the wings ; of these, the second and third converge together towards the hind margin ; the third striga is interrupted in the middle, and the apical margin is often dark. A very common species, found on heaths in June. The caterpillar is at first green, but afterwards yellowish brown, spotted with red or brown, and with a longitudinal streak It feeds on various species of Scabiosa.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. J
Geohetra carbonaria, Haworth, is possibly a small suflfused variety, measuring only 1 1 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a pitchy brown colour, slightly irrorated with pale atoms.
'Synonvmes. — Fhal. Geom. AtomariOj Liunxus; Hubuer; Dono- [ Phaltena Isoscelata, Scopuli, (female).
Tan, 7, pi. 248, fig, 1, 2 ; Wood, fig. 454. ! Geonutra glarcaria^ iiti\\oii\i \ llubncr? Phaltena aceraria, Hufu-igle. Geomeira roseidaria, Uubner ; Haworth.
Phaltena pennala, Scopoli. (Variety?) Geomeira carbonaria, Haworth, (but not of Fabricius).
Species 2. — Fidonia fuliginaria'. — (Plate LVII., figs, 11, 12.) — This species measures 11 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a blackish colour, with three undulated subinterrupted whitish strigse : the first being towards the base of the wing ; the second beyond the middle, running also acro-ss the hind wing, and very much arched on the outside ; the third is subniarginal and rather indistinct, and be3-ond this a rather indistinct row of yellowish spots. Very rare ; a few specimens, only taken at wide intervals in the neighbour- hood of London, being all which have hitherto been noticed. The caterpillar is obscure, with fulvous and black dots, and a longitudinal streak on each side.
t Sysonvmes. — Ph. Geom. fuliginaria, Linnxus ; Haworth ; Ste- Ph. carbonai ia, Fabricius ; Hubner, (but not of Haworth).
phcns ; Wood, Iiid. Ent. pi. 18, fig. 456. | Ph. lunulata, Fabricius, (female).
Species 3. — Fidonia ericetaria''. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 13, 14.) — Varies from IJ- to 1 j- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of an ashy colour, with a slight purplish tinge and much irrorated ; the costa with three dusky dots, the central one produced within into a slender dusky striga, the third also extended into a much less distinct undulated stricja, followed by a narrow pale streak : the apical marwin itself bein^ brown, ' /
which is found also in the hind winss ; the female is smaller than the male and more irrorated — a rare species, .J. , , ,; but found in fir plantations in Kent, Surrey, .and Hampshire, in August, and occasionally in considerable numbers. JfJi Weybridge, June, 1842.— -J. F. Stephens, Esq.
*> Synonvmf.s. — Phol. Geom. ericetaria, Villers; Haworth; | Geomeira plumistraria, Huhncr. .Stephens ; Wood, fig. 457. I Geomeira subfimbriala, Haworth, in Ent. Trans., O. S. 1, 330.
M.ESIA, STEPHE.N-S. BUPALUS, Curtis. The palpi are not concealed in the hairs of the front of the head ; they are squamosa, with the terminal joint small and globose ; the antennae are less strongly bipectinated in the males than in the preceding genus ; the wings are deflexed during repose, the hind ones covered by the fore ones, and irrorated with a dark central dot and strigae of dusky markings ; the female is smaller than the male.
Species 1. — M^esia favillaceauia'. — (Plate LVII., Fig. 15.) — This variable species measures about H inch „ in the expanse of the fore wings, which in the males are of a pale ashy white, the middle with a pale butF tinge, and '''
finely powdered with dusky atoms ; a dark spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell in all the wings, preceded ,^ in the fore wings by a slender dark scalloped striga, and followed by a much curved row of dusky arches, (extending also across the hind wings,) and which are more or less suflfused towards the apical and anal angles ; the margins of the wings with small dusky dots. Tiie female is considerably smaller aud darker coloured, being more thickly irrorated with dusky scales. Originally taken in Yorkshire, but more recently found in some plenty settling in the heathy places where the turf has been pared off in the New Forest, from the middle of May to the middle of July, and, unlike several of the preceding species, " nothing apparently will induce it to fly during the day." — Curtis.
' Sykonyhes. — Geomeira favillacearia, HUbner; Haworth ; Cur- i Geomeira mediopunclaria, Donovan, 13, pi. 461, Cg. 1. ti>, Brit. Ent. pi. 33 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 458; Harris, Aurclian, | Geomeira Belgiaria, Hubner. pi. 33, fig. m.
-ft
6 BRITISH MOTHS
ANISOPTERYX, Stephens, Boisduval. HYBERNIA, p. Coetis. The fore wings in the males of this genus are long, entire, and of a very delicate structure ; the antennas of the males very slender and finely bipectinated ; the palpi short ; the spiral tongue scarcely distinct ; the thorax weak and villose ; the abdomen slender ; the female with very short rudiments of wings ; the larva smooth, slightly elongated, and twelve-footed ; it feeds on the leaves of trees.
Species 1. — Anisoptbrtx iEscinARiA''. — (Plate LVII,, Figs. 18, 19.) — This species measures from H to 1|- inch in the expanse of the fore wings of the males, which are of a pale glossy ashy-brown colour, with a central, broad, slightly dusky fascia, outwardly edged with a white dentated line, and an oblique brown line, which extends to the tip of the wing from the outer angle of the preceding striga ; the hind wings with a dusky central dot and an indistinct fascia ; the caterpillar is green, with pale longitudinal lines ; it feeds on the horse- chestnut and other trees, and the imago appears in March.
'' Synontme. — Geometra ^scularia, Wien. Verz ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 460, a and n.
Geometra murinaHa, Esper.
HYBERNIA Latreille, (LAMPETIA, Stephens, glim.) These insects have the sexes also very dissimilar, the females being entirely or nearly destitute of wings ; the palpi very minute and the spiral tongue almost obsolete, being formed of two short lanceolate lobes, to which are attached a pair of minute 3-jointed maxUlary palpi ; the antennae are slender and bipectinated in the males ; the wings in the males are large but weak. The caterpillars are smooth, slender, elongated, and ten-footed ; they feed on the leaves of trees and the perfect insects appear in the winter and spring.
Species 1. — Htbernia leucophearia '. — (Plate LVII., Figs. 16, 17.) — The males of this species vary from 1^ to If- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are variable in their colour, being of a pale ashy tint, more or less saturated, und clouded with dark scales ; an incurved slender fascia before, and another deeply waved beyond the middle, followed by a dark cloud-like fascia, considerably mottled. The hind wings mottled, and with dusky clouds near the anal angle. Our English Entomologists appear to have regarded as the female of this species, that of H. capreolaria (our figure 21) and vice versa. The observations of Captain Chawner and Mr. H. Doubleday have, however, satisfactorily proved the incorrectness of this supposition ; the true female of Leucophearia being entirely wingless. A common species, which flies in woods round London and other parts of the country, in February and March, preferring places where oaks abound, and flitting about with an undulating motion by day, between the hours of eleven and two, p.m., and rarely ascending higher than the tops of the underwood.
' Synonvmes Geometra leucophearia, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner;
Haworth; Stephens; "Wood, fig. 459 a. (male), 461 n. (female); Harris, Aurelian, pi. 43, figs, m, n, o, q.
Species 2. — Hybeknia capreolaria". — (Plate LVII., Figs. 20, 21, 22.) — This species measures from 1^ to
rather more than 1-j't; inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a brownish or reddish buff colour,
thickly irrorated with dark atoms, and with a nearly straight, slender, dark striga before the middle of the wing,
and another much bent towards the costa beyond the middle, beyond which is a broad darker bar, with a row of
.c • pale spots ; the apical margin with a row of dark dots ; hind wings with a central dark dot and evanescent
Hsffi^jM . ' fascia ; the female with riidiments of wings, the anterior ones being obliquely truncate, of an ashy brown colour,
"f' ''■ . with three transverse strigre on the fore wings, and two on the hind ones. The caterpillar is light fulvous ; tUt
Geometra nigricaria, Haworth ; Hiibner. Geometra marmorinaria, Esper.
ri.58.
«
8 BRITISH MOTHS
PHIGALIA, D0PONCHBL. (HIBERNIA, pars. Boisduval.) This genus is closely allied to the preceding, but the body is very much more robust; the antennae more strongly bipectinated ; the wings are large, broad, triangular, and villose ; the palpi very short, and concealed by the hairs of the face ; the larvte are ten-footed, cylindrical, and smooth, very slightly setose, and with a bifid tubercle on the eleventh segment of the body.
Species 1. — PhigaliapilosariaP. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 1, 2.) — Varies from 1^ to If inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a greenish mouse colour, with four dusky spots on the costa, equidistant ; the first being near the base and the last near the tip of the ■^jjng ; from each of these proceeds a more or less distinct, curved, dusky striga, which is often almost evanescent ; the hind wings are nearly similar in colour, but rather paler, with only one striga ; the cilia with an interrupted striga at the base. The female is dusky-coloured, with a pale line down the back ; it has very small rudiments of wings. The caterpillar is varied with yellow, brown, ferruginous, and black ; the head, legs, and tail being rusty red. It feeds on the oak, whitethorn, &c., in the summer, and the moth appears in March, and is a rather abundant and widely dispersed species.
P Synonymes. — Geometra pilosaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Hiibner; Albin, pi. 91, fig. e — i ; Wilkes, pi. 87 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 465 a and n ; Geometra plumaria, Esper.
PhaI(EJia pedaria^ Fabricius ; Haworth. Geometra hyemaria, Boikhausen.
NYSSIA, DupoNCHEL. (AMPHIDASIS, pars. Treitschke.) The wings in this group are much smaller than in Phigalia, to which it is, however, very closely related ; the antenucE of the males are strongly bipectinated, the pectinations not extending quite to the tip ; the palpi are very small, and densely pilose, being concealed by the hairs of the front of the head. The female has short rudiments of wings, or is entirely apterous, and the caterpillars are naked, cylindrical, and ten-footed.
Species 1. — Nyssia hispidaria 'i. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 3, 4.) — The male measures li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy-gray, and powdered with dusky atoms, with an incurved striga near the base, another much curved beyond the middle, with a spot or indistinct striga between them, and a strongly dentated subapical one, the space beyond being paler ; the cilia of all the wings spotted with large dusky dots, and the hind wings with an indistinct striga. The female is dark gray-brown. The caterpillar is brown, with dark spots j it feeds on the elm, and the perfect insect appears from the end of January to April. Mr. Matthews has also taken it in September. It is not a rare species, and is taken on the trunks of oaks and other trees.
Nyssia tauaria, Newman (Ent. Mag. 1, 413), has been regarded as a variety of this species. — " Brown gray ; mesothorax, with its anterior margin and a longitudinal central line, forming together the letter T, black : fore wings tawny-gray, transversely and irregularly waved with dark brown ; exterior margin with a wide irregular band of pale brown ; cilise of the same colour, having a row of black dots internally ; hind wings pale brown, with a black spot at the anal angle." Expansion of the fore wings 1^ inch. Taken at Leominster, in June.
1 Synonymes. — Geometra hispidaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 466, a and n. Phalaena ursularia, Donovan, vol. ,-siii., pi. 447.
Species 2. — Nyssiazonaria''. — (Plate LVIII., Figs. 5, 6, 70 — This pretty species measures 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings of the male, which are grayish-black, varied with white markings ; a bar of the latter colour extending from the base to beyond the middle, intersected by the black veins and followed by two slender white striga, nearly parallel with tlie apical margin ; hind wings white at the base ; apical portion grayish-black, with a broadish white bar, succeeded by a narrow and occasionally obsolete one. The head and thorax are
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 9
loncitudinally striped witli black and white, and the abdomen has slender orange edges to the segments. Tlie female is black, clothed with whitish hairs, and the abdominal segments are margined with orange ; the wings appear in the shape of four small hairy scales. The caterpillar is green, the middle part of the segments being palest above, with a yellow longitudinal stripe on each side, and with a small and black ocellus on each side of the abdominal segments. The larvw vary however, as some, which were hatched from eggs sent me by Mr. Gregson, were darker than in lliibner's figure, copied in our plate. It feeds on Acliillea millefolia, and other low herbaceous plants, and the perfect insect is found in the months of February, March and April, and again in June and July, in various situations on the banks of the river Mersey, especially near Black Rock, where it has occasionally appeared in considerable numbers, and where it was first discovered in 1829. The chrysalides are buried at 2 or 3 inches' depth below the surface of the sand, as I am informed by 5Ir. Gregson of Liverpool.
' Stnonymes. — Phalana zonaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Hijbncr ; Treitschkc; Duponchel ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 615 ; Wood, fig. 1674, a — n.
BISTON, Leach. AMPHIDASIS, Boisduval. These insects are the most robust of all the Geometridae, having much the appearance of some of tiie Bombycidae ; the antennre of the males are strongly bipectinatcd, the pectinations not extended quite to the tip, except in B. prodromarius ; the palpi very short and hirsute ; the spiral tongue almost obsolete ; the head not very prominent ; the wings strong ; the abdomen thick and conical ; and the female furnished with fully- developed wings. The caterpillars are long, cylindrical, slightly tubercled, with the head more or less bifid. They feed on the leaves of trees, and the pupa is buried beneath the surface of the ground.
Species 1. — Biston prodromarius.* (Plate LVIII., Figs. 8, 9, 10). — This handsome insect varies from l^to rather more than 2 inches (the female exceeding the male in size), in the expanse of the fore wings, which have the ground thickly irrorated with black scales, and a black transverse striga, much waved, near the base of the fore w^ing, preceded by a reddish-brown bar ; a second red-brown broad fascia crosses the wings obliquely beyond the middle, edged on each side with an irregular, dentate, black striga ; a dusky fascia crossing the hind wings beyond the middle. The female is large, with the markings more strongly indicated. The antennae of the males are pectinated to the tip, and of a reddish-gray colour ; the central bar alternately black and white. The caterpillar is ashy or brown coloured, with darker markings, and with white dots and tubercles, varying in size. It feeds on the oak, birch, &c., in the summer, and the moth appears in the following March and April, frequenting oak woods, and occurring in various places, but by no means abundantly.
' Synonvmes — Phaliena prodromaria^ Wicn. Vcrz. ; Fabricius ; I Geometra marmoraria, Esper. Harris, Exp. pi. xiii. f. 4 ; Ponoran, 7, pi. 219 ; Haworth; Stephens; Plialiena sirataria, Hufimgie.
Wood, fig. 467. I
Species 2. — Biston betularius.' — (Plate LVIII., Figs. II, 12, 13). — This species measures from H to 2i- inches in the expanse of the fore win"s, which, as well as the body and hind wings, are of a white colour, thickly sprinkled with black dots, forming clouds, and sometimes also two angulated streaks, one before and the other behind the middle, and irregular blotches running from the costa ; there is also a submarginal series of dark patches, which also extend along the margin of the hind wings, the latter having a central lunule and a slender flexuous streak ; the extent of these irroratiors is very variable, causing the wings to have a paler or darker appearance ; the antennae of the males are not pectinated quite to the tips. The female is larger than the male. The caterpillar is cylindrical, greenish, hazel, ochraceous brown, or very deep brown, with paler stripes, and tlie
VOL. II. c
10
BRITISH MOTHS
eighth and eleventh segments often bearing a pair of tubercles tipped with black or brown. It feeds on the elm, oak, &c., at the beginning of September, and the moth appears in June, frequenting woods in various parts of
the kingdom.
^Synonymes. — Phalcena Geom. betularia, hiuTiscMS ; A\hin,^\. 40. I Wilkes, pi. 77; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 18, fig. a — f; Haworth ; fig. 64^ a— d, pi. 41, fig. 66, and pi. 91, fig. a— d, pi. 92, fig. a— d ; | Donovan, 7, pi. 237 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 468.
Geometra Ulmaria, Borkhausen.
Species 3. — Biston hirtarius." — (Plate LIX., Figs. 14, 15.) — This species measures from li to nearly 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dark luteous gray, or brown colour, thickly irrorated with fine dusky atoms, and three or four dark strigse, which are more or less conspicuous, and generally equidistant, but sometimes more or less confluent on the hind margin ; of these, one beyond the middle is the broadest and most curved ; the hind wings are similarly coloured, having generally three nearly obsolete, dusky, equidistant, slender strigse. The female differs, in having the wings less thickly clothed with scales, which renders them more transparent, and the fascias less distinct ; the antennae in the males are not quite feathered to the tips. The caterpillars vary considerably in colour, being generally of a greenish brown, with grayish markings and pale stripes, and with numerous small tubercles ; they feed on various fruit-trees, as well as on privet, lime, and elm, and undergo the change to the chrysalis state about the beginning of July; and the moths appear in the following April. It is a very common species.
« Synonymes. — PhaliBna Geometra hirtariaj Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 39, fig. 62, a — d ; "Wilkes, pi. 70 ; Hanis, Aurelian, pi. 9, fig. a — f ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 469.
Geometra congeneraria^ Hiibner ; Haworth (variety). Geometra contiguaria, Borkhausen. Geometra fumaria, Haworth (variety).
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LIX.
Insects, — Fig. 1. Himera peunaria (the October moth). 2. The
Caterpillar. „ Fig. 3. Crocallis elinguaria (the scolloped oak). 4. The
Caterpillar. „ Fig. 5. Odontopera bidentata (the scalloped hazel). 6.
The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 7. Geometra Tiltaria (the canary-shouldered thorn).
8. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 9. Geometra erosaria (the September thorn). 10.
The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 11. Geometra angularia (the clouded August thorn).
12. The Caterpillar. „ Fig. 13. Geometra illunaria (the early thorn). 14. The
Caterpillar. „ Fig. 15, Geometra lunarta (the lunar thorn). 16. The
Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 17. Geometra delunaria.
„ Fig. 18. Geometra illustraria (the purple thorn).
,, Fig. 19. Geometra sublunaria, a variety of illustraria. ,, Fig. 20. Geometra fuscantaria. ., Fig. 21. Pericallia Syringaria (the lilac beauty). Caterpillar
and Chrysalis without number in Plate 60. ,, Fig. 22. Angerona prunaria (the orange moth). 23. The
female. 24. A variety of the female. 25, The Caterpillar. Insects. — Fig. 26, Rumia cratsegata (the brimstone moth). 27. The Caterpillar. 28. A variety of the Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 29. Ourapterynsambucaria (sfhe swallow-tailed moth). 30, The Caterpillar. 31. The Cocoon, mis- numbered as 13, ,, Fig. 32. Campaea margaritaria (the light emerald), ,, Fig, 33. EUopia fasciaria (the barred red). The whole of the insects figured in this plate, with the exception of Cratsegata, Prunaria, and Sambucaria, from Mr. H. Doubleday, are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley.
Geometra angularia is from a female specimen, as that sex exhibits more strongly the angulated irregularity of the edge of the wings. Its varieties, Quercinaria, Quercaria, &c., &c., I have not thought suffi- ciently characteristic to require a figure. Nor have I thought it neces- sary to figure the small variety of Illunaria, called Juliaria, I selected the bordered variety of A. Prunaria as that most commonly taken ; but Mr, E. Doubleday assures me that it is unusual in some places, and on the Continent (in some parts) extremely rare. The female variety without any markings, is from a specimen taken by myself at Birch "Wood.
All the caterpillars are from Huboer. H. N. H.
HIMERA, DupoNCHEL. METRA, Stephens' Cat. The antennse of the males are very strongly bipectinated ; the palpi villose and shorter than the clypens, the thorax moderately robust, and very densely clothed with long hairs ; the wings are slightly notched, and marked with a central broad bar, inclosing a discoidal spot ; the female is winged, but generally smaller than
ri -59
AND THEIR TRANSFORM ATIONS. H
the male. The caterpillar is thick and smooth, with ten feet, the thoracic segments scutellated, and the penultimate one bimucronate.
Species 1. — Himera pennaria*. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 1, 2.) — Varies from H to 2i inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a reddish buflf colour, slightly freckled with dusky atoms, and marked with two oblique bars of purplish brown (sometimes confluent behind, which is the G. bifidaria of Haworth) between which is a small spot of the same colour, and a white dot near the apex of the wing ; the hind wings paler at the base, with a single striga behind the middle, which is almost obsolete in the females. It is a variable species in the depth of the ground colour of the wings, and the intensity of the irrorations. The caterpillar is grayish brown, varied with irregular white markings, especially down the middle of the back and sides ; the penultimate segments with two short spines, and the thoracic ones with red dorsal patches. It feeds on oak and other forest trees, and the moth appears at the end of the autumn, and is a common and widely-dispersed species.
* SrnofrvMrs. — Phal<Btia G?ome(ro pennaria, Linnaeus ; Dono- I pi. 43, fig. g — i; Stephens; Wood, fig. 470. ■na, 8, pi. 287, fig. 2 ; Haworth, Wilkes, pi. 79 ; Harris, Aurelian, j Geometra bifidaria, Haworth (variety).
CROCALLIS, Treitschke.
This genus has the male antennas much less strongly pectinated than in the last, and the palpi longer, with the terminal joint slender ; the spiral tongue obsolete. The thorax is robust and woolly ; the fore wings are subdentated on the apical margin, and are marked by a broad bar inclosing a dark discoidal spot. Tiie larvas are ten-footed, cylindric, rugose, and very slightly hairy, with the head large.
Species 1. — Crocallis elinguaria l'. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 3, 4.) — Varies from ll to 1} inch in the expansion of the fore wings, which are of a bright pale buff colour ; the fore ones with a very broad, darker, central bar, edged with slender brown lines, and inclosing a black discoidal spot ; the margins of all the wings with a row of small dark dots ; hind wings with a dark central spot, and a very slight subcentral striga, which are, however, occasionally more or less obsolete. The caterpillar is light brown, much variegated witli small darker markings : it feeds on various fruit trees, oak, elm, &c., and the moth, which is a commsn and widely-dispersed species, appears in August. The eggs in this species are oblong, and depressed, not unlike a thick 8vo. volimie.
I" Syhonyme. — Phal. Geom. elinguaria, Linnaeus ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 39, fig. 63, e — h, pi. 42, f. 67, e — h ; Wood, fig. 471.
ODONTOPERA, Stephens. ENNOMOS.
Mr. Stephens separates the type of this genus from the preceding and following genera, with which latter it is associated by the Continental Lepidopterists, in consequence of its possessing an elongated spiral tongue, and strongly bidenticulated fore wings, which are deflexed when at rest. The antenna are less strongly bipectinated and the hind wings entire. The caterpillar, however, has much more the habit of that of Crocallis than of Geometra.
Species 1. — Odontopera bidentata «■. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 5, 6.) — This species measures rather more than
2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty buff colour, or reddish brown, and thickly irrorated
with dark scales, with two undulated strigte ; the basal one almost obsolete, and between them a dark brown
ring ; the hind wings also with a discoidal brown annulus, behind which is a slender obscure fascia. The
caterpillar is very variable in colour, being chiefly green or grayish brown, thickly varied with dark markings,
those on the back being arranged somewhat diamond-wise. It feeds on willow, alder, and other trees, and the
moth appears in April and June, being double-brooded. It is not a rare species.
•= Synonymes. — PhttltBna Geom. bidentata, Linn. ; Albin, pi. 96, I Geometra bidentaria, Fabricius ; Haworth. fig. a — c; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 10, fig. s — x ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 472. I Geometra dentaria,lin\>neT; Esper ; Boisduval.
c 2
12 BRITISH MOTHS
GEOMETRA, Leach, Stephens. ENNOMOS, Duponch., Boisduval. I have followed Leach and Stephens in giving to the Thorn Moths the name applied by Linnaeus to the entire group of Looper Jloths, in preference to that of Ennomos, the type of which, as first proposed by Treitschke, was the Phalsena flexula ; for which Mr. Stephens has retained the name of Ennomos. These Thorn Moths, however, can scarcely be conceived to have been regarded by Linnaeus as typical of the group ; for neither do they occur at the head of his section, nor will their larvee agree with his observation, " Harum pectinicornium larva inprimis referunt ita ramulum ultimum, cui, insident, ut difficile ab eo distinguantur." (Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 2, p. 858, note.) The French Lepidopterists, indeed, give the name of Geometra to G. papilionaria, which species was placed by Linnaeus in the middle of his second section of the group. The species of the present genus are distinguished by their elongated palpi ; male antennae bipectinated to the tips ; strongly denticulated wings, which are elevated in repose, semewhat like those of butterflies ; the larvae are variable, but often singularly nodose ; and their third pair of feet are larger than the preceding pairs. The synonymy of the species is very much involved.
SECTION I. — Autumnal Species. Hind wings distinctly angulated ; pectinations of antenna elongated.
Species 1. — Geometra Tiliaria''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 7) 8.) — This species varies from lA to H inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a fulvous colour, irrorated with brown, and with two subincurved brown strigae, and a slight line at the extremity of the discoidal cell ; the hind wings less strongly atomose, with a somewhat obsolete striga in the middle ; the thorax is robust and sulphur-coloured. The caterpillar is furnished on the back with several pairs of acute tubercles ; it is of a brown colour, varied with dark brown and gray markings, and pale buff irregular streaks. It feeds on the lime, alder, and other trees, and the moth appears in August, and is very common.
Geometra canaria, Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 474, is a probable variety, with paler vsings, destitute
of dusky irrorations.
'' S-iNONYMES. — Geometra Tiliaria, Stephens ; Wood, fig. 473 (not Tiliaria, Haworth, which is prohably a variety of Angularia). Geometra alniaria, Haworth, but not of Liungeus nor of Donovan.
Species 2. — Geometra erosaria ^. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 9, 10.) — This species varies from 16 to 19 lines in expanse ; it has the wings angulated, truncated, and of a luteous colour ; the fore ones with two oblique, straight or nearly straight strigae ; the hind wings angulato-dentated, immaculate, or occasionally with a central, occasionally geminated, but very obsolete striga ; the thorax robust, fulvous in front and luteous behind.
Geometra ochraria, Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 475, is rather smaller, with the angles of the hind wings less produced ; the wings are pale ochre, with two obsolete, fulvescent striga ; the caterpillar is brown, varied with fulvous patches and dark markings, and with obtuse tubercles on some of the terminal segments. The perfect insect is found in August and September, and is not uncommon.
* Synonyme. — Geometra erosaria, V^\^n. Verz. ; Hiibner; Treitschke; Haworth*, Stephens; Wood, fig. 476 ; but not of Esper.
. . , Species 3. — Geometra quercinaria^ — This species varies from li to 14 inch in the expanse of its fore
■2'*t. wings, which are grayish-bufi", very much freckled with brown atoms, or fulvous and but slightly atomose, and
with two brown strigee ; from the last species it differs in having the fore wings less distinctly truncate at the
apex ; the thorax is grayish-buff or fulvous. The perfect insect is found in August in the neighbourhood of
lime-trees, and is not uncommon.
'Synonvmes. — Geometra ^Jiercinaria, Hiibner ; Haworlh ; Bork- Geometra alniaria, Hiibner (female); Donovan, 8, pi. 275,
hausen ; Treitschke; Boisduval; Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 477 bis. fig. 1.
Ennomos erosaria, variety, Curtis. Geometra Tiliaria, Haworth.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 13
Species 4. — Geometra angularia^. — (Plate LIX., Fig. 11, 12.) — This species measures from 1^ to l^- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are fulvous ; the middle of the wing in the males with a broad paler bar, curved towards the costa, and edged with a dark line on each side, the second of which is followed by a dark brown fascia gradually shaded o£f ; the hind wings with a slender striga before the middle ; the female has the wings more uniformly coloured, and much freckled with brown and with the strigae of the male. This is a variable species, but Lepidopterists are divided in their opinion as to whether the two following insects are distinct species or merely varieties ; Duponchel, followed by Curtis, giving them as varieties, and Stephens as distinct.
Geometra Quercaria, Hiibner, Stephens, Boisduval, Wood, fig. 478 bis, which differs from the type in not having the base and fascia beyond the second striga dark brown. Mr. Stephens describes the sexes as perfectly resembling each other ; but Wood's two figures are quite unlike each other, both in form and colour, the female differing, as is the case in other allied species, in having the teeth of the wings more developed. Fonnd near London, but rare.
Geometra carpixiaria, Hiibner, Stephens, Wood, fig. 480 (G. angularia, var., Boisduval), has the wings pale fulvous, with two slight transverse strigiB, the second of which extends across the liind wings, and is followed by a dark shade ; the hind wings are brownish. Near London, but rare.
The caterpillar is red-brown, with a luteous-coloured head and grayish beneath, with black spots and tubercles tipped with white ; it feeds on lime, oak, and other trees, and the moth appears in August and September, and is very common.
I Synokymes. — Geometra angularia, "Wieji. Vera.: Hubner; Esper ; Treitsclike ; Duponchel; Boisduval; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 667;
Stephens ; '\\'ood, 6g. 478 bis.
Species 5. — Geometra fuscantaria'' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 20) — measures 1-J- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are straightly truncate at the tips, and of a fulvous ashy tint, with two strigae, beyond which the wing is dusky ; the hind wings in the males are brown from the base to the middle, and fulvous at the extremity ; those of the females are entirely brown. This is an uncommon species. Near London, Cambridge- shire, and Stourton Caundle.
^ Synonymes. — Geometra fuscantaria, Haworlh, Prod. ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 485. Geometra carpiniariay Haworth, Lep. Brit.
SECTION II. — Versal and yEstivai, Species. Wings much dentated ; pectination's of antennj; short.
Species 6. — Geometra illunaria'. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 13, 14.) — This species measures between 1| and li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are very much irrorated, and of a reddish ashy colour, with three nearly equidistant, reddish-brown strigae towards the middle of the fore wings, the first incurved before the middle of the wing, the second broad, central, and extending across the hind wings, on which, towards the costa, there is a whitish limule, almost obsolete ; the third striga is more oblique, and placed beyond the middle of the wing ; the apex itself red-brown ; the hind wings, with a lunule in the striga, almost obliterated. The female resembles the male, but is rather darker-coloured. Very variable. The caterpillar is gray at the sides of the body, with the back and sides of the terminal segments reddish-brown, and marked irregularly with black, the eighth and ninth segments armed with acute dorsal tubercles ; in young specimens the brown is much more brilliant. It feeds on oak, willow, &c., and the moth appears in March and April.
Geometra juliaria, Haworth, Stephens, Curtis, Wood, fig. 482, is now proved to be the summer brood of
the preceding species. (See E. Doubleday, in Ent. Mag., t. 3, p. 287). It i.s, however, generally considerably
smaller than the spring brood.
' Synonymes. — Geometra illunaria, Wien. Verz.; Hiibner; Geometra iinilunaria, EsfCT.
Trcitschke ; Duponchel; Boisdural ; Stephens; Wood, 6g. 481. ' Phalara Geom. Uilularia, Donovan, 3, pi. 82 .» Wilkes, fig. 81.
Geometra bilt/naria. Esper.
14
BRITISH MOTHS
Species 7- — Geometra lunaria''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 15, 16.) — This species varies from \-i^ to If iDch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of an ashy-red colour, but slightly atomose, with two rather slightly marked strigee (between which is a white lunule) the first incurved before the middle of the wing, the second straight a little beyond the middle, but slightly beyond the white lunule ; the apex with a semi-lunule of red- brown ; the hind wings with a white lunule, edged with brown, beyond which is a slender brown striwa. The female is paler and more atomose. The caterpillar is brown, varied with dark markings and patches of reddish- brown, and with conical tubercles on the back. It feeds on the whitethorn, and the moth appears in June, and is widely dispersed, but rather rare.
^ SvNONYMEs. — Geometra lunaria, Wien. Verz. ; Fabricius ; Hiibner ; Donovan, 4, pi. 132 ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 15, fig. a — d; Wilkes,
pi. 83 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 483.
Species 8. — Geometra delunaria ' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 17) — -measures 1^ inch in the expansion of the fore wings, which are grayish-white, scarcely atomose, and with an oblique striga towards the middle of the wing, of a brown colour, and extending across the hind wings ; the fore wings, moreover, with another incurved striga in the middle, and the hind wings with two adjoining, to the outer of which, is a diaphanous but ; rather obsolete lunule. The hind wings are less denticulated than in the last species, although Mr. Stephens suspects it may prove to be but a variety of it. Boisduval, however, affirms its distinction. " Taken at Birch Wood, in July," according to Mr. Stephens.
' Synonymes. — Geom. delunaria, Hiibner; Stephens; Boisduval ; Wood, fi|r.'484.
Species 9. — Geometra illustraria". — (Plate LIX., fig. 18). — This species measures from If to 2 inches in expanse, all the wings being varied with dark brown and ashy from the base to the middle, with a white lunule, an incurved dark striga near the base, the apical portion purplish-buff, with a bright red apical lunar mark, and a brown apical cloud behind ; hind wings similar, but rounded, and with a brown dot towards the apical margin, the middle of the wing marked also with a white lunule. The Caterpillar is reddish or brown, with white and dark brown spots and stripes. It feeds on oak and other trees, and the moth appears in May and June, but is a rare species ; found in the woods of Kent, the New Forest, Devonshire, &c.
™ Synonymes. — Geometra illustraria, Hiibner; Treitschke ; Du- ponchel ; Stephens, III. H. 3, pi. 28, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. 487 ; Albin, pi. 42, fig. 69, e— h.
Geometra quadrilunaria, Esper. Phalana trilunaria, Hufnagle.
Species 10. — Geometra sublunaria". — This species is closely allied to the last, but is smaller (measuring from li to If inch in expanse) with the fascia beyond the central limule slightly flexuous, and extending nearly to the anal angle ; the hind wings reddish, with a brown fascia extending from the anal margin, and enclosing the central whitish lunule : these wings are very much more strongly scalloped along the margin than in the last species. Rare. Derbyshire.
° Syhohyxf..— Geometra sublunaria, Stephens; 111. H. 3, pi. 28, fig. 1 ; Wood, fig. 486.
PERICALLIA, Stephens. ENNOMOS, p. Treitschke. The type of this genus is closely allied to the last, but the antennae are bipectinated in both sexes, although less strongly in the females than in the males ; the fore wings are not elevated in repose, and are not strongly lobed as in Geometra ; the palpi are rather short, the larva 10-footed, slender in front, with the fourth segment tuberculated, and two long recurved hooks on the eighth segment ; the chrysalis is short and thick, and supported by a light web amongst leaves.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 15
Species 1. — Pericallia syringaria". — (Plate LIX., Fig. 21, and Plate LX., Fig. supr. fig. 29.) — This elegant insect measures about H inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a yellowish-gray, varied with large paler patches on the costa, and an angulated violaceous striga towards the base, and two others, which extend across the hind wings, suddenly angulated next the costa, where they are more approximate than behind ; the first of these is brown, and the outer one pale violaceous, varied with brown beneath its subcostal angle, there is also a violaceous patch near the tip ; hind wings more griseous, with some black spots on the anal margin. The caterpillar is pale brown, with darker shades. It feeds on lilac, privet, jasmine, &c., and the moth frequents gardens and woods, and is widely dispersed, although nowhere common.
• SvjioNVME. — Geometra Syringaria, Linnteus; Hanortb; Donovan, pi. 18); Wilkes, pi. 82 ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 488.
ANGERONA, Duponchel. ENNOMOS, p. Boisduval. Distinguished from the preceding by its weak body and very large wings, the anterior of which have the margins entire and rounded, and the posterior slightly notched, the antennae slender and short, those of the females being simple, and the palpi very short. The caterpillars are elongated, with two short conical tubercles on the fifth and ninth segments, and the chrysalis is inclosed in a web amongst the leaves.
Species 1. — Angerona prunariaP. — (Plate LIX., figs. 22 — 25.) — This common, variable, and conspicuous species measures rather more or less than 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a fulvous or orange colour, being brightest in the males, freckled with brown, and with a brown lunule in the middle of each wing ; the base and extremity often also saturated with brown, varying greatly in its extent. The caterpillar is also variable, being ferruginous, brown, or buflf, varied with paler markings, and the ead hand tubercle reddish. It feeds on various trees, and the moth appears at the end of June, frequenting woods. A singular hermaphro- dite specimen of this species is figured in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of France.
'SvsoNVMEs. — Phul. Oeom. prunaria, Lianxus ; Hubner ; Do- Geome/ra cory/aria, Esper (variety).
novan 1, pi. 27 and 9, pi. 293, fig. 3 ; Haworth ; Curtis ; (Hipparchus, Geometra dimidiata, Ribriciua (variety),
p.) ; Albin, pi. 43, fig. 70, a— c ; Id. pi. 100, fig. a— d ; Wilkes, pi. 84 ; Phalmna sordiatu, Schrank. Stephens ; Wood, fig. 480 bis.
RUMIA, DopoNCHEL. ENNOMOS, p. Treitschke. This species has the antennae of the males simply ciliated ; the palpi short, scarcely extending beyond the front of the head ; the body slender ; the wings with the margins entire, except in the middle of the hind ones, which are slightly angulated. The caterpillars have three pairs of abdominal prolegs, of which the two anterior pairs are short and apparently useless (see fig. 27) ; the seventh segment with two elevated tubercles.
Species 1. — Rumia crat.scata''. — (Plate LIX., Figs. 26 — 28.) — This species varies from IJ to 1| inch in
the expanse of the wings, which are of a bright brimstone colour ; the costa of the fore ones marked at the base,
before and beyond the middle, and at the tip, with ferruginous patches; from the second and fourth of these
patches arise two slight dusky strigje of lunules (variable in intensity), and the third is connected with an oval
patch of gray scales, bordered with rusty red ; the hind wings slightly marked with dusky. The caterpillars
vary from fawn to gray, varied with white ; or brownish varied with deep brown ; the head orange, as well as
the two anterior pairs of central prolegs. It feeds on whitethorn, sloe, &c. ; and the moth ajjpears in April,
June, and August, and is very abundant.
■> Synonvme — Phal. Geom. cralagata, Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; AlWn, pi. 40, fig. 65, c— h ; pi. 4G, fig. "G, 77, a — e : pi. 95, fig. e— Ij ; Wilkes,
pi. 80 ; Harris Aureliau, pi. 20, fig. g— 1 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 490.
16 BRITISH MOTHS
OUR AFTER YX, Leach. AC^NA, Teeitschke. This very distinct form is at once characterised by the acute tips of the fore wings, and the tailed hind ones ; the head small ; palpi short ; spiral tongue long ; antennae simple in both sexes ; the caterpillar long, slender, 10-footed, and with a bifid tail ; and the chrysalis inclosed in a cocoon of leaves, held together with silken threads.
Species 1. — Ourapteryx sambucaria'' — (Plate LIX., Figs. 29, 30, and 13, at foot of plate) — varies
from 2i to 2i inch in the expanse of the wings, which, as well as the body, are pale yellow ; the fore wings
with two straight darker strigae, the inner one extending also across the hind wings, which are marked with a
dark spot on each side of the tail. The caterpillar dark brown, with darker lines speckled with white : it feeds
on various trees; and the moth, which is very common, appears about the end of June.
■■ Synonyme Ph. Geom. sambucaria, Linnosus; Donovan, 5, pi. 170 ; Albin, pi. 94, fig, a — d ; Wilkes, pi. 78 ; Curtis, pi. 508 ;
Stephens ; Wood, fig. 491.
CAMP^A, Lamarck. METROCAMPA, Latreille, Boisduval.
This genus is closely allied to the last, but the male antennae are pectinated, and the hind wings much less strongly tailed ; the fore wings are also slightly angulated in the middle, and the larvae are twelve-footed and depressed, somewhat resembling those of the genus Catocala, the sides being fimbriated.
Species 1. — Campjea margaritaria ^ — (Plate LIX., Fig. 32, and Plate LX., Fig. 42.) — This pretty
species measures from If to 2 inches in expanse of the wings, which are of a pale, pearly, greenish white ; the fore
wings with two pale strigse, each edged towards the middle with brownish, and the outer one extending across
the middle of the hind wings. The caterpillar is greenish and brown at the sides, with white spots and black
streaks, and an orange-coloured head. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears about the beginning
of August, and is common in woods.
• Synonymes Phal. Geom. Margaritana, Linn. ; Fabricius ;
Donovan, vol. xvi. pi. 343.
Bombyx sesquUHata, Borkhauseu, Esper.
Geometra bipleuraHa, Villars. Geom. vernariay Hufnagle.
ELLOPIA, Stephens. METROCAMPA, pars. Boisduval.
This genus is very closely allied to the last, but has the wings rounded and entire ; the palpi very short ; the antennm bipectinated in the males. The caterpillar twelve-footed, and flattened beneath, and the chrysalis is enclosed in a web amongst the leaves.
Species 1. — Ellopia fasciaria' — (Plate LIX., Fig. 33) — measures about li inch in the expanse of the
fore wings, which are grayish red, with a broad, darker, central bar angulated towards the costa behind, and edged
with a paler shade ; the outer striga extending across the hind wings. The caterpillar reddish, varied with
white and brown, with a red head. It feeds on fir ; and the moth occurs in fir plantations, towards the end of
June, and is not common. .
' Synonyme. — Phal. Geom. fasciaria, Linnseus ; HUbner ; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig, 493.
Ph. Neustraria, Hufnagle.
PICO.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS.
17
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LX.
Insects. — Fig. 1 .
Fig. 3.
,. Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 10.
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Fig. |
12. |
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Fig. |
13. |
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Fig. |
14. |
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Fig. |
15. |
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Fig. |
16. |
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Fig. |
21. |
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Fig. |
23. |
Fig. 25.
Ilipparchus papilionarius (the large emerald). 2.
The Caterpillar. Hcmithea vcniaria (the small emerald). 4.
Caterpillar. Hcmithea smaragdaria (the Essex emerald). HcDiithea cythisaria (the grass emerald). 7.
Caterpillar. Cleora bajularia (the blotched emerald). 9.
The Caterpillar. Cleora lichcnaria (the lime moss). 11. The
Caterpillar. Cleora viduaria (the speckled beauty). Cleora tencraria (the dotted carpet). Cleora cinctaria (the ringed carpet). Cleora pictaria (the grey carpet), Alois rcpandaria (the mottled beauty). 19. The
variety called muraria. 20. The variety called
conversaria. 18. The Caterpillar. Alcis sericearia (the satin carpet). Alcis roboraria (the great oak beauty). 24. The
Caterpillar. Alcis rhomboidaria (the willow beauty). -0. A
The I Insects,
Th<
dark variety. 2". The Caterpillar. 27. The variety called consobrinaria. Fig. 28. Alcis consortaria (the pale oak beauty). 29. The Caterpillar, „ Fig. 30. Alcis fimbriaria (the bordered beauty). ,, Fig. 42 is the Caterpillar of Campoea niargaritaria, figured
in plate 9. M Fig. 22 is the Caterpillar of Boarmia abietaria, figured in plate fil. All the insects figured in tliis plate arc from the collection of Mr. Bentley, with the exception of H, smaragdaria, from a Continental specimen in the British iMuscum, and A. fimnriftria, from the figure in Mr. Stephens's " British Entomology." Tlie caterpillar of C. lichcnaria is from one taken at Weybridge by Mr. E. Doublcday. The others are from Iliibner.
Several caterpillars arc represented in this plate upon the plant, Clematis vitalba, although the food only of one of them ; but the necessity of figuring so many insects on each plate, in order to keep the work within a small compasp, prevents the possibility of introducing a separate plant for each caterpillar. This explanation will also apply to very many of the ensuing plates. H. N. 11.
HIPPARCHUS, Le.\ch. GEOxMETRA, Boisduval.
The large size, slightly denticulated hind wings, elevated palpi, with the last joint naked, pectinated male antennae, short spiral tongue, Notodontiform tuberculated larva, and folliculated chrysalis, distinguish this genus from the other green Geometridse.
Species 1. — Hipparchus papilionabius". — (Plate LX., Figs. 1, 2.) — This large species measures from 2i to 2^ inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which, as well as the hind ones, are of a deep grass green (which soon fades), with a slight dusky lunula at the extremity of the discoidal cell, followed on all the wings by two wavy pale strigae. The caterpillar is pale green, with rusty tubercles on the back ; it feeds on the birch and other forest trees, and the moth appears towards the end of July in woods.
" SvNONVME Ph. Geom. papilionaria, Linneeus; Donovan 8, pi. "287, fig. 1 ; Harris, Expos., pi. 13, fig. I ; Wood, fig. 494.
HEMITHEA, Duponchel. HIPPARCHUS, pars. Curtis. The singular form of the linear striated larvae, with a bifid head, and the feet when at rest applied close to the body, the first segment of which is armed with two deflexed spines ; the chrysalis speckled ; the antennae of the males slightly pectinated, the green colour of the wings and the slender palpi, are the chief characters of this group.
Species 1. — Hemithea vernaria^'. — (Plate LX., Figs. 3, 4.) — This pretty species measures about 1 '. incli in expanse; its wings are of a delicate whitish green, the anterior with two and the posterior with one slender white strigae, the latter slightly angulated in the middle of the apical margin.
The caterpillar green, with pale stripes on the back and sides ; it feeds on the oak, clematis, and other trees ; and the moth appears at the end of July, in chalky places, but is uncommon.
'Sykosymes. — Phal. Geom. vernaria, Linnaeus; Hiibncr; Harris, Geom. teruginaria, Borkliausen.
Expos., pi. 8, f. 8 ; Stephens; WooJ, f. 49S. Ph. Geom. fo/«/a/a, Villers ; Haworth.
Geom. chrytoprasaria, Espcr. Ph. Geom. luciJala, Donovan 3, pi. 97.
VOL. II.
18 BRITISH MOTHS
Species 2. — Hemithea smaragdabia'^. — (Plate LX., Fig. 5). — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse. The wings are rich green, the fore ones with the costa ochreous, and two slender white strigse, between which is a whitish spot ; the hind wings pale at the base. Very rare. Reared from a larva by ]\Ir. C. Parsons ; found near South Church, Essex, on the 30th June, 1826.
Note — Boisduval unites this species and Bajularia into his genus Phorodesma. " Synon\51e. — Phal. Geom. smaragdaria, Fabricius; Esper; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 300 ; Wood, fig. 496.
Species 3. — Hemithea cythisaria ^. — (Plate LX., Figs. 6, 7-) — This species measures about 1^ inch in
the expanse, its wings being of a pale dull green colour (subject to fade), with two darker green flexuous strigse,
between which is a dark lunule, and a submarginal, paler, undulated striga, often obsolete, which also extends
across the hind wings, behind a rather darker striga. The caterpillar is green, with pale lines. It feeds on the
common broom, and the moth appears in July, and is common on heaths and warrens.
' Synonymes. — Geometra cythisaria, Wien. Vera. ; Esper ; Hiib- ner ; AVilkes, pi. 57 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 497. PhaltBna prasinaria, Fabricius ; Haworth.
PhalcBna pruinata, Hufnagle. Phalcena genistaria, Villars.
CLEORA, Curtis*. PHORODESMA, TEPHROSIA, BOARMIA, pars. Boisdoval. The antennas are bipectinated in the males, but slender and setaceous in the females ; the spiral tongue long ; palpi short, and wings slightly dentated, and extended horizontally in repose ; the abdomen tufted at the extremity in the males, but acute at the tip in the females ; the larva are ten-footed, and somewhat tuberculated. They feed for the most part on lichens, and the chrysalis is enclosed in a cocoon amongst leaves.
Species 1. — Cleora bajularia b. — (Plate LX., Figs. 8,9.) — This species measures li inch in expanse; the wings are of a delicate pale green, with the costa of the fore wings pale ; a slender, curved, pale, whitish striga near the base, and another submarginal arising from a large pale blotch at the anal angle, with a fulvous centre ; the hind wings vdth the margin irregularly pale, with a dark undulating line, and each angle with a patch of the same colour ; cilia white, spotted with brown. The caterpillar is grayish brovyn, and tubercular ; it feeds on the oak, and the moth appears in oak woods in July, but is not abundant.
** Synonymes. — Geometra bajularia^ Wiener Yerz. ; Harris Aure- lian, pi. 41, fig. r; Hiibner; Esper; Treitschke ; Boisduval; Ste- phens ; Wood, fig. 498.
PhalcBiia ditaria,¥a\>Tmni ; Donovan, vol. 6, pi. 202, f. 1; Haworth. PhaliBna pustulata, Huftiagle. Phorodesma bajularia, Boisduval.
Species 2. — Cleora Lichenaria <". — (Plate LX., Figs. 10, 11.) — This species measures 14- inch in expanse ; the wings are of a greenish gray, and much freckled ; the fore wings with an incurved striga, towards the base a central spot and a deeply curved and dentated black submarginal striga, which also extends across the hind wings ; the margins spotted with black. The caterpillar is green or ashy, varied with blackish marks, and tubercular; it feeds on lichens, and the moth appears about the end of July in woods, especially where oak abounds.
' Synonymes. — Geometra Lichenaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; i Geometra cineraria, Borkhausen. Haworth ; Donovan, 10, pi. 342, fig. 1 ; Wood, fig. 499. I Boarmia L., Boisduval.
Species 3. — Cleora viduaria ^. — (Plate LX., Fig. 12.) — This species varies from 14 to 14- inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, thickly irrorated with black atoms, forming an incurved striga near the base ; a broad, ill-defined fascia in the middle, open towards the costa, and followed by several
* Mr. Curtis appears from his enumeration of the species which he regarded as referable to this genus, to have intended a group with simple antennse, but he unfortunately drew his characters from a species which possesses pectinated antennae, and does not associate with the others.
AND THEIR TRANSFORJIATIONS. 19
black spots, a submarginal row of dark lunules, and the margin with a row of black dots ; the hind wings with
a row of dusky dots across the middle. Taken in the New Forest in June.
'' Synohvmes. — Geomelra viduaria, Wiener Vera. ; Hubner ; Stephens, 111. H. 3, pi. 30, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. .500.
Geomelra angularia, TImnbei-g.
Species 4. — Cleora teneraria *". — (Plate LX., Fig. 13.) — This species measures about li inch in the expanse of the fore wings, whicli arc ashy white, irrorated with dusky atoms, and four dark dots on the costa, from which arise the same number of nearly obsolete striga; ; a dark spot in the middle of all the wings, and a patch near the apex of the fore wings, the margin being sometimes dusky, with an undulated pale striga ; the S/ai" ft^tiAi hind wings with an indistinct striga beyond the middle. Rare. New Forest, and near Edinburgh, about the beginning of July.
e Synonymes. — Geomelra teneraria, Hubner ; Stephens ; Wood, fijr. 501. Geometra glabraria^Hnhxicr ; Treitschkc ; Duponchcl ; Boisduval.
Species 5. — Cleora cinctaria f.. — (Plate LX., Fig. 14.) — This variable species measures rather more than \\ inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are whitish, varied with ochreous, gray and brown, darker at the base and apical margin, the former with two incurved black strigse, an oval ocellus in the middle, followed by two curved and waved pale strigie, edged with dark lines ; the margin spotted with black ; the hind wings with several slender dark strigae, and a central ocellus. Taken in the New Forest, in May and June.
' SYNONvaEs Geomelra cinctaria, Wicn. Verz. ; Treitschkc ; Boisduval ; Hubner ; Stephens; Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 88 ; Wood, fig. 502.
Geomelra pascuaria, Esper.
Species 6 — Cleora pictaria S. — (Plate LX., Fig. 15.) — Measures about 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy brown, with two waved strigse of dusky colour, between which is a dark spot ; the hind wings paler, irrorated vyith dark scales along the anal margin ; all the wings with a row of small black dots at the base of the cilice. Found in April and beginning of May near Dartford, Charing, and other parts of Kent ; but very rare.
f Synonyme. — Geometra pictaria, Thunberg; Stephens (Cleora p.) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 447 (Ephjra p.); Wood, fig. 503.
ALOIS, Curtis. BORMIA, p. Treitschke, Boisduval. This genus has the body long and slender ; the wings large, and varied with gray or brown colours ; tlie fore ones entire, and the hind ones sub-dentated : the palpi short, and the antenna of the males not feathered quite to the tip j the hind tibiae dilated, and furnished with a tuft of silken hairs. The caterpillars are generally smooth and cylindrical, with the fourth segment swollen, and the head often concealed within the following segment. The perfect insects are sestival in the time of their appearance.
Species 1. — Alcis repandaria •'. — (Plate LX., Figs. 16, 18, 19, 20.) — This species measures from li to 2 inches in expanse. All the wings are clouded with gray, brown and ashy, an incurved ill-defined striga near the base of the wing, a large dark patch at the extremity of the discoidal cell, beyond which is a dark striga deeply bidentate, followed by a submarginal, pale, denticulated striga, edged vyithin with brown, extending also across the hind wings near the margin ; they have also a slender striga across the middle. This is a very variable species, the Geom. destrigaria being much paler but more thickly atomose, and destitute of the middle striga.
Geometra conversaria — (Hiibner ; Haworth ; Donovan, pi. 514 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 507 ; and our fig. 20) — is given as another variety by Boisduval ; this has the fore wings ashy-gray, with a broad, dark -brown, or blackish bar across the middle of all the wings, externally biangulate on the outside in the fore wings.
D 2
20 BRITISH MOTHS
Alcis murakia- — -(Curtis ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 506) — is another probable variety, which has the fore
wings of a more uniform, ashy-brown, or gray colour, with the strigae towards the base of the wings nearly
obsolete, and those of the posterior margin darker coloured ; the hind wings also, with two strigas, more distinct
towards the anal margin.
The caterpillar is bufi", or ashy-gray, with darker shades and dusky dots down the back, and a pale line on
each side : it feeds on birch and other forest trees ; and the moth appears in July, and is very common in woods.
The supposed variety A. muraria, is found on walls in the North of England, and is rather smaller than the
southern specimens.
^ Synonvmes. — Phal. Geom. repandaia, Linnaeus ; Hiibner ; Donovan ; 10 pi. 333, fig. 1 ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 504. Geometra destrigaria, Haworth ; Wood, fig. 505 ; (variety.)
Species 2. — Alois sericearia '. — (Plate LX., Fig. 21.) — This species measures nearly 2 inches in the expanse ^i^^umc^ of the fore wings, which are silky brown, with " a space at the base very dark, a transverse spot near the middle, 2^,3 . black ; an indented transverse line beyond the spot, and an obscure, interrupted waved line near the posterior
margin ; nervures black. Inferior wings fuscous at the base ; a transverse obscure spot towards the centre ; beyond which is a waved transverse line, dark on the internal, light on the external edge ; limb speckled with longish ochraceous spots." Curtis, loc. cit. Taken in the New Forest near Lyndhurst, in July, where it appears to be attached to the oak.
' Synonvme. — Alcis sericearia, Curtis; Brit. Ent., pi. 113 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 508.
Species 3. — Alcis Roborarta''. — (Plate LX., Figs. 23, 24.) — This fine species varies from 2^ to 2-^ inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are pale, grayish-ash, varied with luteous, and pulverose, with four very much interrupted, nearly equidistant, somewhat interrupted, brown strigse : the basal one much incurved ; the two middle ones nearly united on the hind margin, forming a dark patch, and the fourth followed by a pale waved line ; the hind wings, with three brown strigte ; the middle one much dentated and with a central lunule ; along the apical margin of all the wings are some dark dots. Varieties occur with the strigae nearly obsolete. The caterpillar is ashy-brown, with brown-arched lines and pale dots : it feeds on the oak and beech, and the moth appears at the end of June, frequenting the woods in the south of England, but far from common.
■^ Synonymes. — Phaldina Roboraria, Fabricius ; HUbner ; Ha- worth ; Donovan, 15, pi. 527; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 510. Phalcena leucophearia, Villers.
Geometra grandaria^ Haworth olim.
Geometra piperitaria^ Haworth ; Stephens* Cat.; (variety).
Species 4. — Alcis rhomboidaria '. — (Plate LX., Figs. 25, 26, and 27.) — This very common insect measures about \f inch in expanse, the wings being of a shining mouse-gray not much irrorated, and with four dentated strigas much interrupted, the second (carried across the hind wings) bearing a dark lunule ; the third very close to the second at the hinder margin, and the fourth almost obsolete : beyond the middle of the hind wings is a slender dentated striga, and another submarginal one darkest next the anal margin. The insect is very variable, not only in the ground colour of the wings as represented in our two figures, but also in the strength of the strigaj.
Geometra consobrinaria, of Haworth (but not of Hiibner); Stephens; and AVood's fig. 512, may possibly be another variety, from which it is described by the first-named author as scarcely difioring, except in the gray wings with ferruginous atoms, and the pale subapical striga of all the wings obsolete. Alck australaria, Curtis, has " a deep ochraceous tinge with powerful markings."
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS.
21
The caterpillar is greenish, with a red head ; the first three segments darker-coloured ; the sides of the body- yellowish, and with two slender dark lines. The perfect insect is very common in woods, hedges, and gardens, in July.
' Synonym Fs. — Geometra Rhomhoidaria^ Wicn. S'crz. ; Hiibncr ; Haworth ; Stepbeos ; Wood, fig. 511.
Geometra gemmariay Borklniusun.
Species 5. — Alois consortaria '^. — (Plate LX., Figs. 28, 29.) — This species measures about 2 inches in the expanse of the fore wings, which are pale, grayish ashy, and pulverose, with four somewhat indistinct, dentated, darker strigae, of which the second and third closely approximate behind, and tlie fourth is considerably dentate. The hind wings are marked by a central, brown, annular spot, and three strigae, the middle one of which is occasionally dilated into a brown fascia ; the margin of all the wings with some dark spots. The cater- pillar is pale grayish brown, varied with small dark dots and lead-coloured marks. It feeds on the poplar, willow, &c., and the moth appears in June, frequenting woods in the south of England.
■" Synonyme. — PhalcBTin consortariOf Fabricius ; Hiibncr ; Donovan, 10, pi. 333, fig. 2 ; Wood, fig. 609.
Species t). — Alcis fimbriaria". — (Plate LX,, Fig. 30.) — This species measures 1^ inch in expanse, all the wings being of a dull ashy buff from the base to beyond the middle ; the fore ones with a central black dot, and various small black markings at the base and along the costa ; in the middle of the hind margin is a furcate black mark, being the evident rudimental base of two obliterated strigiie, which may also be traced in several -.^^o^lfn'^^^u bkkck dots on the veins above ; the hind wings have a central dark lunule, followed by a dentated brown striga ; J-^n- • the apex of all the wings dark brown, in which are the rudiments of a pale striga. IMr. Stephens' imique specimen is believed to be from Suffolk.
° Synonvme. — Aicisjimbriaria, Sttiplens, 111. Haust. pi. 30. fig. 1; Wood. fig. 513.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXI.
Insects. — Fig. 1. Hcmcrophila abruptaria (the waved umbre). Fig. 2. Ttphrosia tetragonaria (the square spot). Fig. 3. Tephrosia abictaria (the ingrailcd). 22 in Plate
60 is the Caterpillar. Fig. 4. Tephrosia crepuscularia (the small ingrailed). 5.
The Caterpillar. Fig^. 26 and 27. Small Torieties of Abietaria or Crepuscu- laria, called Consooaria and Strgularia, probably
late broods. Fig. 6. Tephrosia exlensaria (the brindled white spot). Fig. 7. Tephrosia punctularia (the gray birch). 8. The
Caterpillar. Fig. 9. Ualia vauaria (the common V moth). 10. The
Caterpillar. Fig. 11. Xumeria pulveraria (the barred umber). 12. The
Caterpillar. Fig. 13. Cabera pusana (the common white wave). 14.
Caterpillar. 15. A variety called roluudaria.
Insects. — Fig. 16, Cabera ezanthemaria (the common wave). ,, Fig. 17. Ephyra omicronaria (the mocha). ,, Fig. 18. Ephyria pendularia (the birch mocha). 19. A variety. 24 and 25, The Caterpillar and Chrysalis. ,f Fig. 20, Eph} ra orbicularia (the dingy moclia).
,, Fig. 21. Ephyra porata (the false mocliu). 22. The
Caterpillar of Punctaria, a nearly allied species. t, Fig. 23. Ephyra trilincaria (the clay triplc.liues).
With the exception H. Abruptaria, and B. Abictaria and Crepuscu- laria from Mr. H. Doubleday, the whole of the insects in this plate are from the cabinet of Mr. Bentley, The caterpillars are from Hubner and Freyer,
I have not figured Ephyra Punctaria, as my specimen so closely resembled Porata that I scarcely thought them distinct. On examining others, however, I find that a dark line traversing both wings, is much mure defioed and regular than in Porata, where it is only represented by a wavy cloud. Punctaria will be figured in the supplemental plate, at the end of the work. H. X. H.
HEMEROPHILA, Stephens. BOARMIA, pars. Boisduval.
The antcniicB of the males are bipectinated nearly to the tip ; the palpi are short but distinctly visible, with the tip obtuse, and the terminal joint scarcely visible ; the wings are large, with the apical margins dentated, of
22 BRITISH MOTHS
a pale ochre colour, with slender undulated but very oblique strigaa, and the hind wings with numerous slender black striolfe.
Species 1. — Hemerophila abruptaria'. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 1.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are of a luteous bufif colour ; the costa and apical margin of the fore ones varied with brown, and with a slender black waved, very oblique line beyond a central dot, followed by a dark cloud ; the hind wings much more strigose and dark in the middle, through which runs a black waved line. This is not a very common species ; occurring in gardens and woods at the beginning of June.
' Synonymes. — Phal. abruptaria, Thunberg ; Stephens ; "Wood, I Geometra petrificata, Hiibner ; Duponchel ; Boisduval. Ind. Ent., fig. 514. | Phal. Geom. suberaria, Donovan,?, pi. 251, fig. 1 ; Haworth,
TEPHROSIA, Boisduval. BOARMIA, Treitschke (ex parte). The antennse of the males in this genus, as restricted by our English authors, are pilose beneath, instead of pectinated, as in the last genus ; the palpi short and horizontal, with the terminal joint minute ; the hind wings with the margin dentated, and the disc of all the wings pale and much freckled ; the fore tibia are furnished with a broad spur in the middle. l^fy^^^ca' Species 1. — Tephrosia tetragon aria". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 2.) — This species measures rather more than
^■^ 11 inch in expanse; the wings are pale ashy white varied with brown, a duplicated brown bar towards the base,
followed by an indistinct central line, and beyond the middle are two curved pale lines, the first generally edged with black, and the second dentated, and between these is a dark quadrate patch in the middle; the hind wings less varied with brown, but with two dark strigse towards the anal margin, and a dark central lunular spot. Birch Wood, Kent, beginning of May, but rare.
"Synonyme. — Boarmia tetragonaria, Curtis; Stephens; Wood, fig. 515 ; Brit. Ent. pi. 280.
Species 2. — Tephrosia abietaria". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 3, and Plate LX., fig. 22, larva.) — This species measures rather more than 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are gray and atomose, with denticulated more or less distinct dusky, or occasionally ferruginous striga running across all the wings ; the chief vein of the fore wings dotted with black, and a dusky shade in the place of the quadrate patch near the apical margin of the fore wings, the basal strigse of the fore wings also often obsolete. Found in woods in March and April, but not common. The caterpillar of Hiibner's Abietaria (which may possibly not be congenerous with our insect) is rusty brown, with the front of the body darkest, the hinder segments more straw-coloured, and varied with slender dark lines and marks.
" Synonyme. — Geometra abietaria, yi'KTi.'Vm.; Treitschlse ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 516.
Species 3. — Tephrosia crepuscularia °. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 4, 5) — measures rather more than 1^ inch in expanse, with the ground colour of the wings almost white and atomose, and with denticulated brown strigas running across the wings, variable in intensity and in number in difiPerent specimens ; the costa with several dark dots, from which originate the strigaj ; the apical margin of all the wings marked with dark triangular dots. Found in May, June, and July in woods, and not rare. The caterpillar is of a buff colour, with white longitu- dinal streaks and dusky lateral patches, the underside darker. It feeds on the columbine.
° Synonymes. — Geometra crepuscularia, Hiibner; Haworth; j Geometra bixindularia,'E.i'^cr. Treitschke ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 517. | Phalcena similaria, Hufnagle.
Species ? 4. — Tephrosia consonariaP. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 26.) — This species (if, indeed, it be not a small
variety of the last insect), measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings being ashy and atomose, with very much
■^ 3 interrupted scarcely undulated strigae running across all the wings ; the fore ones brown, and a striga near the
<w
n.>u.
' J
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 23
apical margin, white, bnt ashy within the apical margin, with black dots. Taken in the middle of May, and
also in July, in the woods of Kent and Surrey, but rare.
' Synonyme. — Geometra consonaria, Hiibncr ; Ilaworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 518.
HA LI A, DUPONCHEL.
This genus has the antennae bipectinated nearly to the tips in the males ; the pectinations rather short, tlie palpi short, with the basal joint elongated ; the fore wings triangular, and the hind ones rounded and entire. The caterpillars elongated and slightly hairy, and the pupa enclosed in a slight cucuon.
Species 1. — Halia Vauaria'. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 9, 10.) — This common insect measures about li inch in expanse. The wings are ashy-white, or pale ashy-brown, with four generally equidistant chocolate-coloured patches on the costa, the third of which is slender and oblique, and the fourth larger and rather square ; adjoining the second is a dark mark like the letter <, thus placed ; this in the female is detached from the second costal spot, which is closer to the first than in the males : beyond this is a row of minute dark dots placed on the veins : the hind wings are nearly immaculate, but with a small dusky spot in the middle. The ground colour of the wings is variable. The caterpillar is brownish or greenish, spotted with black and slightly hairy, and with a pale dorsal line and yellowish lateral ones. It feeds on the garden species of Ribes ; and tiie moth appears in -June and July, and is extremely common in gardens.
'Synonymes. — PAa/ceno Georaeira Fauaria, Linnaeus ; Donovan ; I Geometra Viduaria, MiiUer. Stephens; Wood, fig. 522; Albin, pi. 47, fig. 78, a — d ; Wilkes; Halia Wavaria, Boisduval.
pi. 86, Harris ; -Vurelian ; pi. 34, f, g — i. Geometra Vau nigraria, Hatchctt, in Ent. Trans.. Old Series. 1.
Geometra Wauaria, Haworlh ; Hiibner. I pi. 7, f. 3 ; Haworth — (variety.)
Species? 5. — Tephrosia strigclakia''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 27.) — This species measures rather less than ^^
li inch in expanse ; the wings are " ashy white clouded with gray, and finely sprinkled with fuscous, with several
very obsolete common slightly denticulated fuscescent strigoe, varying in number in diflcrent specimens ; the
hinder margin of all the wings with black spots." Taken in the Kent woods in July, but rare. This may
possibly also be a variety of T. crepuscularia.
I Synonyme. — Boarmia strigularia, Stephens; Wood, fig. 519.
Species 6. — Tephrosia extersaria"" — (Plate LXI., Fig. 6) — measures 1]- inch in expan.se; the wings are
grayish ashy, much irroratod and atomose, but not distinctly strigose as the preceding species, especially in the
hind wings ; the fore wings vinth a subapical whitish denticulated striga, in the middle of which is a large pale
whitish patch ; the hind wings are very obscurely strigose ; a pale striga is, however, generally present near the
margin. Taken in woods in the metropolitan district in June and July, but very rare.
^Synonyme. — Geometra ej:tfrsaria, Unhncv \ Haworth; Treitschke ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 520.
Species 7. — Tephrosia punctolaria'. — (Plate LXI., Figs. 7, 8.) — This species measures from 1 to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a hoary white colour, very thickly atomose, and with three or four equi- distant undulated arched strigee of brown, considerably interrupted and running across all the wings, (the fourth striga pale, and very much dentated), but often obsolete upon the hind ones ; the cilia in all the wings are white dotted with brown. The ground colour of the wings varies from ashy white to gray and deep ashy brown. The caterpillar feeds on the birch, and is of a deep brownish colour, the segments after the third marked witli a white patch on the back, at the union of the segments, striated with brown, and with a pale line above the feet. The perfect insect is common in woods in May.
'SysoNYME. — Geometra punctularia, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens, Wood, fig. 521.
24
BRITISH MOTHS
NUMERIA, DupONCHEL. This genus has the wings large, rounded, and entire ; the disc very strongly atomose, and with a broad central dark bar. The antennte of the males are bipectinated ; the palpi are short and obtuse : the spiral tongue short ; the caterpillars are long, slender, and attenuated in front, with the head notched and the hinder segments tubercled.
Species 1. — Ncmeria pulvebaria". — (Plate LXI., Figs. 11, 12.) — This species measures from l^to rather more than 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are of a buff-red colour, very thickly powdered with dusky atoms, and with a broad central dark-brown bar of variable form and extent, of which the basal edge is straight and transverse, and the outer one very irregular ; the hind wings with an obsolete dusky striga running from the anal margin. The caterpillar is reddish-brown with straw-coloured streaks ; the terminal segments more varied ■with the latter colour and dark tubercles. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears at the beginning of June, and is rather common in woods.
"SvNONYME. — Phalcsna Geometra pulveraria, Linnjeus ; Hiibner; Boisduval ; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 523; Albin, pi. 96,
figs, d — f ; Harris ; Aurelian, pi. 42, fig. o.
CABERA, Treitschke (ex parte). This genus has the antennas bipectinated nearly to the tip : the palpi are short, scarcely extended above the clypeus ; the wings are delicate, entire, pale, thickly pulverose, and with simple strigse. The caterpillars are long, slender, and smooth, with two minute spines on the anal segment. Several of the species appear to be double-brooded.
Species 1. — Cabera pusaeia ^ — (Plate LXI., Figs. 13, 14.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse ; the wings are white, freckled with minute dusky atoms, and with three equidistant, very slightly waved dusky striga, of which the second and third extend across the hind wings : these strigse are however more or less obsolete, and vary slightly in their juxtaposition. The caterpillar is green, with the anterior segments and a dorsal spot on each of the following of red-brown, the latter edged with white. It feeds on various forest-trees, and the moth appears in May and again in July or August, and is very abundant in woods.
' SvNON-vMES. — PhaliBna Geometra pusaria, Linnxus ; Hiibner ; Haworlh ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 524 ; Albin, pi. 118, fig. e — h ; Harris ; Aurelian, pi. 44, fig. h. PhaliBna striffata, Scopoli.
Species 2. — Cabera eotundaria ^' — (Plate LXI., Fig. 15.) — measures li inch in expanse; the wings are rounded and white, slightly irrorated with dusky atoms and with two slightly undulated dusky strigse extending across the wings, the first of which is geminated in the fore wings. Probably a variety of the preceding, as that differs in the juxtaposition of the strigas, on which the present species seems chiefly to rest for its claim to be considered as distinct from the preceding.
" Synonyme. — Geometra rotundaria, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 525.
Species 3. — Cabera exanthemata ''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 16.) — This species varies from 1 to 1;^ inch in expanse. The wings are of a dirty white colour, with a buff tinge much sprinkled with pale brown atoms, and with two slender strigse of the same colour, which cross all the wings, the anterior pair having also a third striga nearer the base, which is, however, sometimes obsolete or more or less confluent with the middle one (G. approxiraaria, Haw.) ; when more thickly atomose, they form the G. arenosaria, Haw., which has sometimes the
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 25
strigse entirely obsolete. The caterpillar is reddish above, with a pale line on the sides, and a white mark on each segment. It feeds on birch ; and the moth, which is very common, appears in May, June, and August.
* SvNoNYMEs. — Phalana exanthemata, Scopoli, Esper ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 526.
Geometra striaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Albin, pi. 92, fig. e-h ;
99, fig. a-d.
Geometra arenosaria, Haworth (variety). Geometra approximaria, Haworth (variety).
EPHYRA, DupoNCHEL. The species of this genus are very delicate in their general structure : the males have the antennae bipectinated to some distance from the tip ; the palpi are rather porrected, slender, and with the terminal joint long. The fore-wings are elongate-trigonate, and with the tips slightly hooked ; the disc generally marked with a small white dot ; the hind wings often angulated in the middle ; the hind tlbicB in the males have two, and those of the females four spurs. The caterpillars are long slender loopers, with the head depressed, and the body lineated. The chrysalides are of a curious form, being broad and truncated in front. This I find to be produced by the dilatation of the case of the wings and prothorax, which forms a kind of truncated hood over the head-case. They are attached by a thread at the tail, and girthed across the body, like those of the family of white butterflies.
Species 1. — Ephyra omicronaria ''. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 17.) — This pretty species measures about 1 inch in expanse. The wings are very pale yellowish-buflF with blackish markings, a slender deeply scalloped streak near the base is followed by a large circular 0-like mark, and beyond this a brown striga, followed by another deeply dentated ; a narrow dusky subapical cloud, and a row of marginal dark dots. These strig» and marks vary in intensity. The caterpillar is green, and slightly mottled : it feeds on the maple ; and the moth, which is common in woods, appears at the beginning of June, and again in August.
y Synonvme. — Gfomc<ra omicrOJiarJa, Wien. Verz; Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 427.
Phalana annularia, Fabricius.
Species 2. — Ephyra pendularia^. — ^(Plate LXI., Figs. 18, 19, 24, 25.) — This delicate insect measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings hoary white, with slight flesh-coloured freckles ; two strigse formed of brown or chocolate dots, one before and the other beyond the middle of the wings, which are marked with a ring of the same colour, which in some specimens joins a fascia of a purplish brown, also with a subapical dusky striga. The caterpillar is green, with a red head, and yellow lines on the sides, and some white patches on the back ; it feeds on the birch and alder ; and the moth appears at the beginning of June and in August ; and is common in woods.
Phattsna circtilaria, Fabricius (variety). Phaltjena albipunctata^ Hufnagle.
' SvNoNVMEs. — Phalana Geometra pendularia, Linnaus ; Hiib- ner; Haworth ; Godart; Stephens; Wood, fig. 528; Albin, pi. 49, fig. 82, fig. a — d ; Willies, pi. 74, fig. sup.
Species 3. — Ephyra orbicularia\ — (Plate LXI., Fig. 20.) — This species measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings ashy brown and much freckled, with minute brown lines, with a small purple ring in the centre of each, surrounding a white dot, beyond which is a row of dark dots forming an indistinct somewhat dentated striga, the base of the wings also often with a similar but smaller series ; the apical margin and also the centre of the wings occasionally with a brown or purplish fascia ; the apical margin dotted with black. Found in woods in the South of England, but rare. Ols. — Wood's figure represents the hind wings rounded along the margin.
• SvNONYME. — Geometra orhicularia, Hiibner; Haworth; Stephens; Godart; Wood, fig. S29.
Species 4. — Ephyra porata'\ — (Plate LXI., Fig. 21.) — This species measures about 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings of a pale yellowish-bufF colour, much freckled with reddish and brown atoms, the base of the
26
BRITISH MOTHS
wings with a striga of dark dots followed by a wliite central speck, circled with dusky and followed by a curved brown or purplish bar, beyond which is another distant much curved row of dark dots, the apical portion of the wing often shaded with purplish clouds. The ground colour, irrorations, and strigae are very variable. The caterpillar also varies very greatly from brown to greenish yellow, mottled with paler colours. It feeds on various forest trees ; and the moth, which is very common in woods, appears at the end of May and August.
** Stnonymes. — Ph, Geometra porata, LinDsus; Stephens, 111. ; Wood, fig. 530 ; Albin, pi. 1, fig. 85, a— d.
Geometra punctaria, Hiibner, but not of Linnaeus. Geometra ocellaria, Haworth ; Stephens' Cat.
Geometr.\ ocellaria, Hiibner, Wood, Plate LIV., Fig. 60, was incorrectly introduced into the British lists by Mr. Haworth in mistake for this species, but although Mr. Stephens corrected this error in his Illus- trations, Mr. Curtis, two years afterwards, disingenuously accused the latter author of this inaccurate citation.
Species 5. — Ephyra punctaria'". — (Plate LXI., Fig. 22. Caterpillar.) — This species measures rather more than I inch in expanse, and has the wings of a reddish buff-colour, thickly irrorated with reddish brown and dusky atoms, with an indistinct series of dots near the base, followed by a nearly straight central reddish- brown striga, beyond which is a much curved row of dark dots, and some subapical more or less obsolete purplish clouds. The ground colour and markings are very variable. The caterpillar is greenish or reddish brown, with pale streaks on the sides ; it feeds on the oak j and the moth appears at the end of May, and in August in woods, and is very abundant.
^ SvNoNYMES. — Pha^cBna Geometra punctaria^ Linnaeus ; Ha- worth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 531.
PhaliBiia Geometra communifasciata, Donovan, 13, pi. 456.
Phalana amataria, Wilkes, pi. 74, fig. inf. Geometra snbangularia, Haworth, (variety).
Species 6. — Ephyra trilinearia"*. — (Plate LXI., Fig. 23.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings of an orange clay colour, traversed by three dark fasciae, the middle one being the broadest, and nearer to the third or subapical one ; the first and third strigee are sometimes almost obsolete, and in fine specimens the ordinary central ocellus of the genus is also slightly visible. Found in woods in the south of England, but not common.
^ Synonvmes Geometra trilinearia, Borkhausen ; Stephens ; Treitschke ; Duponchcl ; Wood, fig. 532.
Geometra linearia, Hiibner ; Haworth.
Species ? 7. — Ephyra albicinctata. — Haworth (p. 344) gives the following description of an insect, which has remained unique to the present time, and which has been referred to this genus. " Wings black, each with a central white dot, and a white striga across all the wings near the apical margin." Formerly taken neai Peckham, by Mr. Pickersgill. In the collection of J. Hatchett, and of the size and form of G. AlchemiUata.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXII.
Insects. — Fig. 1. Bradyepetes amaLiria (the blood vein). 2. The
Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 3. Epione apiciaria (the bordered beauty). ,, Fig. 4. Epione vespertaria (the dai'k-bordered beauty). 5.
The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 6. Epione advenaria (the little thorn). ,, Fig. 7. Eurymene dolabraria (the scorched wing). 8.
The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 9. Aspilates citraria (the yellow belle). 10. A
. variety. ,, Fig. 11. Aspilates gilvaria (the straw belle). ,, Fig. 13. Aspilates respersaria (the grass wave). 14. Tlie
Caterpillar.
Insects. — Fig. 15. Phasiane plumbaria (the belle).
,, Fig. 16. Larentia cervinaria (the mallow). 12. The
Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 17. Larentia chenopodiaria (the small mallow). 2"2,
The Caterpillar. ,, Fig. 18. Larentia bipunctaria (the chalk carpet). ,, Fig. 20. Larentia muUistrigaria (the mottled grey).
Plant. — Fig. 21. Althaea officinalis (the marshmallow).
The whole of the insects in this plate are from the collection of Mr. Bcntley ; the caterpillars are from Hiibner. H. N. H.
H (52
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 27
BRADYEPETES, Stephens. TIMANDRA, Duponchel, Bdv. This genus has the antennas rather strongly bipectinated nearly to the tip ; the palpi slender and short ; the fore wings acute and hooked at the tip, and the hind wings strongly angulated in the middle of the hind margin^ traversed by a straight, dark, oblique striga. The caterpillar is short and thick, dilated in front towards the head, which is contractile. It feeds on low herbs.
Species 1. — Bradyepetes amataria'^. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 1 and 2.) — -This species measures about Ix inch in expanse. The wings are of a dull buff-colour, traversed by a reddish, nearly straight fascia, from the apical angle of the fore wings to the middle of the inner margin of the hind ones ; the fore wings have also a slight, and often nearly obsolete, dusky, curved line near the base, and a brown subcentral dot ; and all the vsings have a subapical, slender, dusky line, the apical margin itself pink. The caterpillar is grayish, varied with black and white streaks before and behind, and with diamond-shaped patches on the back, formed of black and white lines. It feeds on the sorrel and other low herbs, and the moth appears at the end of June, and is not uncommon.
' Synonymes. — Phalasna Geometra amataria, Linnaeus ; HUbner; Haworth ; Donovan, 2, pi. 33, fig. 2 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 533.
Phalcsna vibicaria, Hufnagle.
EPIONE, Duponchel, Stephens. This genus has the antennse bipectinated to the tips in the males ; the palpi very short ; the fore wings acute at the tips, vsdth the apical margin dilated, and rounded in the middle, and the hind wings deeply sinuated on the apical margin. The caterpillars are very long and slender, attenuated in front, and slightly hairy, and without tubercles ; they feed on diiferent trees ; and the moths appear at the end of the summer.
Species 1. — Epione apiciaria^ — (Plate LXII., Fig. 3.) — This species varies from 1 to 1-J inch in expanse, and has the wings of a light yellow orange-colour, freckled with red-brown, transverse, minute lines ; a black dot on the middle of each, followed by a slightly-waved, slender, black striga, running to the apex of the fore wings, and followed by a purplish bar ; the fore wings with a slender, deeply-angled, dark line, near the base. The caterpillar is gray, varied with white and black streaks and dots. It feeds on the willow, and the moth appears at the end of July, in damp lanes and woods.
Synonymfs. — Gecnnetra apiciariajWien. Verz. ; HUbner ; Ha- worth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 534.
Phalcsna Geom. vespertaria, Donovan, 7, pi. 233, fig. 3, but not of Linnaeus.
Geometra apicaria, Esper. Geometra apriciaria, Samouelle. Geometra margiiiaria, Villers.
Species 2. — Epione vespertaria =. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 4, 5.) — This species measures about I J- inch in expanse. It differs from the preceding in having the subapical striga much curved, and running nearly parallel with tlie apical margin of the wing, arising at some distance from the apex, and followed by a broad purphsh or ashy-red bar. The female has the base of the fore wings also ashy-red. The caterpillar is ashy-brown, the anterior segments with straight, white, lateral stripes ; the middle and hind part of the body mottled, with paler and dark markings, and white dots. It feeds on the hazel, and the moth appears in July. It has occurred in Yorkshire and the adjoining counties, but is very rare.
8 Synonymes. — Phal. Geom. vespertaria, Linnrcus ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 535, but not of Donovan.
Geometra parallelaria) Wien. Verz. ; HUbner.
Geometra armaria, Borkhausen. Geometra repandaria, Hufuagle.
E 2
28 BRITISH MOTHS
Species 3. — Epione ? advenaria ''. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 6.) — This dull-coloured insect measures rather more tlian 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings pale ashy-coloured, with a slight, dusky, curved striga near the base of the fore wings ; a broader dusky striga runs across the middle of all the wings, preceded by a dark, central dot on the hind wings, and followed by a still less distinct subapical striga, the apical portion of the wings being also slightly dusky, bearing a paler patch on the middle in the fore wings. The caterpillar is gray-brown, varied with black ; the fifth segment with two white dots on the back, and the following mottled with gray and whitish. It feeds on Vaccinium Myrtillus ; and the moth appears in June, and is found in woods, but is not common.
^ SyNONYME. — Geometra advenaria, Hubner ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 536.
Epione dilectaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Wood, pi. 54, fig. 59 ; having the wings pale yellow, the fore ones with ferruginous spots and two strig», and the hind wings with one striga, has apparently been introduced into the English lists without sufficient authority, as no British specimen is known to exist.
EURYMENE, Ddponchel. This genus is distinguished by its narrow wings, which have the appearance of having been scorched ; the apex of the fore ones being rather acute, and all being emarginate at the anal angle. They are destitute of strigse, but are singularly marked with transverse dark lines. The antennae are bipectinated nearly to the tip in the males, and the caterpillars are tubercled on the second and eighth segments. They feed on the oak and other forest trees, and the moth is sestival in its appearance in the perfect state.
Species 1. — Eurymee dolabraria '. — (Plate LXXII., Figs. 7, 8.) — This species measure about 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a reddish or yellowish-buflf; the anal angle of all the wings, and the base of the costa of the fore wings, suffused vyith purple. Beyond the middle of the fore wings is a darker shade, terminating in a brown patch on the hind margin ; and the whole wing is covered with fine short brown lines. The hind wings paler, and not strigose. The caterpillar is reddish or greenish brown, varied with black spots and transverse lines, and with white dots. It feeds on the oak, lime, &c., and the moth appears at the end of June, in damp places in woods. It is a widely dispersed, and rather uncommon species.
^ Synonymes — PhalcEna Geometra dolabraria^ I.innseus; Hubner ; Donovan, vol. x. pi, 349, f. 1 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 537.
PhaltBna ustularia, Hufnagle.
ASPILATES, Treitschke. The antenna are bipectinated to the tips in the males ; the palpi horizontal, and moderately long, with the tip acute ; the wings, when closed, form a triangle, and they have the apical margins entire, and of pale colours, crossed by transverse strigas ; the apex of the anterior ones being acute, especially in the females ; and the hind wings are narrower in the female than in the male. The legs are very long and slender ; the caterpillars are herbivorous, smooth, slender, and much elongated, and have the habit of twisting about in a serpentine manner ; the chrysalides are enclosed in a loose web.
Species 1. — Aspilates citrariaJ. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 9, 10.) — This species varies from 1^ to 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of a pale yellow straw colour, and with numerous dusky freckles ; the fore ones generally crossed by two strigse, of which the first is incurved near the base, and the second is towards the apical margin ; between these striga; is a dark dot ; the hind wings have also a central dot, and beyond this
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 29
an irregular dusky or purplish striga ; but these strigje and dots are very variable, and sometimes, as in our fig. 10, entirely obliterated. Taken in clover-fields and waste places in various parts of the south of England, especially on the coast, and in the Isle of Wiglit, where I have taken it in abundance in August. One of my specimens presents the singular case of having the two wings on one side of the body confluent.
J SvNoNYME. — Geo^netra citrariaf Huhnev ; Haworth ; Treitschke ; Duponchel; Stephens; Wood, fig. 540.
Species 2. — Aspilates gilvaria''. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 11.) — This species measures from li- to nearly 1-J inch in expanse ; the wings are of a pale ochre or straw colour ; the fore ones freckled with brown, with a central dusky dot, beyond which is a straight dark bar, which extends nearly from the middle of the inner margin to the tips ; the hind wings whitish ochre, slightly pulverose, and with a central dot and fascia, more or less distinct. The caterpillar is brownish, with pale stripes, and a dull green line down the back : it feeds on Achillea millefolium. The perfect insect appears in August, and is found in difi"erent parts of Kent, especially behind the Castle at Dover, in profusion.
■^ Synonvme. — Geometra gilvaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner ; Haworth ; Treitscbke ; nuponchel ; Stephens ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 467 ;
Wood, fig. 541^, and 539 ?.
Species 3. — Aspilates respersaria '. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 13.) — This dingy-coloured species measures rather less than li inch in expanse ; the wings are of a pale dull grayish colour, thickly sprinkled with brown atoms ; the anterior with four or more commonly only three, parallel, darker, yellowish brown, nearly equidistant, straight strigse ; the two or three outermost of which are also represented in the hind wings. There is, however, considerable diversity in the depth of colour, position, and clearness of these striga, some of which are occasionally entirely obsolete. Specimens with four nearly equidistant striga;, form the Ph. G. strigellaria, jyr;/^ , Hiib. Haw. Those with three equidistant strigse'are the G. respersaria of those authors ; and those with three, fi,J>. but placed at imequal distances apart, the first and second being more approximated, form the Ph. G. injequaria. Haw. The caterpillar is long, slender, and attenuated ; the back black, varied with whitish markings, and the underside reddish brown : it feeds on the broom, and the moth appears in June, frequenting heaths where broom abounds. It is a common species.
^ Synonymes. — Geometra respersaria, Hiibner ; Haworth ; Ste- i Geometra strigillaria, Haworth ; Hubner (variety), phens; Wood, fig. 542. | Geometra incequaria, Hnworih [vAiiety).
Aspilates purpuraria, LinnaBus ; Stewart ; Haworth ; Hiibner ; Stephens ; Wood, pi. 54, fig. 64, has the wings pale yellow, with two fascife, and the apical margin purple. Specimens are recorded to have been in Mr. Swainson's cabinet, but without any notice of their locality.
PHASIANE, Duponchel. This genus has the palpi long, porrected into a short pointed beak ; the antennse of the males very slightly bipectinated ; the wings, with the apical margins, entire ; the fore ones with the tip acute, and marked with two dark, slender strigse near the base, and another beyond the middle, where there is a single dark spot ; the hind wings nearly destitute of markings.
Species 1. — Phasiane plumbaria". — (Plate LXII., Fig. 15.) — This species measures from I^ to nearly lA p j . inch in expanse, and has the wings of a leaden-ashy hue, the anterior with two slender straight red-brown strigae, /?i^„/«.<»iij placed rather obliquely towards the base of the wings, and a third much more strongly marked beyond the middle, having a darker shade within ; the centre being marked with a small dot of the same colour : there is
-.' i)
30 BRITISH MOTHS
also a slender dash of the same colour running from the apex, and extending into a pale slightly distinct and
dentated subapical striga ; and the hind wings are paler, with a slender dusky central striga. The ground colour
of the wings, distinctness and position of the strigse, are very variable, the latter sometimes approximating ; the
middle ones occasionally united into a broad dark central bar. This is a common and widely dispersed species,
frequenting heaths near woods, and appearing in May, and again in August.
" Synonymes. — PhaliBna plumbaria, Fabricius ; Stewart ; Ha- I Phaliena Geometra palumbaria, Wien. Verz. ; Hiibner. worth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 543. I Phalana mucronata, Scopoli.
LARENTIA, Stephens. EUBOLIA, pars. Duponchel, Bdv. As restricted by Mr. Stephens, this genus seems too closely allied to the preceding, having like it the palpi long and forming an acute beak, but with the terminal joint very minute, and the fore wings acute at the tip ; but these are marked with a central transverse dark bar, formed of several parallel lines more or less undulated, and generally vyith a dark streak at the apex. The antennae of the males are slightly bipectinated. Tlie caterpOlars are naked, and rather thickened behind, having ten feet.
Species 1. — Larentia cervinaria". — (Plate LXII., Figs. 16 and 12.) — This species measm-es from If to nearly two inches, and has the fore wings reddish'brown ; the space from the base to the first striga, and the broad bar between the second and third strigas dilated at the costa and dark brown, the edges of which are waved and bordered with a slender whitish line ; within this bar are inclosed several dark lines ; the apical margin is dark, but has a very slender undulated whitish line, and at the apex is a dark oblique dash ; the cilia have a whitish line at the base. The hind wings are pale brownish, the basal portion lighter, with a slight dusky fascia beyond the middle, and the apical margin reddish brown, wjth a slightly defined whitish undulated line. The caterpillar is dull green, with darker longitudinal lines, and transverse rows of white dots ; it feeds on the common mallow ; and the moth appears in the middle of October, and is a widely dispersed though not common species.
" Synonymes. — Geometra cervinaria, Wien. Vera. ; Trcitschke ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 707 ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 544.
Geometra clavariaj Haworth.
Species 2. — Larentia chenopodiata °. — (Plate LXII., Figs. 17 and 22.) — This species measures from
lA to 1^ inch in the expanse of the fore vdngs, which are of a dark, tawny yellow, or brown colour, the base,
middle, and apical portion of the vnng being darker brown ; towards the base are several incurved, slender strigae ;
beyond this is a narrow, red-brown fascia, with the edges nearly straight, followed by a small black dot in the
middle towards the costa ; beyond the middle of the wing is a broader red-brown striga, waved on the edges,
and dilated towards the costa ; and beyond this a slender, dark striga, the apical portion of the wing being
darker, and with a slender, oblique dash at the apex. The hind wings are pale brown, with tvvo slender strig®
running across them beyond the middle. The caterpillar is yellowish green, with dark lateral spots, and the
under side of the body and feet flesh-coloured ; it feeds upon grasses of different kinds, and the moth appears
in July and August. It is a very common and vvidely-dispersed species. From its abundance, it was named
by the old collectors the " Aurelian's Plague."
Geometra mensitraria, Wien. Vera. : Hiibner. Phalcena limitata, Scopoli.
° Synonymes — Phalce/ia Geometra chenopodiata, Linnaius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Curtis ; Wood, fig. 545 ; Harris, Aurelian, pi. 33, fig. n.
Species 3. — Larentia bipunctariaP. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 18.) — This species measures about 1^ inch in expanse, and has the wings of an ashy white colour, traversed by very numerous, slender, wavy, darker strigae,
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS.
31
and by four brownish-gray, nearly equidistant fasciae, one near the base, but slightly distinct and incurved, the second broader before, and the third still broader beyond the middle of the wing, which is marked towards the costa with two small black dots ; the outer fascia has its edge cut into scalloped waves, and the fourth fascia is very irregular, and often indistinct ; from the apex of the wing runs a short, oblique, abbreviated dash of black. The hind wings are marked with very slight, rudimental, waved fasciae. The caterpillar is ashy-gray, and slightly pilose, with longitudinal, dorsal, and lateral streaks ; it feeds on trefoil and other low plants, and the moth appears in July and August, frequenting chalky districts, where it is not uncommon.
P SvNoNTME. — Phalana bipunctaria, Wien. Vera. ; Fabricius ; Hubner ; Treitschke ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 547.
Species 4. — Larentia (?) multistrigaria °'. — (Plate LXII., Fig. 20.) — This species varies from ] to 1^^ inch in expanse. The wings are pale ashy-gray, the fore ones with numerous strigse and waved fasciolffi of a dusky colour, as though composed of clouds and dark dots placed in transverse series upon the veins ; several of these constitute four equidistant, incurved, and waved strigae, darker than the rest, the space between the second and , ,
third being also somewhat darker, forming a central bar; the hind wings are paler coloured, with several" ^i«(^^t^a«.'o rudimental dusky fascia; beyond the middle. Taken on heaths, especially near London and in Norfolk, in '^ ■'.' March, but not a common insect. Its larva is, unfortunately, unknown.
This species recedes very greatly from the general character of the other species described above in the present genus. I, however, retain it in this situation on account of the pectinated structure of the male antennae, which will prevent it from being associated with Oporabia dilatata, which possesses simple antennae in that sex. How- far the relation with Venusia cambrica and Oporabia may be considered to extend, must be left until a precise acquaintance with their preparatory states is obtained. I will only, however, observe, that if the aifinity of these species be admitted, Lobophora rupestrata must also be associated with them. The species more particularly under consideration is interesting as forming one of the links between the Geometridae with feathered antennse, and the great group of Carpet-moths (which it resembles in its markings,) with simple male antennae.
1 Sysonyme. — Geomelra multistrigaria, Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 5-18.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LXIIL
Insects. — Fig. 1, Cidaria didymata (the twin spot carpet). '' Fig. 2. Cidaria munitata (the rufous carpet). " Fig. 3. Cidaria femigata (the red twin spot") " Fig. 4. Cidaria unidentaria (the darli-barred twin spot). *' Fig. 5. Cidaria quadrifasciaria (the large twin spot).
6. The Caterpillar. '• Fig. 7. Cidaiia latentaria ( the northern twin spot). " Fig. 8. Cidaria salicaria (the striped twin spot). " Fig. 9. Cidaria miuria (the green carpet). " Fig. 10. Cidaria olivata (the beech green carpet). " Fig. 11. Cidaria montanata (the silver ground). " Fig. 1 2. Cidaria fluctuata (the garden carpet). 1 3. The
Caterpillar. " Fig. 14. Cidaria propugnata (the flame carpet). " Fig. 15. "Venusia cambrica (the Welch wave). " Fig. 16. Harpalyce fulvata (the barred yellow). 17. The
Caterpillar. 18. The Chrysalis.
Insects. — Fig. 19. Harpalyce ocellata (the purple bar). 20. The Caterpillar. " Fig. 21. Harpalyce galiata (the galium carpet). " Fig. 22. Harpalyce tristata (the small argent and sable").
23. The Caterpillar. " Fig. 24. Harpalyce subtristata (the common carpet). " Fig. 25. Harpalyce sylvaticata (the wood carpet). " Fig. 26. Harpalyce unangulata (the sharp-angled carpet). " Fig. 27. Harpalyce biangulata (the cloaked carpet). " Fig. 28. Harpalyce silaceata (the small phojnix). " Fig. 29. Harpalyce corylata (the broken barred carpet).
30. The Caterpillar. 31. The Chrysalis. " Fig. 32. Harpalyce unilobata (the single-lobed).
The whole of the moths figured in this Plate, are from the ricli cabinet of Mr. Bentley ; the caterpillars and chrysalids are from H'ubner and Freyer. H. N. H.
32 BRITISH MOTHS
I
CIDARIA, Treitschke. ZERYNTHIA, Curtis. MELANTHA, Boisduval. As the generic name proposed by Mr. Curtis for the genus of which the common garden Carpet-moth may be regarded as the type had been already employed in Lepidoptera by Ochsenheimer for a genus of butterflies, I have reverted to the name of Cidaria employed for the former by Mr. Stephens. They have the antennas of the males bipectinated ; the pectinations short and pubescent, and not extending to the tip ; the palpi are rather short ; the wings rather short and broad, with the apical margins rather rounded and entire, the tips of the fore ones not very acute. The caterpillars are slender, smooth, naked, and varied with spots : they are 10-footed loopers, and the chrysalis is inclosed in a cocoon amongst the leaves. Some of the species appear in the perfect state in June and July, but others are double-brooded, appearing in May and again in August.
Species 1. — ^Cidaria didy.mata ■■. — (Plate LXIIL, Fig. 1.) — Measures about 13 lines in expanse. Fore wings dull ashy-brown, with interrupted brown and white strigse and fasciae, so as to appear clouded ; beyond oft^ttry^iit^ the middle of the wing is a series of dark dots placed on the veins, followed by a darker space, in which is a
_~y conspicuous still darker blotch towards the apex, obtusely bilobed on the outside, and with a submarginal
whitish series of slender waved lines. Hind wings with all the ciliae brown, with two paler strigs running across the middle. The female is much paler than the male, with much less brown. The ground colour of tlie wing is variable in intensity. A widely dispersed, but rather local species. Taken at the eud of -July.
•■ Synonyme. — Phal. Geom. didymata^ Linnaeus ; Haworth ; Stephens ; "Wood, fig. 549.
Species 2. — Cidaria munitata^ — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 2.) — This species measures about 14 lines in expanse. Fore wings pale mouse-colour or ashy, the base and a central fascia of fulvous red, edged with a dark /^^^ line on each side, the hind margin being sinuated but not angulated, and the centre with a few darker wavy
%....niZaZZ' lines ; the remainder of the vsdng marked with indistinct striolse, and a pale submarginal waved striga almost
obliterated, several darker marks on the costa, and a dark oblique dash at the apex ; hind wings almost destitute of markings ; the strigEe very pale and indistinct. Taken in various parts of Scotland, but rarer in the South of England.
* Synonymes. — Geometra munitata, Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 550. Phal. Geom. tristriffaria, Donovan, 13, pi. 461, fig. 2.(?)
Species 3. — Cidaria ferrugata'. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 3.) — This very variable species measures about
Aicrttieo '^ lines in expanse; it has the wings pale brown, with a huffish tinge, the base and a broad central bar of a
/(t>»i.«^«^t, reddish purple colour, marked with numerous undulating darker lines ; the central bar is very irregular and
"• variable in its extent and distinctness, but less attenuated behind than in the allied species, and is preceded and
followed by a paler space, through wliich undulate several dark lines ; a chestnut-coloured patch is placed at the
tip of the wings, and a brown one, sometimes divided into two, immediately behind a paler oblique one, and
through it runs a pale subapical striga ; the hind wings pale at the base, and much undulated, with slight strigae ;
the abdomen with a double row of dark dots down the back. A very abundant species in hedges and lanes,
at the end of May and in August.
'Synonymes. — PhalanaGeomelr a ferrugata, Linnaius ; Hiibner ; I fieonif (ra corcu/a(a, Hufnagle. Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 553. Geometra spadieearia, Wien. Verz.
Geometra alchemillaria, Esper. | Geometra Hnararia, Borkhausen.
i!cttf"<'"-' Species 4. — Cidaria unidentaria ". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 4.) — This variable species measures about
^o/iiuja:r^ \ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, and is very closely allied to the last, but is distinguished not only by
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION'S.
33
the brown colour of tlie base and central bar of the fore wings, which is much attenuated behind, and with the outer margin lobed in the middle ; near the apex are two dark dots immediately behind a pale space, which extends to the tip, and the pale parts of the wings are traversed by several slender undulating waves, and with a pale subapical waved striga. The liind wings paler and more uniformly coloured, but traversed by numerous slender waved stritrse. The abdomen with two rows of dark dots down the back. The caterpillar is obscure greenish, with a dark and light longitudinal stripe down the side, and the hind segments spotted with darker colour. Tliis is also a very common species, which appears in June and again in August.
" Synonymes. — Cirfaria anWen^oria, Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 551 ; Albin, pi. 97, fig. e — b. Geometra Quadrifusciaria, Hubner (ncc Linn.)
Species 5. — Cidaria qfadkifasciaria^ — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 5 & 6.) — Measures about li inch in expanse, with the fore wings brownish, with a fulvous reddish tinge, a smail basal fascia, and another nearly solid oblique central one of dark colour, slightly incurved near the costa, and the middle of the outer margin deeplv but obtusely lobed ; the centre, towards the costa, with a black spot ; beyond the fascia is a slight whitish striga, on whicli is placed a small dark, but often almost obsolete, duplicated spot toward the apex ; and near this is a square darker spot upon the apical margin, which distinguishes this from the two preceding species. The caterpillar is light brown, with faint streaks and some black spots : it feeds on dandelion and other low plants ; and the moth appears at the end of -June and July, and is frequent in various parts of the country.
*■ Synonymes. — Phaltsnia Geometra guadrifasciaria, Linnscus ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 552.
Geometra badiata, Boikhausen.
Geometra ligustrata, Hubner (variety). Geometra uiidutataria, Villers (variety).
Species 6. — Cidaria latentaria". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 7-) — Varies from 12 to 15 lines in the expanse of the fore wings, which are ashy, varied with an ochreous tinge, and having seven or eight irregular waved strigae, darkest at the costa, the space between two forming a broad, more or less decided, central fascia, with the outer margin crenated and edged with a whitish line, and with a central black dot ; the apical margin with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings with irregular and rather indistinct waved strigse, and a central dot. Taken abundantly on walls and rocks near Ambleside, at the beginning of June, by Messrs. Dale, Curtis, and
others.
" Synonvme.— Zfry;/Mi'a lalentaria, Curtis, Biit. Ent., pi. 296 ; Stephens; Wood, Ind. Ent., fig. 554.
Species 7- — Cidaria Salicaria*^. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 8.) — Measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse, and has the wings ashy brown, with numerous undulated strigee, alternate!)' dusky and paler-coloured, with a double or bilobed brown spot, and two squarish ones on the costa, close together, of a dirty red colour near the tip of the wings ; hind wings pale ashy, scarcely freckled, with paler waved striga. Also found in the north of England and Scotland, but rare, in June.
^Synonyms. — Geome<ra so/icaria, Hubner ; Haworth; Stephens; Curtis; Wood, fig. 555.
Species 8. — Cidaria miaria-^'. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 9.) — This elegant species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a delicate green, with three patches of black on the costa, from whence originate the same number of slender white waved streaks, the space between the second and third of which is darker green, and terminates behind in a dark patch ; there is also a black lunate spot near the apex, and an irregular interrupted whitish submarginal striga ; the extreme margin pale, with black dots, arranged in pairs ; hind wings pale gray, with two or three paler strigae across them beyond the middle ; the margin dotted. Common in woods and lanes in June.
' Synony-mes. — Geometra miaria, Wien. Verz. ; Treitschkc; Hiib- Phalcena lectangulatu, Hufnagle.
ner; Esper ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 556. Geometra pectinaria, Fuessly ; Donovan, Vol. l-l. pi. 479, fig 1.
PhaliEua viridata, Fabricius ; Haworth ; Tillers. VOL. II.
*3.
34
BRITISH MOTHS
A.2).
Species 9 z. — Cidaria olivata. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 10.) — This species measures rather more than 1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of an olive-green colour (liable to fade) ; the base with a darker striga, and a broad central darker fascia, much narrower behind, and inclosing the small central dark dot ; beyond this is a white wavy irregular line, and with the apical portion clouded and marked with several dark dots, edged externally with white ; the margin with a row of dark dots ; the hind wings scarcely strigose. Found in birch woods in various parts of the country, at the end of August, but rather rare.
' Synonyme. — Geome^J-a o/ii>a<ffl, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner ; Treitschke ; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 557.
Species 10. — Cidaria montaxata ". — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 11.) — This, handsome species measures rather more than 1 j- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, with a broad irregular luteous brown bar across the middle, varied with gray scales, and having a central black spot ; the base of the wing also luteous-brown, which also extends in slight patches along the costa, and on the principal veins of the wing ; the apical portion clouded with indistinct gray and whitish strigce, marked especially by dots on the veins; the hind wings with slightly marked fascise, more distinct towards the anal margin. The caterpillar is brown, with white lines on the side. It feeds on the primrose, in the open parts of woods, where the moth occurs abundantly
in June.
^ Synonymes. — Geometra montanata^ M'ien. Yerz.; Hiibner ; Treitschke ; Stephens; 111,; Wood. fig. 558, Geometra impUcata^ Villers ; Haworth ; Stephens' Cat. ; Curtis.
^,2>.
Species II. — Cidaria fluctuata t". — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 12, 13.) — This extremely abundant species measures from 1 to 1^^ inch in the expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty white, very much undulated on the pale parts, with fine ashy strigK ; the base of the wing dark brown ; the centre with a large dark patch extending from the costa about half way across the wing, where it terminates in a much narrower and paler bar, which extends to the hind margin ; another dark smaller patch on the costa, near the apex, beneath which is a double-toothed dusky small spot, forming part of the subapical striga ; the margin with black dots in pairs ; the hind wings much waved with dirty white and pale gray strigas, and a central dot. There is much difference in the intensity of the colour of the fore wings and their markings. The caterpillar is pale luteous or greenish, with dark dots on the back ; it feeds on various garden plants, and the moth appears throughout the summer, frequenting gardens, settling on walls, palings, &c., and entering houses.
*■ Synonymes. — PhalcBna Geometra Jluctuala,Ijmii!eua; Hubner; Haworth; Stephens; Wood, fig. 559 ; Albin, p]. 99, fig. e — h.
Phalcena costovata, Haworth (Variety).
•y,».
Species 12. — Cidaria propugnata ''. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 14.) — This pretty species measures from 10
to 12 lines in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a dirty grayish white, marked at the base and across the
middle with a broad clear reddish fascia, the inner margin of which is edged with a dark curved bar, and the
outer margin is irregularly sinuated and black, preceded by two slender waved black lines ; the apical portion of
the wing is more or less clouded, with whitish and grayish undulated strigse, and often with a darker patch on
the costa ; the hind wings pale gray, with slight strigjB visible chiefly towards the anal margin. The antennae
of the males are but slightly pectinated, whence Boisduval unites it with Munitata into a distinct section in this
genus, from which Mr. Curtis has removed it. Found not uncommonly in woods, in various parts of tlie country,
in July.
» Synonymes — Geometra propuffnala, Wien. Verz. ; Hubner; 1 Phalana designata, }iu(n!ig]e. Fabricius ; Haworth ; Stephens ; Wood, fig. 5G0. I Phaltena lyiiceala, Donovan, 10, pi. 349, fig. 3.
AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS.
35
VENUSIA, CuKTis. The antennEB in the males are bipectiiiated, the pectinations increasing in length to the tips ; the palpi are very short and horizontal, not forming a beak in front of the head ; and the fore wings are triangular-ovate, marked with numerous slender, undulated, entire strigse. The relations of this genus with Larentia ? multi- strigaria has already been noticed (p. 31).
Species 1. — Venusia cambrica''. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 15.) — This species measures IJ- inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are " light bright gray, with numerous sinuated strigas, forming patches on the costa ; basal striga a black thin line ; a pale brown pair next, anotlier fine dark pair before the middle, and a pair beyond it ; the inner one blauk, as well as the nervures where they intersect it ; the other is broader and yellowish brown, and there is a pair of crenated brown strigas towards the posterior margin ; a line of seven sublunate brown spots at the base of the cilia" of all the wings ; hind wings very slightly strigose. Taken near the Devil's Bridge, Cardigan. In the collections of J. C. Dale, Esq. and Mr. Bentley.
•* Synonvme. — Venu^i'a cambrica^ Curtis, Biit. Eiit. pi. 759.
HARPALYCE, Stephens ; CIDARIA, Treitschke ; ZERENE & ELECTRA, Curtis;
MELANTHIA, Bdv.
The carpet-moths composing this genus are closely allied to the Cidarife, from which they differ in having the male antennae not bipectinated ; the fore wings are short and triangular, with the apical margins entire, and when at rest thev are carried horizontally, forming a broad triangle. Like the Cidarice, also, they have two of the teeth of the subapical striga near the costa darker than the rest. It is proper to observe, that there is great diversity in the arrangements proposed by recent lepidopterists, as to the generic distribution of this and the following closely-allied groups. How far a precise knowledge of the larvas of the different species will clear up the confusion remains yet to be determined.
Species I. — Harpalyce fulvata'^. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 16, 17, 18.) — This pretty insect measures about
1 inch in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a bright orange-yellow colour ; the base with a slender, darker Jj*^'^''
orange striga, and the middle of the wing with a broad, irregularly sinuated, dark purplish-brown bar, being j?,jj
lightest on the costa, and edged on each side with a slender pale line ; the tip of the wing pale, behind which is
an oblique dark line, followed by a dark orange cloud ; the hind wings pale-yellowish white. The caterpillar
is pale green, with darker lateral lines, and a pale back. It feeds on the rose, and the moth, which is common
and widely dispersed, appears in July.
' SiNONYMES. — Geometra fulvala, WieD. Verz.; HUbiicr; Hawoith; Stepliens ; Wuod, fig. 561 ; Hairis, Aureliaii, pi. 35, fig. 1.
PhaltBiia sociata, Fiibricius; Stewart.
U^ia^i.
Species 2. — Harpalyce ocellata '. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 19, 20.) — This species measures rather more than 1 incli in expanse of the fore wings, which are of a white colour, the extremity having a pearly brownish gloss ; the base brovrn, varied with gray and fulvous scales, followed by several grayish patches ; across the middle of the wing is a broad, irregular, dark-brown fascia, with the margins more fulvous ; the centre with several gray waves, which towards the costa surround a black dot ; beyond the fascia are several slender, ashy, interrupted, short strigae, running from the costa, the outermost terminating in a small black patch ; hind wings with a small, dark, central dot, and the margin brownish. The caterpillar is brown, with the anterior segment;*
F 2
36
BRITISH MOTHS
/hi^t-^i^S^
A.-2>.
Hrt.
and a stripe above tlie feet gray ; the back with angiilated whitish markings. The moth appears at the heginnincr of June, and again at the end of August, in woods, and is a common and widely diffused species.
' SvNONYME': PhaltEfta Geomelra ocellata, Linnaeus ; Hiibner;
Hawonli ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 562. PliaiiBim tridentata, Hufiiagle.
Phal<j£na iynceala, Fabiicius ; Stewart ; Turton. Geometra fasciuTia, Scopoli.
Species 3. — Harpalyce galiata^. — (Plate LXIIL, Fig. 21.) — This species measures from 1 to 11 inch in
expanse of the fore wings, which are of a whitish colour, with a broad grayish-brown striga at tlie base, and a
broad fascia across the middle of the wing, of more uniform width than in the preceding (which it otherwise
closely resembles), its margins being irregularly lohed ; between the extremity of this fascia and the apex is a
dark patch on the costa, and the apical portion of the wings is more or less clouded with irregular strigae and
dark patches towards the apex ; hind wings grayish at the base, and strigose. Found in Jlaj' and June, and
again in August, in various places along the southern coast ; also near Dublin, and at Weston-on-the-Green. B SvNONVME — Geometra Galiaia, Wien. Vera.; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 563.
Species 4. — Harpalyce tristata ''. — (Plate LXIII., Figs. 22, 2.3.) — This species measures about 1 inch
in the expanse of the fore wings, the ground of which is of a pure white colour, varied with brownish-black
markings ; near the base of the wing is an angulated striga, preceded and followed by brown clouds and several
dark dots on the veins ; the centre of the wing is occupied by a brownish-black bar, very much angulated on the
outer edge, and having a paler striga within, and an ocellated black spot in the middle ; beyond this is a row of
black dots on the veins on a white bar, and the apical portion of the wing is brownish -black, with a submarcrinal,
irregular, whitish striga ; the hind wings are strigose, especially along the anal margin, and the apical margin
resembles that of the fore wings. The Ciiterpillar is yellowish, with reddish-brown longitudinal streaks j it feeds on
Galium verum, and the moth appears in June in various parts of the country, especially in the North of England. ^ Synonvme. — PUal(Bna Geometra tristata, Liaua^us ; Hiibner; Haworth ; Stephens; Wood, fig. 5G6.
Species 5. — Harpalyce sdbtristata '. — (Plate LXIII., Fig. 24.) — This species measures rather more than I inch in the expanse of the fore wings, the ground-colour of which is of a dirty white, much varied with grayish- brown markings ; the basal portion of the wing is grayish-brown, with darker lines and whitish striga?, and across the middle of the wing runs a broad fascia, not so strongly angulated on the outside as in the preceding species, and varied with paler undulated lines, and a black central dot ; this is followed by a white fascia, through which runs a slender, pale brown, waved line, and the apical portion of the wing is gray-brown, with a pale, waved, suhapical line. The hind wings have a central dark dot, and are very much waved, with grayish strioEB ; the apical portion coloured as in the fore wings.